1
|
Wei H, Wu J, Han K, Hu G, Wang H, Guo X, Liu H, Wu Z, Li S. CMR validation of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction measured by the IQ-SPECT system in patients with small heart size. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:33. [PMID: 37093329 PMCID: PMC10126186 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-00987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IQ-SPECT system is equipped with multifocal collimators and uses ordered-subset conjugate gradient minimization (OSCGM) as its reconstruction algorithm, achieving a shorter acquisition time than conventional SPECT. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is overestimated by conventional SPECT in patients with small heart size. In this study, we compared IQ-SPECT with conventional SPECT and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) for the estimation of LVEF in patients with small hearts (males: EDV ≤ 60 ml, ESV ≤ 25 ml; females: EDV ≤ 45 ml, ESV ≤ 20 ml). METHODS The study consisted of 49 consecutive patients (20 normal and 29 with small heart size) undergoing gated myocardial perfusion imaging (GMPI) with a 99mTc-labelled agent during stress or rest to assess the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). The data were reconstructed using filtered back-projection (FBP) for conventional SPECT and OSCGM for IQ-SPECT. ESV, EDV, and LVEF were calculated using quantitative gated SPECT (QGS). To determine the optimal ordered-subset reconstruction parameters, we compared the LVEF from SPECT to the corresponding measurement from CMR. RESULTS EDV, ESV, and LVEF values obtained from IQ-SPECT and conventional SPECT showed that the results of these two forms of SPECT were significantly correlated, although the EDV and ESV obtained by IQ-SPECT were higher than those obtained by conventional SPECT. IQ-SPECT yielded lower LVEF measurements than conventional SPECT (normal heart size: 50.6 ± 4.3% vs. 73.4 ± 8.4%, P = 0.002; small heart size: 62.1 ± 7.8% vs. 75.0 ± 11.4%, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in LVEF measurements made by IQ-SPECT and CMR (normal heart size: 50.6 ± 4.3% vs. 53.2 ± 5.8%, P > 0.05; small heart size: 62.1 ± 7.8% vs. 64.6 ± 8.8%, P > 0.05). Five subsets (S) and 12 iterations (I) did not differ significantly in LVEF between CMR and IQ-SPECT for patients with small hearts (64.6 ± 8.8% vs. 62.1 ± 7.8%, P = 0.120), while 3 S and 10 I were the best parameters for patients with normal heart size (50.6 ± 4.3% vs. 53.1 ± 5.8%, P = 0.117). CONCLUSION With CMR as the standard, IQ-SPECT yields more reliable LVEF values than conventional SPECT for populations with small heart size. The best reconstruction parameters from IQ-SPECT were 5 S and 12 I for patients with small hearts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Center for Post-Doctoral Studies, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshan Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rambow F, Gersdorf D, Jacobi J, Mathies F, Klene C, Zsebe Z, Klutmann S, Apostolova I, Nakajima K, Mester J. Impact of Valve Plane Alignment on the Repeatability of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in ECG-gated Myocardial SPECT Using Corridor 4DM. ANNALS OF NUCLEAR CARDIOLOGY 2021; 7:27-32. [PMID: 36994139 PMCID: PMC10040948 DOI: 10.17996/anc.21-00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: In myocardial gated single-photon emission computed tomography (GSPECT), to differentiate true changes of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from inherent methodical variability is clinically relevant; however, data about repeatability of GSPECT LVEF in the same patients are rather inconsistent in literature. The aim of this study was therefore to determine repeatability coefficient (RC) of GSPECT LVEF at rest and to investigate the effect of the introduction of processing constraints in left ventricular edge detection. Methods: Thirty-five patients referred for one-day myocardial GSPECT stress-rest scan were included. After the routine stress-rest study, patients were completely repositioned on the imaging table for a second rest acquisition using the same acquisition parameters. LVEF was computed using Corridor 4DM software without and with manual alignment of valve plane. Repeatability was assessed using the Bland-Altman method. Results: RC of LVEF from unaligned datasets was 7.6% with upper and lower limits of agreement of 7.4% to -7.8%. After valve plane and ventricular long-axis length alignment, RC improved to 3.6% with upper and lower limits of agreement of 3.4% to -3.8%. Conclusions: RC using unaligned determination of GSPECT LVEF was comparable to that from previous publications. However, RC using valve plane alignment could be improved to below 4% on 95% confidence level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Rambow
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Denis Gersdorf
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Janin Jacobi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Franziska Mathies
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Christiane Klene
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Zsofia Zsebe
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Susanne Klutmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Ivayla Apostolova
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Kenichi Nakajima
- Department of Functional Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Janos Mester
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leva L, Matheoud R, Sacchetti G, Carriero A, Brambilla M. Agreement between left ventricular ejection fraction assessed in patients with gated IQ-SPECT and conventional imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2020; 27:1714-1724. [PMID: 30298371 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-1457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to assess the agreement between the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) values obtained with IQ-SPECT and those obtained with a conventional gamma camera equipped with low-energy high-resolution (LEHR), considered as the method of reference. METHODS Gated-stress MPI using 99mTc-tetrofosmin was performed in 55 consecutive patients. The patients underwent two sequential acquisitions (Method A and B) performed on Symbia-IQ SPECT with different acquisition times and one (Method C) on a Ecam SPECT equipped with LEHR collimators. The values of the different datasets were compared using the Bland-Altman analysis method: the bias and the limits of agreement (LA) were estimated in a head-to-head comparison of the three protocols. RESULTS In the (Method A-Method C) comparison for LVEF, the bias was 3.8% and the LAs ranged from - 9.3% to 16.8%. The agreement was still lower between Method B and C, whilst only slightly improved when Methods A and B were compared. CONCLUSIONS The wide amplitude in LA intervals of about 30% indicates that IQ and LEHR GSPECT are not interchangeable. The values obtained with IQ-SPECT should only be used with caution when evaluating the functional state of the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Leva
