1
|
Ren M, Yao B, Han B, Li C. Nuclear Imaging of CAR T Immunotherapy to Solid Tumors: In Terms of Biodistribution, Viability, and Cytotoxic Effect. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200293. [PMID: 36642820 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a mainstay of cancer therapy. Since chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T immunotherapy achieves unprecedented success in curing hematological malignancies, the possibility of it revolutionizing the paradigm of solid tumors has aroused increasing attention. However, the restricted accessibility to tumor parenchyma, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and antigen heterogeneity of solid tumors make it difficult to replicate its success. Therefore, dynamic evaluation of CAR T cells' tumor accessibility, intratumoral viability, and anti-tumor cytotoxicity is necessary to facilitate its translation to solid tumors. Besides, real-timely imaging above events in vivo can help evaluate therapeutic responses and optimize CAR T immunotherapy for solid tumors. Nuclear imaging, including positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, is frequently applied for evaluating adoptive cell therapies owing to its excellent sensitivity, high tissue penetration, and great translation potential. In addition, quantitative analysis can be performed in dynamic and noninvasive patterns. This review focuses on recent advances in PET/SPECT technologies and imaging probes in monitoring CAR T cells' migration, viability, and cytotoxicity to solid tumors post-administration. Prospects of what should be done in the next stage to promote CAR T therapy's application in solid tumors are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Ren
- Minhang Hospital and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangheng Road 826, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Bolin Yao
- Minhang Hospital and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangheng Road 826, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Li
- Minhang Hospital and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangheng Road 826, 201203, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
SSTR2 as an anatomical imaging marker and a safety switch to monitor and manage CAR T cell toxicity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20932. [PMID: 36463361 PMCID: PMC9719480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to image adoptively transferred T cells in the body and to eliminate them to avoid toxicity will be vital for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, particularly against solid tumors with higher risk of off-tumor toxicity. Previously, we have demonstrated the utility of somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) for CAR T cell imaging, illustrating the expansion and contraction of CAR T cells in tumor as well as off-tumor expansion. Using intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)-specific CAR T cells that secrete interleukin (IL)-12 as a model, herein we examined the potential of SSTR2 as a safety switch when combined with the SSTR2-specific maytansine-octreotate conjugate PEN-221. Constitutive secretion of IL-12 led to continuous expansion of CAR T cells after rapid elimination of tumors, causing systemic toxicity in mice with intact MHC expression. Treatment with PEN-221 rapidly reduced the abundance of CAR T cells, decreasing the severity of xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), and prolonged survival. Our study supports the development of SSTR2 as a single genetic marker for CAR T cells that is readily applicable to humans both for anatomical detection of T cell distribution and an image-guided safety switch for rapid elimination of CAR T cells.
Collapse
|
3
|
Exploring the Potential of High-Molar-Activity Samarium-153 for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy with [ 153Sm]Sm-DOTA-TATE. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122566. [PMID: 36559060 PMCID: PMC9785812 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Samarium-153 is a promising theranostic radionuclide, but low molar activities (Am) resulting from its current production route render it unsuitable for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRNT). Recent efforts combining neutron activation of 152Sm in the SCK CEN BR2 reactor with mass separation at CERN/MEDICIS yielded high-Am 153Sm. In this proof-of-concept study, we further evaluated the potential of high-Am 153Sm for TRNT by radiolabeling to DOTA-TATE, a well-established carrier molecule binding the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) that is highly expressed in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. DOTA-TATE was labeled with 153Sm and remained stable up to 7 days in relevant media. The binding specificity and high internalization rate were validated on SSTR2-expressing CA20948 cells. In vitro biological evaluation showed that [153Sm]Sm-DOTA-TATE was able to reduce CA20948 cell viability and clonogenic potential in an activity-dependent manner. Biodistribution studies in healthy and CA20948 xenografted mice revealed that [153Sm]Sm-DOTA-TATE was rapidly cleared and profound tumor uptake and retention was observed whilst these were limited in normal tissues. This proof-of-concept study showed the potential of mass-separated 153Sm for TRNT and could open doors towards wider applications of mass separation in medical isotope production.
