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Alves FL, Oliveira MAF, de Morais ANP, Martins SD, de Sá NAR, Ceccatto VM, Watanabe YF, Araújo VR. Supraphysiological doses of nandrolone decanoate disrupts spermatogenesis but did not interfere on embryo rate. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4025-4034. [PMID: 37999756 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10 mg/kg/week of nandrolone decanoate (DECA - Deca Durabolin®) on body composition, hormonal levels, spermatic parameters, redox status, and morphometric parameters of testicle and epididymis; furthermore, the fertility capacity of Wistar rats was measured thought in vitro fertilization (IVF). The animals (n = 16) were divided into two groups: control group (CTRL, n = 8), which received only vehicle composed by peanut oil and 10% of the benzoic alcohol and nandrolone decanoate group (DECA, n = 8), which received intramuscular injections of DECA for 8 weeks, both groups were treated for 8 weeks. The results demonstrate significative decrease in visceral fat, testosterone levels, and thiol content on epididymis, reduction on normal sperm parameters, and deleterious effect on testicles and epididymis tissue morphology showing reduction of germ height and luminal diameter on the DECA group. Thus, it can be concluded that high doses of nandrolone decanoate impairs male reproductive parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Lima Alves
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGCF), Higher Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ISCB), State University of Ceará (UECE), Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Felipe Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGB), Federal University of Ceara, 100, Comandante Maurocélio Rocha Ponte Avenue, Sobral, CE, CEP 62041-040, Brazil
| | - Ana Normélia Pereira de Morais
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGCF), Higher Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ISCB), State University of Ceará (UECE), Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Solano Dantas Martins
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGB), Federal University of Ceara, 100, Comandante Maurocélio Rocha Ponte Avenue, Sobral, CE, CEP 62041-040, Brazil
| | - Naiza Arcângela Ribeiro de Sá
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vânia Marilande Ceccatto
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGCF), Higher Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ISCB), State University of Ceará (UECE), Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Gene Expression (LABIEX), Higher Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ISCB), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Yeda Fumie Watanabe
- Vitrogen - YVF Biotech Ltda EPP, 203, Coronel Nogueira Terra Avenue, Cravinhos, SP, CEP: 14140-000, Brazil
| | - Valdevane Rocha Araújo
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGCF), Higher Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ISCB), State University of Ceará (UECE), Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil.
- Undergraduate Course in Biological Sciences, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, 2819, São Sebastião Avenue, Parnaíba, PI, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.
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Esposito M, Salerno M, Calvano G, Agliozzo R, Ficarra V, Sessa F, Favilla V, Cimino S, Pomara C. Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on male sexual and reproductive function: a systematic review. Panminerva Med 2023; 65:43-50. [PMID: 35146992 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.22.04677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are a complex cluster of synthetic derivatives of testosterone. AAS abuse is considered a major public health issue since it has increased among young/adolescent males. The use of steroids has a prevalence rate of 14% in young athletes and 30-75% in professional athletes or bodybuilders. AASs simulate the testosterone mechanism, binding the intracellular androgen receptor, and dysregulating the normal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the same way as exogenous testosterone. Abuse can produce several side effects on organs, such as the genital system. The physio-pathological mechanisms that cause AAS abuse-related, genital system disorders in humans are still not completely known. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This study focuses on the effect of AASs on the male reproductive organs in humans and animals. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A systematic review was performed using SCOPUS, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Sciences database up to 31 December 2021 using the keywords: "anabolic-androgenic steroids," "erectile dysfunction," "spermatogenesis" and "infertility;" (anabolic agents) "erectile dysfunction," "spermatogenesis" and "infertility." The review of the literature identified 66 articles published until 2021. Sixty-two articles were included. The use of AASs induces testicular atrophy and azoospermia known as "anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism." Anabolic steroid induced infertility is characterized by oligo or azoospermia and abnormalities in sperm motility and morphology. Although sperm quality recovers in most cases within 4 months of stopping anabolic steroid abuse, the negative consequences on spermatogenesis can take up to 3 years to disappear. Human studies reported a positive correlation between AAS abuse in athletes and an increase in morphologically abnormal spermatozoa. Animal studies showed the destruction of Leydig cells and testicular atrophy in animals treated with cycles of AASs. CONCLUSIONS The present review of the literature highlights how little is known about the action of AASs on the male genital system. However, although their use is prohibited in many countries, the black market for these substances is still very frequent. The scientific landscape still has a lot to invest in the research of AAS on the male genital system to make young people even more aware of the negative aspects of these substances, contributing to the reduction of these products in an inappropriate way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Esposito
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia, " University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia, " University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gianluca Calvano
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Agliozzo
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ficarra
- Section of Urology, Department of Human and Pediatric Pathology Gaetano Barresi, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia, " University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Favilla
- Section of Urology, Department of Human and Pediatric Pathology Gaetano Barresi, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cimino
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Pomara
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia, " University of Catania, Catania, Italy -
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Kahal A, Allem R, Zahzeh T, Oulmane S, Tafroukhte Z. Abuse of androgenic anabolic drugs with "Cycling" induces hepatic steatosis in adult male mice. Steroids 2020; 155:108574. [PMID: 31901422 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of the present study comes from the lack of sufficient information about the reversibility of the potential hepatic histopathological alterations which may result from anabolic androgenic drugs abuse by "Cycling" protocol. So, the aim of this study is to explore the negative effects of Deca-Durabolin abuse in hepatic function and structure during an administration cycle. METHODS For our purpose, study was performed on 40 male adult mices. Animals were divided into five groups of 8 animals each treated weekly by Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate) at 30 g/kg of BW during one month (GI); during two months (GII); during three months (GIII); during three months followed by six weeks of treatment discontinuation (GIV) and Control (C). Plasma assay of liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and cytohistological examination to determine the histopathological damage properties of the liver were performed. RESULTS Our results showed that the animals supported very well the administrated substance. Our study showed an increase in plasma levels of liver enzymes (ALT and AST) with the duration of treatment accompanied by important degenerative changes in hepatic tissue with peliosis evolution after two months of treatment. These damages worsen again 6 weeks after stopping treatment and ended by the development of hepatic steatosis with increases hepatic distress. CONCLUSION These results ported that the use of AAS with "Cycling" may lead to the development of hepatic steatosis before progressing to more serious pathological liver situations in AAS abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Kahal
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000 Chlef, Algeria.