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital 'Maggiore della Carità', Novara, Italy
| | - Roberta Matheoud
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital 'Maggiore della Carità', Novara, Italy
| | - Gianmauro Sacchetti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital 'Maggiore della Carità', Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carriero
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital 'Maggiore della Carità', Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Brambilla
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital 'Maggiore della Carità', Novara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith MF. New hardware, new software, different results: The estimation of left ventricular volumes and ejection fractions with gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol 2020; 27:1725-1727. [PMID: 30446940 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-01523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Smith
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pelletier-Galarneau M, Finnerty V, Tan S, Authier S, Gregoire J, Harel F. Assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction with cardiofocal collimators: Comparison between IQ-SPECT, planar equilibrium radionuclide angiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance. J Nucl Cardiol 2019; 26:1857-1864. [PMID: 29520572 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-1251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IQ-SPECT has been shown to significantly reduce acquisition time and administered dose while preserving image quality in myocardial perfusion imaging. Whether IQ-SPECT provides accurate left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF) with gated blood pool SPECT (GBPS) remains unknown. METHODS Sixty patients underwent IQ-SPECT GBPS and planar imaging. Among those patients, 11 underwent both cMRI and GBPS. GBPS LVEF, LVEDV, and LVESV were calculated using 2 validated software; QBS (Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA) and MHI (Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada). LVEF, LVEDV, and LVESV obtained with the different modalities were compared. RESULTS Average planar LVEF was 48 ± 11% (mean ± SD), average LVEDV was 177 ± 59 mL (range 63 to 342 mL), and average LVESV was 96 ± 46 mL (range 16 to 234 mL). GBPS LVEF and their correlation coefficient with planar LVEF were 40 ± 12% (r = 0.70) and 44 ± 12% (r = 0.83) with QBS and MHI, respectively. Correlation coefficient between cMRI and planar LVEF was 0.65 and were 0.69 and 0.52 between cMRI and GBPS using QBS and MHI, respectively. CONCLUSIONS LVEF calculated with GBPS using IQ-SPECT correlates with planar measurements. Correlation is best using the MHI method and variation is independent of LVEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Pelletier-Galarneau
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger, Montreal, QC, H1T1C8, Canada.
| | - Vincent Finnerty
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger, Montreal, QC, H1T1C8, Canada
| | - Stephanie Tan
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger, Montreal, QC, H1T1C8, Canada
| | - Sebastien Authier
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger, Montreal, QC, H1T1C8, Canada
| | - Jean Gregoire
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger, Montreal, QC, H1T1C8, Canada
| | - Francois Harel
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger, Montreal, QC, H1T1C8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hyafil F, Gimelli A, Slart RHJA, Georgoulias P, Rischpler C, Lubberink M, Sciagra R, Bucerius J, Agostini D, Verberne HJ. EANM procedural guidelines for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy using cardiac-centered gamma cameras. Eur J Hybrid Imaging 2019; 3:11. [PMID: 34191169 PMCID: PMC8218102 DOI: 10.1186/s41824-019-0058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of Nuclear Medicine sites in Europe are using cardiac-centered gamma cameras for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). Three cardiac-centered gamma cameras are currently the most frequently used in Europe: the D-SPECT (Spectrum Dynamics), the Alcyone (Discovery NM 530c and Discovery NM/CT 570c; General Electric Medical Systems), and the IQ-SPECT (Siemens Healthcare). The increased myocardial count sensitivity of these three cardiac-centered systems has allowed for a decrease in the activities of radiopharmaceuticals injected to patients for myocardial perfusion imaging and, consequently, radiation exposure of patients. When setting up protocols for MPS, the overall objective should be to maintain high diagnostic accuracy of MPS, while injecting the lowest activities reasonably achievable to reduce the level of radiation exposure of patient and staff. These guidelines aim at providing recommendations for acquisition protocols and image interpretation using cardiac-centered cameras. As each imaging system has specific design and features for image acquisition and analysis, these guidelines have been separated into three sections for each gamma camera system. These recommendations have been written by the members of the Cardiovascular Committee of EANM and were based on their own experience with each of these systems and on the existing literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Hyafil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Bichat University Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris; Inserm UMR 1148, Paris Diderot-Paris 7 University, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.