Collapse
|
4
|
Epigenetic-Like Stimulation of Receptor Expression in SSTR2 Transfected HEK293 Cells as a New Therapeutic Strategy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102513. [PMID: 35626117 PMCID: PMC9140012 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) expressing the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) are promising targets for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) using the somatostatin analogue Lu-177-DOTATATE. Patients expressing low levels of SSTR2 do not benefit from PRRT. Therefore, an approach to increase the efficacy of PRRT utilizing the effects of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) and valproic acid (VPA) on the SSTR2 expression levels is investigated. The cell lines HEKsst2 and PC3 are incubated with 5-aza-dC and VPA in different combinations. The drug pretreatment of HEKsst2 cells leads to increased Lu-177-DOTATATE uptake values (factor 28) and lower cell survival (factor 4) in comparison to unstimulated cells; in PC3 cells, the effects are negligible. Further, for the stimulated cell types, the maintenance of the intrinsic radiosensitivity in each cell type is confirmed by X-ray irradiation. The increased SSTR2 expression induced by VPA and 5-aza-dC stimulation in HEKsst2 cells might improve treatment strategies for patients with NETs. Abstract The aim of the study was to increase the uptake of the SSTR2-targeted radioligand Lu-177-DOTATATE using the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) and the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) valproic acid (VPA). The HEKsst2 and PC3 cells were incubated with variable concentrations of 5-aza-dC and VPA to investigate the uptake of Lu-177-DOTATATE. Cell survival, subsequent to external X-rays (0.6 or 1.2 Gy) and a 24 h incubation with 57.5 or 136 kBq/mL Lu-177-DOTATATE, was investigated via colony formation assay to examine the effect of the epidrugs. In the case of stimulated HEKsst2 cells, the uptake of Lu-177-DOTATATE increased by a factor of 28 in comparison to the unstimulated cells. Further, stimulated HEKsst2 cells demonstrated lower survival fractions (factor 4). The survival fractions of the PC3 cells remained almost unchanged. VPA and 5-aza-dC did not induce changes to the intrinsic radiosensitivity of the cells after X-ray irradiation. Clear stimulatory effects on HEKsst2 cells were demonstrated by increased cell uptake of the radioligand and enhanced SST2 receptor quantity. In conclusion, the investigated approach is suitable to stimulate the somatostatin receptor expression and thus the uptake of Lu-177-DOTATATE, enabling a more efficient treatment for patients with poor response to peptide radionuclide therapy (PRRT).
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Yang X, Li Z, Zheng X, Peng YJ, Lin W, Zhou L, Cao D, Situ M, Tu Q, Huang H, Fan W, Feng G, Zhang X. Development of a Radiotracer for PET Imaging of the SNAP Tag. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7550-7555. [PMID: 35284707 PMCID: PMC8908366 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapies have progressed to cures for hematopoietic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. However, only some patients can benefit from cell therapies even with prior screening. Due to the limited clinical methods to monitor the in vivo therapeutic functions of these transferred cells over time, the uncertain prognosis is hard to attenuate. Positron emission tomography (PET) cell tracking can provide comprehensive dynamic and spatial information on the proliferation status and whole-body distribution of the therapeutic cell. In this work, we designed and synthesized the first SNAP-tagged PET radiotracer. SNAP tag is an O 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase that can form an irreversible bond with 18F-BG-surface for in vivo cell tracking based on a reporter gene system. 18F-BG-surface was obtained by the F-Al radiolabeling method in 32 ± 7% radiochemical yield and showed a high in vitro stability in mouse serum. SNAP-tagged cells could be selectively targeted by 18F-BG-surface both in vitro (4.81 ± 0.08%AD/106 cell vs 2.26 ± 0.10%AD/106 cell) and in vivo (1.90 ± 0.05 vs 0.55 ± 0.02% ID/g, p < 0.01).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Li
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University State Key Laboratory of
Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer
Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer
Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Xiaochun Yang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University State Key Laboratory of
Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer
Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer
Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University State Key Laboratory of
Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer
Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer
Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University State Key Laboratory of
Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer
Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer
Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Yong-jian Peng
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Wenjie Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Sun
Yat-sen University State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China;
Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Dehai Cao
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Minyi Situ