| | - Rachida Allem
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000 Chlef, Algeria
| | - Touria Zahzeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Proteomics and Health, Department of Biology, University of Djillali Liabes Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
| | - Saida Oulmane
- Sadat Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Zahra Tafroukhte
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Chlef, Algeria
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Kahal A, Allem R, Zahzeh T, Koriche S, Kouri A, Douani A, Kassoul H, Ababou A. Evolutions in cardiac and gonadal ultra-structure during a "cycle" of androgenic anabolic abuse in adult male mice. Steroids 2020; 155:108571. [PMID: 31901424 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of the present study comes from the lack of sufficient information about the reversibility of the potential histopathological alterations which may result from anabolic androgenic drugs abuse by "Cycling" protocol. So, the aim of this study is to explore the negative effects of Deca-Durabolin abuse in cardiac and gonadal ultra-structures during an administration cycle. METHODS For our purpose, study was performed on 40 male adult mices. Animals were divided into five groups of 8 animals each treated weekly by Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate) at 30 g/kg of BW during one month (GI); during two months (GII); during three months (GIII); during three months followed by six weeks of treatment discontinuation (GIV) and Control (C). Cytohistological examinations to determine the histopathological damage properties of the heart and tests were performed. RESULTS Our results showed that the animals supported very well the administrated substance. Our study showed important degenerative changes in cardiac and gonadal tissues after one months of androgen abuse. These damages increases with the duration of treatment with well marked cell lesions, and worsen again 6 weeks after stopping treatment in cardiac tissue, whereas the gonadal tissue does not recover completely during this period. CONCLUSION These results ported that the use of AAS with "Cycling" may lead to irreversibly destroy the heart tissue. Either, "Cycling" does not ensure the complete recovery of fertility in AAS abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Kahal
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000 Chlef, Algeria.
| | - Rachida Allem
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000 Chlef, Algeria
| | - Touria Zahzeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Proteomics and Health, Department of Biology, University of Djillali Liabes Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
| | - Sana Koriche
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Amina Kouri
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Asma Douani
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Hadjira Kassoul
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Adda Ababou
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Chlef, Algeria
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Salimi Z, Khajehpour L, Moradpour F, Moazedi AA, Pourmotabbed A, Zarei F. Nandrolone improve synaptic plasticity at the hippocampus CA1 area and spatial localization in the Morris water maze of male adolescent rats. Neurosci Res 2019; 158:21-29. [PMID: 31499080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nandrolone is the most popular compound that are mainly abused. Experimental studies have reported that administration of nandrolone affects cognitive performance. So, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of nandrolone on spatial localization and synaptic plasticity of male adolescent rats. Experimantal groups received DMSO and nandrolone (10, 30 and 60 μg, i.c.v.). Another aim is to evaluate the role of castration on spatial learning and memory changes induced by nandrolone. Therefore, the rats of fifth and sixth groups were castrated and received DMSO or nandrolone. Analysis showed that escape latency and traveled distance in the group which received nandrolone (60 μg) were significantly lower than control group. Also, the escape latency and traveled distance in the group of castration which received nandrolone was significantly higher than nandrolone treated group. The results of field potential recording showed that fEPSP-LTP in nandrolone-treated group was higher than DMSO-treated group. The magnitude of fEPSP-LTP in the group of castration which received nandrolone was significantly lower than nandrolone-treated group. The results demonstrated that nandrolone improved spatial learning, but castration could abolished nandrolone-induced spatial learning improvement. These results indicating that at least some effect of nandrolone on learning induced through changes in gonadal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Khajehpour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farshad Moradpour
- Fertility & Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Physiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Ahmad Ali Moazedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Pourmotabbed
- Department of Physiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zarei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Gomes FDC, Chuffa LGDA, Fávaro WJ, Scarano WR, Melo‐Neto JS, Pinheiro PFF, Domeniconi RF. Nandrolone decanoate and resistance exercise affect prostate morphology and hormone receptor interface in adult rats with implications for the aging process. Andrology 2019; 8:211-220. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. de C. Gomes
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biosciences University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit (UPGEM) São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP) São José do Rio Preto SP Brasil
| | - L. G. de A. Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biosciences University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - W. J. Fávaro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas SP Brazil
| | - W. R. Scarano