| | | | - Riemer H J A Slart
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,TechMed Centre, Department of Biomedical Photonic Imaging, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Panagiotis Georgoulias
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christoph Rischpler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mark Lubberink
- Department of Medical Physics and PET Centre, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roberto Sciagra
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jan Bucerius
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Denis Agostini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Caen Normandy University, Caen, France
| | - Hein J Verberne
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Characteristics of iodine-123 IQ-SPECT/CT imaging compared with conventional SPECT/CT. Ann Nucl Med 2018; 33:103-111. [PMID: 30324427 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-018-1310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although the utility of IQ-SPECT imaging using 99mTc and 201Tl myocardial perfusion SPECT has been reported, 123I-labeled myocardial SPECT has not been fully evaluated. We determined the characteristics and utility of 123I IQ-SPECT imaging compared with conventional SPECT (C-SPECT). METHODS Two myocardial phantom patterns were used to simulate normal myocardium and myocardial infarction. SPECT acquisition was performed using a hybrid dual-head SPECT/CT system equipped with a SMARTZOOM collimator for IQ-SPECT or a low-medium energy general purpose collimator for C-SPECT. Projection data were reconstructed using ordered subset expectation maximization with depth-dependent 3-dimensional resolution recovery for C-SPECT and ordered subset conjugate gradient minimizer method for IQ-SPECT. Three types of myocardial image were created; namely, no correction (NC), with attenuation correction (AC), and with both attenuation and scatter corrections (ACSC). Five observers visually scored the homogeneity of normal myocardium and defect severity of the myocardium with inferior defects by a five-point scale: homogeneity scores (5 = homogeneous to 1 = inhomogeneous) and defect scores (5 = excellent to 1 = poor). We also created a 17-segment polar map and quantitatively assessed segmental %uptake using a myocardial phantom with normal findings and defects. RESULTS The average visual homogeneity scores of the IQ-SPECT with NC and ACSC were significantly higher than that of C-SPECT, whereas the average visual defect scores of IQ-SPECT with AC and ACSC were significantly lower. The %uptake of all segments for IQ-SPECT with NC was significantly higher than that of C-SPECT. Furthermore, the subtraction of %uptake for C-SPECT and IQ-SPECT was the largest in inferior wall, which was approximately 10.1%, 14.7% and 14.4% for NC, AC and ACSC, respectively. The median % uptake values of the inferior wall with defect areas for C-SPECT and IQ-SPECT were 46.9% and 50.7% with NC, 59.8% and 69.2% with AC, and 54.7% and 66.5% with ACSC, respectively. CONCLUSION 123I IQ-SPECT imaging significantly improved the attenuation artifact compared with C-SPECT imaging. Although the defect detectability of IQ-SPECT was inferior to that of C-SPECT, 123I IQ-SPECT images with NC and ACSC met the criteria for defect detectability. Use of 123I IQ-SPECT is suitable for routine examinations.
Collapse
|
8
|
Nakajima K, Okuda K, Momose M, Matsuo S, Kondo C, Sarai M, Shibutani T, Onoguchi M, Shimizu T, Vija AH. IQ·SPECT technology and its clinical applications using multicenter normal databases. Ann Nucl Med 2017; 31:649-659. [PMID: 28940141 PMCID: PMC5651712 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-017-1210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IQ·SPECT (Siemens Medical Solutions) is a solution for high-sensitivity and short-time acquisition imaging of the heart for a variable angle general purpose gamma camera. It consists of a multi-focal collimator, a cardio-centric orbit and advanced iterative reconstruction, modeling the image formation physics accurately. The multi-focal collimator enables distance-dependent enlargement of the center region while avoiding truncation at the edges. With the specified configuration and a cardio-centric orbit it can obtain a fourfold sensitivity increase for the heart at the center of the scan orbit. Since IQ·SPECT shows characteristic distribution patterns in the myocardium, appropriate acquisition and processing conditions are required, and normal databases are convenient for quantification of both normal and abnormal perfusion images. The use of prone imaging can be a good option when X-ray computed tomography (CT) is not available for attenuation correction. CT-based attenuation correction changes count distribution significantly in the inferior wall and around the apex, hence image interpretation training and additional use of normal databases are recommended. Recent reports regarding its technology, Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine working group activities, and clinical studies using 201Tl and 99mTc-perfusion tracers in Japan are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nakajima
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Koichi Okuda
- Department of Physics, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Momose
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Woman's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinro Matsuo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Chisato Kondo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Woman's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Koishikawa Yanagimachi Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sarai
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shibutani
- Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahisa Onoguchi
- Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - A Hans Vija
- Siemens Medical Solution USA, Inc., Molecular Imaging, Hoffman Estates, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|