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Qingqiang Tu
- Laboratory
Animal Center, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan
School of Medicine, 74 Zhongshan 2th Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510085, China
| | - Huiqiang Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University State Key Laboratory of
Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer
Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer
Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Guokai Feng
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University State Key Laboratory of
Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer
Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer
Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oh D, Choi H, Paeng JC, Kang KW, Cheon GJ. A Negative Correlation Between Blood Glucose Level and 68 Ga-DOTA-TOC Uptake in the Pancreas Uncinate Process. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 56:52-58. [PMID: 35186159 PMCID: PMC8828813 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-021-00723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE 68 Ga-DOTA-TOC uptake in the pancreas uncinate process is often found due to physiologic expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTR). We investigated the association of physiologic 68 Ga-DOTA-TOC uptake in the pancreas uncinate process with blood glucose level. METHODS 68 Ga-DOTA-TOC PET scans acquired from 44 patients (male:female = 20:24, age = 50.8 ± 14.8y [mean ± SD]) were retrospectively analyzed. The blood glucose level (BGL) was examined before 68 Ga-DOTA-TOC injection. Patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and patients with BGL over 200 mg/dl were excluded. 68 Ga-DOTA-TOC uptake was measured by the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax). Additionally, SSTR-positive volume (SV) in the pancreas uncinate process was measured with two different thresholds: by SUV cutoff of 2.5 (SV2.5) and 40% of SUVmax (SV40%). These measurements on 68 Ga-DOTA-TOC PET were correlated with BGL. RESULTS The mean of SUVmax of the pancreas uncinate process was 6.51 ± 2.04. SV2.5 was 17.81 ± 7.14 cm3, and SV40% was 18.20 ± 8.83 cm3. A significant negative correlation was found between SUVmax of the pancreas uncinate process and BGL (r = -0.37, p = 0.01). The ratio between SUVmax of the pancreas uncinate process and SUVmean of the pancreas body also showed a significance negative correlation with BGL (r = -0.40, p = 0.01). SV2.5 (r = 0.27, p = 0.07) and SV40% (r = -0.151, p = 0.32) were not significantly correlated with BGL. CONCLUSION Physiologic 68 Ga-DOTA-TOC uptake in the pancreas uncinate process was negatively correlated with BGL. Our results suggested that glycemia could affect physiologic uptake of 68 Ga-DOTA-TOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyu Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chul Paeng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Jeong Cheon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barca C, Griessinger CM, Faust A, Depke D, Essler M, Windhorst AD, Devoogdt N, Brindle KM, Schäfers M, Zinnhardt B, Jacobs AH. Expanding Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:13. [PMID: 35056071 PMCID: PMC8780589 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radioligand theranostics (RT) in oncology use cancer-type specific biomarkers and molecular imaging (MI), including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and planar scintigraphy, for patient diagnosis, therapy, and personalized management. While the definition of theranostics was initially restricted to a single compound allowing visualization and therapy simultaneously, the concept has been widened with the development of theranostic pairs and the combination of nuclear medicine with different types of cancer therapies. Here, we review the clinical applications of different theranostic radiopharmaceuticals in managing different tumor types (differentiated thyroid, neuroendocrine prostate, and breast cancer) that support the combination of innovative oncological therapies such as gene and cell-based therapies with RT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Barca
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (A.F.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (B.Z.)
| | - Christoph M. Griessinger
- Roche Innovation Center, Early Clinical Development Oncology, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Andreas Faust
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (A.F.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (B.Z.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dominic Depke
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (A.F.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (B.Z.)
| | - Markus Essler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1090 Brussel, Belgium;
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 ORE, UK;
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (A.F.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (B.Z.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bastian Zinnhardt
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (A.F.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (B.Z.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Biomarkers and Translational Technologies, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas H. Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (A.F.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (B.Z.)