- Department of Morphology Institute of Biosciences University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - J. S. Melo‐Neto
- Faculty of Medicine of Marília (FAMEMA) Marília SP Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences Federal University of Pará (UFPA) Belém PA Brazil
| | - P. F. F. Pinheiro
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biosciences University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - R. F. Domeniconi
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biosciences University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil
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Shalaby AM, Bahey NG. Reversal of the hepatic damage induced by the supraphysiological dose of nandrolone decanoate after its withdrawal in the adult male rat. Tissue Cell 2018; 53:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kahal A, Allem R. Reversible effects of anabolic steroid abuse on cyto-architectures of the heart, kidneys and testis in adult male mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:917-922. [PMID: 30119263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the present study comes from the lack of sufficient information about the reversibility of the histopathological alterations which may result from anabolic androgenic drugs abuse after some times of stop treatment, as it is one of the prior studies which explored the negative effects of Deca-Durabolin abuse in particular on the hearts, kidneys and testis structures. For this aim, study was performed on 40 male adult mices. Animals were divided into five groups of 8 animals each as follows: treated by Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate) at 30 g/kg of BW, weekly during one month (GI); two months (GII); three months (GIII); three months followed by six weeks of treatment discontinuation (GIV) and Control (C). Cytohistological exam was performed to determine histopathological damage in heart, kidney and testis tissues. Results showed that the treated animals supported very well the administrated substance. The increase in muscle strength and the absence of aggression were the most noticeable traits in longer-term treated groups. In addition, the gains in body and heart weights increase with duration of treatment and even more after stopping treatment. Our study showed important degenerative changes and disorganization of the histological structure of heart, kidney and testis in the animals of GIII. These damages worsen again 6 weeks after stopping treatment in heart and kidney, and repairs incompletely in the testis. In conclusion, these results confirmed that the use of AAS is associated with a lot of deleterious effects on the cardiac, nephritic and gonadic tissues which cannot be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Kahal
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000, Chlef, Algeria.
| | - Rachida Allem
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000, Chlef, Algeria
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Selakovic D, Joksimovic J, Zaletel I, Puskas N, Matovic M, Rosic G. The opposite effects of nandrolone decanoate and exercise on anxiety levels in rats may involve alterations in hippocampal parvalbumin-positive interneurons. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189595. [PMID: 29232412 PMCID: PMC5726625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavioral effects of chronic (six weeks) nandrolone decanoate (ND, 20 mg/kg, s.c., weekly in single dose) administration (in order to mimic heavy human abuse), and exercise (swimming protocol of 60 minutes a day, five days in a row/two days break), applied alone and simultaneously with ND, in male rats (n = 40). Also, we evaluated the effects of those protocols on hippocampal parvalbumin (PV) content and the possible connection between the alterations in certain parts of hippocampal GABAergic system and behavioral patterns. Both ND and exercise protocols induced increase in testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol blood levels. Our results confirmed anxiogenic effects of ND observed in open field (OF) test (decrease in the locomotor activity, as well as in frequency and cumulative duration in the centre zone) and in elevated plus maze (EPM) test (decrease in frequency and cumulative duration in open arms, and total exploratory activity), that were accompanied with a mild decrease in the number of PV interneurons in hippocampus. Chronic exercise protocol induced significant increase in hippocampal PV neurons (dentate gyrus and CA1 region), followed by anxiolytic-like behavioral changes, observed in both OF and EPM (increase in all estimated parameters), and in evoked beam-walking test (increase in time to cross the beam), compared to ND treated animals. The applied dose of ND was sufficient to attenuate beneficial effects of exercise in rats by means of decreased exercise-induced anxiolytic effect, as well as to reverse exercise-induced augmentation in number of PV immunoreactive neurons in hippocampus. Our results implicate the possibility that alterations in hippocampal PV interneurons (i.e. GABAergic system) may be involved in modulation of anxiety level induced by ND abuse and/or extended exercise protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Joksimovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Zaletel
- Institute of Histology and Embryology “Aleksandar Đ. Kostić”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nela Puskas
- Institute of Histology and Embryology “Aleksandar Đ. Kostić”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milovan Matovic
- Deparment of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Clinical Centre "Kragujevac", Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- * E-mail:
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Guimarães APFGM, Butezloff MM, Zamarioli A, Issa JPM, Volpon JB. Nandrolone decanoate appears to increase bone callus formation in young adult rats after a complete femoral fracture. Acta Cir Bras 2017; 32:924-934. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020170110000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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