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Johanniter Hospital, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
- Centre of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kiraga Ł, Kucharzewska P, Paisey S, Cheda Ł, Domańska A, Rogulski Z, Rygiel TP, Boffi A, Król M. Nuclear imaging for immune cell tracking in vivo – Comparison of various cell labeling methods and their application. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
9
|
Lechermann LM, Lau D, Attili B, Aloj L, Gallagher FA. In Vivo Cell Tracking Using PET: Opportunities and Challenges for Clinical Translation in Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4042. [PMID: 34439195 PMCID: PMC8392745 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is a rapidly evolving field involving a wide spectrum of therapeutic cells for personalised medicine in cancer. In vivo imaging and tracking of cells can provide useful information for improving the accuracy, efficacy, and safety of cell therapies. This review focuses on radiopharmaceuticals for the non-invasive detection and tracking of therapeutic cells using positron emission tomography (PET). A range of approaches for imaging therapeutic cells is discussed: Direct ex vivo labelling of cells, in vivo indirect labelling of cells by utilising gene reporters, and detection of specific antigens expressed on the target cells using antibody-based radiopharmaceuticals (immuno-PET). This review examines the evaluation of PET imaging methods for therapeutic cell tracking in preclinical cancer models, their role in the translation into patients, first-in-human studies, as well as the translational challenges involved and how they can be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Lechermann
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (B.A.); (L.A.); (F.A.G.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Doreen Lau
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (B.A.); (L.A.); (F.A.G.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Bala Attili
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (B.A.); (L.A.); (F.A.G.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Luigi Aloj
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (B.A.); (L.A.); (F.A.G.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ferdia A. Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (B.A.); (L.A.); (F.A.G.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Dependence of Renal 68Ga[Ga]-DOTATOC Uptake on Kidney Function and Its Relevance for Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy with 177Lu[Lu]-DOTATOC. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071216. [PMID: 34359299 PMCID: PMC8307408 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In addition to its SSTR-specific binding in tumors and healthy tissues, DOTATOC analogues accumulate in kidney parenchyma. Renal tracer uptake might be a surrogate of kidney function or dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate if kidney function can be estimated from 68Ga[Ga]-DOTATOC uptake in PET/CT and its impact on the nephrotoxicity of 177Lu[Lu]-DOTATOC PRRT. Methods: Two cohorts of patients (A: 128 diagnostic patients; B: 32 PRRT patients) were evaluated retrospectively. SUV values of the kidneys, physiologically SSTR-expressing organs and in background compartments were assessed. Kidney function was calculated as eGFR by CKD-EPI creatinine equation. Pearson’s correlation coefficients and treatment-induced changes of uptake and kidney function were assessed and compared. Results: Kidney function and renal DOTATOC uptake showed a significant inverse correlation (R2 = 0.037; p = 0.029). Evaluated models of PET/CT measurements were not able to predict kidney function sufficiently. The uptake of other organs did not depend on eGFR. While the renal uptake increased after PRRT (p < 0.001), the kidney function did not change significantly (p = 0.382). Neither low pre-therapeutic eGFR nor high pre-therapeutic kidney uptake were risk factors of PRRT-induced deterioration in kidney function. Conclusion: The relevance of kidney function for renal 68Ga[Ga]-DOTATOC uptake is limited. The nephrotoxicity of 177Lu[Lu]-DOTATOC PRRT might be low and cannot be reliably predicted by pre-therapeutic measurements.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu D, Wang Y, Zhang T, Wang F, Li K, Zhou S, Zhu H, Yang Z, Liu Z. Metabolic radiolabeling and in vivo PET imaging of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to guide combination adoptive cell transfer cancer therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:175. [PMID: 34112200 PMCID: PMC8194184 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive T cell transfer-based immunotherapy yields unsatisfactory results in the treatment of solid tumors, partially owing to limited tumor infiltration and the immunosuppressive microenvironment in solid tumors. Therefore, strategies for the noninvasive tracking of adoptive T cells are critical for monitoring tumor infiltration and for guiding the development of novel combination therapies. METHODS We developed a radiolabeling method for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that comprises metabolically labeling the cell surface glycans with azidosugars and then covalently conjugating them with 64Cu-1,4,7-triazacyclononanetriacetic acid-dibenzo-cyclooctyne (64Cu-NOTA-DBCO) using bioorthogonal chemistry. 64Cu-labeled control-CTLs and ovalbumin-specific CTLs (OVA-CTLs) were tracked using positron emission tomography (PET) in B16-OVA tumor-bearing mice. We also investigated the effects of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibition on the antitumor efficacy of OVA-CTLs using a poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-encapsulated nanodrug (PLGA-FAKi). RESULTS CTLs can be stably radiolabeled with 64Cu with a minimal effect on cell viability. PET imaging of 64Cu-OVA-CTLs enables noninvasive mapping of their in vivo behavior. Moreover, 64Cu-OVA-CTLs PET imaging revealed that PLGA-FAKi induced a significant increase in OVA-CTL infiltration into tumors, suggesting the potential for a combined therapy comprising OVA-CTLs and PLGA-FAKi. Further combination therapy studies confirmed that the PLGA-FAKi nanodrug markedly improved the antitumor effects of adoptive OVA-CTLs transfer by multiple mechanisms. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that metabolic radiolabeling followed by PET imaging can be used to sensitively profile the early-stage migration and tumor-targeting efficiency of adoptive T cells in vivo. This strategy presents opportunities for predicting the efficacy of cell-based adoptive therapies and for guiding combination regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Lu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yanpu Wang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Kui Li
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shixin Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China. .,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China. .,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Zhaofei Liu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China. .,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiao Z, Puré E. Imaging of T-cell Responses in the Context of Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:490-502. [PMID: 33941536 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, which promotes the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and enhances their infiltration into and function within tumors, is a rapidly expanding and evolving approach to treating cancer. However, many of the critical denominators for inducing effective anticancer immune responses remain unknown. Efforts are underway to develop comprehensive ex vivo assessments of the immune landscape of patients prior to and during response to immunotherapy. An important complementary approach to these efforts involves the development of noninvasive imaging approaches to detect immune targets, assess delivery of immune-based therapeutics, and evaluate responses to immunotherapy. Herein, we review the merits and limitations of various noninvasive imaging modalities (MRI, PET, and single-photon emission tomography) and discuss candidate targets for cellular and molecular imaging for visualization of T-cell responses at various stages along the cancer-immunity cycle in the context of immunotherapy. We also discuss the potential use of these imaging strategies in monitoring treatment responses and predicting prognosis for patients treated with immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lodge MA, Solnes LB, Chaudhry MA, Wahl RL. Prospective Within-Patient Assessment of the Impact of an Unlabeled Octreotide Pre-dose on the Biodistribution and Tumor Uptake of 68Ga DOTATOC as Assessed by Dynamic Whole-body PET in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:766-774. [PMID: 33829361 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP NETs) are often associated with high expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) which allows for PET/CT imaging with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs such as 68Ga-DOTATOC. The interplay between 68Ga-DOTATOC and the synthetic somatostatin analogs commonly used to manage patient symptoms may lead to competition between the labelled and unlabeled peptides for receptor binding sites and current product labelling recommends patients be taken off somatostatin analogs before imaging. In this study, we prospectively investigated in human patients the effect of a pre-dose of octreotide, a short-acting somatostatin analog, on the distribution of 68Ga-DOTATOC in GEP NETs and normal organs. PROCEDURE Research participants with GEP NETs were studied on two occasions using dynamic whole-body 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT. The two imaging studies were performed within 21 days of each other, using an identical acquisition protocol except for the administration of 50 μg of short-acting octreotide (pre-dose) immediately before the second PET/CT. Paired t-tests were used to compare tracer uptake with and without octreotide, for tumor and various normal organs. RESULTS Seven participants with a mean age of 53 ± 10 years were studied. Octreotide pre-dosing decreased radiotracer uptake in the normal liver and spleen by 25 % (p = 0.04) and 47 % (p = 0.05) respectively but did not significantly change uptake in tumor (p = 0.53), red marrow (p = 0.12), kidneys (p =0.57), or pituitary gland (p = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate SSTR imaging can be improved with a pre-dose of unlabeled octreotide given just prior to injection of the radiotracer. These data suggest there may be no need to discontinue somatostatin analog therapy prior to PET/CT with 68Ga-DOTATOC, allowing for a simpler, less disruptive patient protocol. This approach warrants further study in a variety of settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Lodge
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Lilja B Solnes
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Muhammad A Chaudhry
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Richard L Wahl
- The Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sakemura R, Can I, Siegler EL, Kenderian SS. In vivo CART cell imaging: Paving the way for success in CART cell therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 20:625-633. [PMID: 33816781 PMCID: PMC7995489 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cells are a promising immunotherapy that has induced dramatic anti-tumor responses in certain B cell malignancies. However, CART cell expansion and trafficking are often insufficient to yield long-term remissions, and serious toxicities can arise after CART cell administration. Visualizing CART cell expansion and trafficking in patients can detect an inadequate CART cell response or serve as an early warning for toxicity development, allowing CART cell treatment to be tailored accordingly to maximize therapeutic benefits. To this end, various imaging platforms are being developed to track CART cells in vivo, including nonspecific strategies to image activated T cells and reporter systems to specifically detect engineered T cells. Many of these platforms are clinically applicable and hold promise to provide valuable information and guide improved CART cell treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reona Sakemura
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ismail Can
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Siegler
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Saad S Kenderian
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jacobs AH, Schelhaas S, Viel T, Waerzeggers Y, Winkeler A, Zinnhardt B, Gelovani J. Imaging of Gene and Cell-Based Therapies: Basis and Clinical Trials. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
16
|
Abousaway O, Rakhshandehroo T, Van den Abbeele AD, Kircher MF, Rashidian M. Noninvasive Imaging of Cancer Immunotherapy. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:90-112. [PMID: 33391977 PMCID: PMC7738948 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.50860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of several malignancies. Notwithstanding the encouraging results, many patients do not respond to treatments. Evaluation of the efficacy of treatments is challenging and robust methods to predict the response to treatment are not yet available. The outcome of immunotherapy results from changes that treatment evokes in the tumor immune landscape. Therefore, a better understanding of the dynamics of immune cells that infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment may fundamentally help in addressing this challenge and provide tools to assess or even predict the response. Noninvasive imaging approaches, such as PET and SPECT that provide whole-body images are currently seen as the most promising tools that can shed light on the events happening in tumors in response to treatment. Such tools can provide critical information that can be used to make informed clinical decisions. Here, we review recent developments in the field of noninvasive cancer imaging with a focus on immunotherapeutics and nuclear imaging technologies and will discuss how the field can move forward to address the challenges that remain unresolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abousaway
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Taha Rakhshandehroo
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Annick D Van den Abbeele
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Moritz F Kircher
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mohammad Rashidian
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Serganova I, Blasberg RG. Molecular Imaging with Reporter Genes: Has Its Promise Been Delivered? J Nucl Med 2020; 60:1665-1681. [PMID: 31792128 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.220004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first reporter systems were developed in the early 1980s and were based on measuring the activity of an enzyme-as a surrogate measure of promoter-driven transcriptional activity-which is now known as a reporter gene system. The initial objective and application of reporter techniques was to analyze the activity of a specific promoter (namely, the expression of a gene that is under the regulation of the specific promoter that is linked to the reporter gene). This system allows visualization of specific promoter activity with great sensitivity. In general, there are 2 classes of reporter systems: constitutively expressed (always-on) reporter constructs used for cell tracking, and inducible reporter systems sensitive to endogenous signaling molecules and transcription factors that characterize specific tissues, tumors, or signaling pathways.This review traces the development of different reporter systems, using fluorescent and bioluminescent proteins as well as radionuclide-based reporter systems. The development and application of radionuclide-based reporter systems is the focus of this review. The question at the end of the review is whether the "promise" of reporter gene imaging has been realized. What is required for moving forward with radionuclide-based reporter systems, and what is required for successful translation to clinical applications?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Serganova
- Department of Neurology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ronald G Blasberg
- Department of Neurology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York .,Department of Radiology, Memorial Hospital, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ashmore-Harris C, Iafrate M, Saleem A, Fruhwirth GO. Non-invasive Reporter Gene Imaging of Cell Therapies, including T Cells and Stem Cells. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1392-1416. [PMID: 32243834 PMCID: PMC7264441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies represent a rapidly emerging class of new therapeutics. They are intended and developed for the treatment of some of the most prevalent human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and for regenerative medicine. Currently, they are largely developed without precise assessment of their in vivo distribution, efficacy, or survival either clinically or preclinically. However, it would be highly beneficial for both preclinical cell therapy development and subsequent clinical use to assess these parameters in situ to enable enhancements in efficacy, applicability, and safety. Molecular imaging can be exploited to track cells non-invasively on the whole-body level and can enable monitoring for prolonged periods in a manner compatible with rapidly expanding cell types. In this review, we explain how in vivo imaging can aid the development and clinical translation of cell-based therapeutics. We describe the underlying principles governing non-invasive in vivo long-term cell tracking in the preclinical and clinical settings, including available imaging technologies, reporter genes, and imaging agents as well as pitfalls related to experimental design. Our emphasis is on adoptively transferred T cell and stem cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice Ashmore-Harris
- Imaging Therapy and Cancer Group, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Madeleine Iafrate
- Imaging Therapy and Cancer Group, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Adeel Saleem
- Imaging Therapy and Cancer Group, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Gilbert O Fruhwirth
- Imaging Therapy and Cancer Group, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Iafrate M, Fruhwirth GO. How Non-invasive in vivo Cell Tracking Supports the Development and Translation of Cancer Immunotherapies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:154. [PMID: 32327996 PMCID: PMC7152671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a relatively new treatment regimen for cancer, and it is based on the modulation of the immune system to battle cancer. Immunotherapies can be classified as either molecular or cell-based immunotherapies, and both types have demonstrated promising results in a growing number of cancers. Indeed, several immunotherapies representing both classes are already approved for clinical use in oncology. While spectacular treatment successes have been reported, particularly for so-called immune checkpoint inhibitors and certain cell-based immunotherapies, they have also been accompanied by a variety of severe, sometimes life-threatening side effects. Furthermore, not all patients respond to immunotherapy. Hence, there is the need for more research to render these promising therapeutics more efficacious, more widely applicable, and safer to use. Whole-body in vivo imaging technologies that can interrogate cancers and/or immunotherapies are highly beneficial tools for immunotherapy development and translation to the clinic. In this review, we explain how in vivo imaging can aid the development of molecular and cell-based anti-cancer immunotherapies. We describe the principles of imaging host T-cells and adoptively transferred therapeutic T-cells as well as the value of traceable cancer cell models in immunotherapy development. Our emphasis is on in vivo cell tracking methodology, including important aspects and caveats specific to immunotherapies. We discuss a variety of associated experimental design aspects including parameters such as cell type, observation times/intervals, and detection sensitivity. The focus is on non-invasive 3D cell tracking on the whole-body level including aspects relevant for both preclinical experimentation and clinical translatability of the underlying methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- Imaging Therapy and Cancer Group, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Krekorian M, Fruhwirth GO, Srinivas M, Figdor CG, Heskamp S, Witney TH, Aarntzen EH. Imaging of T-cells and their responses during anti-cancer immunotherapy. Theranostics 2019; 9:7924-7947. [PMID: 31656546 PMCID: PMC6814447 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has proven to be an effective approach in a growing number of cancers. Despite durable clinical responses achieved with antibodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules, many patients do not respond. The common denominator for immunotherapies that have successfully been introduced in the clinic is their potential to induce or enhance infiltration of cytotoxic T-cells into the tumour. However, in clinical research the molecules, cells and processes involved in effective responses during immunotherapy remain largely obscure. Therefore, in vivo imaging technologies that interrogate T-cell responses in patients represent a powerful tool to boost further development of immunotherapy. This review comprises a comprehensive analysis of the in vivo imaging technologies that allow the characterisation of T-cell responses induced by anti-cancer immunotherapy, with emphasis on technologies that are clinically available or have high translational potential. Throughout we discuss their respective strengths and weaknesses, providing arguments for selecting the optimal imaging options for future research and patient management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massis Krekorian
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings' College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy H. Witney
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings' College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik H.J.G. Aarntzen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Minn I, Rowe SP, Pomper MG. Enhancing CAR T-cell therapy through cellular imaging and radiotherapy. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20:e443-e451. [PMID: 31364596 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is one of the most remarkable advances in cancer therapy in the last several decades. More than 300 adoptive T-cell therapy trials are ongoing, which is a testament to the early success and hope engendered by this line of investigation. Despite the enthusiasm, application of CAR T-cell therapy to solid tumours has had little success, although positive outcomes are increasingly being reported for these diseases. In this Series paper, we discuss the short-term strategies to improve CAR T-cell therapy responses, particularly for solid tumours, by combining CAR T-cell therapy with radiotherapy through the use of careful monitoring and non-invasive imaging. Through the use of imaging, we can gain greater mechanistic insights into the cascade of events that must unfold to enable tumour eradication by CAR T-cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Il Minn
- Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven P Rowe
- Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hernandez Vargas S, Kossatz S, Voss J, Ghosh SC, Tran Cao HS, Simien J, Reiner T, Dhingra S, Fisher WE, Azhdarinia A. Specific Targeting of Somatostatin Receptor Subtype-2 for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4332-4342. [PMID: 31015345 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinically available intraoperative imaging tools to assist surgeons in identifying occult lesions are limited and partially responsible for the high rate of disease recurrence in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NET). Using the established clinical efficacy of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs as a model, we demonstrate the ability of a fluorescent somatostatin analog to selectively target tumors that overexpress somatostatin receptor subtype-2 (SSTR2) and demonstrate utility for fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A multimodality chelator (MMC) was used as a "radioactive linker" to synthesize the fluorescently labeled somatostatin analog, 67/68Ga-MMC(IR800)-TOC. In vivo studies were performed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile, optimal imaging time point, and specificity for SSTR2-expressing tissues. Meso- and microscopic imaging of resected tissues and frozen sections were also performed to further assess specific binding, and binding to human NETs was examined using surgical biospecimens from patients with pancreatic NETs. RESULTS Direct labeling with 67Ga/68Ga provided quantitative biodistribution analysis that was in agreement with fluorescence data. Receptor-mediated uptake was observed in vivo and ex vivo at the macro-, meso-, and microscopic scales. Surgical biospecimens from patients with pancreatic NETs also displayed receptor-specific agent binding, allowing clear delineation of tumor boundaries that matched pathology findings. CONCLUSIONS The radioactive utility of the MMC allowed us to validate the binding properties of a novel FGS agent that could have a broad impact on cancer outcomes by equipping surgeons with real-time intraoperative imaging capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Servando Hernandez Vargas
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Julie Voss
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Sukhen C Ghosh
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Hop S Tran Cao
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jo Simien
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Sadhna Dhingra
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - William E Fisher
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ali Azhdarinia
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Eder M, Pavan S, Bauder-Wüst U, van Rietschoten K, Baranski AC, Harrison H, Campbell S, Stace CL, Walker EH, Chen L, Bennett G, Mudd G, Schierbaum U, Leotta K, Haberkorn U, Kopka K, Teufel DP. Bicyclic Peptides as a New Modality for Imaging and Targeting of Proteins Overexpressed by Tumors. Cancer Res 2019; 79:841-852. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
24
|
Pan Y, Lv J, Pan D, Xu Y, Yang M, Ju H, Zhou J, Zhu L, Zhao Q, Zhang Y. Evaluating the utility of human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor gene as a novel radionuclide reporter gene: a promising molecular imaging tool. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1311-1324. [PMID: 30560451 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabelled ligands of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) have been used to image the GLP-1R-expressing tissues (e.g., islets and insulinoma). Here, we introduced human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (hglp-1r) gene as a novel radionuclide reporter gene to broaden its applications in molecular imaging in vivo. Transient and stable baculoviral vectors (BV) were re-constructed and used to transfer the hglp-1r gene or enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) reporter gene into the stem cells or tumor cells. Cell proliferation assay and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that BV-mediated reporter gene transferring and expression was biosafe and highly efficient. The BV-mediated exogenous hGLP-1R in target cells showed same ligand-receptor binding characteristics compared with its counterpart in insulinoma cells. Furthermore, the ligand-receptor binding assay showed a high affinity (IC50 = 0.3708 nM) and robust correlation (R2 = 0.9264) between the fluorescein-tagged or radiolabeled ligand probes and exogenous hGLP-1R in target cells. The target cells transferred with BV-mediated hGLP-1R could be clearly visualized in nude mice by micro-PET, which was capable of the purposes of short-term tracking transplanted stem cells or long-term monitoring tumor formation. Then, the image-based analysis and bio-distribution analysis quantitatively confirmed high target-to-background ratio of hGLP-1R-expressing cells. This study also investigated the endogenous GLP-1R-expressing organs/tissues in nude mice in the hGLP-1R radionuclide reporter gene imaging. Summarily, we evaluated the utility of hglp-1r gene as a novel radionuclide reporter gene, and demonstrated that it was a favorable and promising candidate of molecular imaging tool, which would expand the spectrum of radionuclide reporter gene imaging systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Ju
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bandara N, Jacobson O, Mpoy C, Chen X, Rogers BE. Novel Structural Modification Based on Evans Blue Dye to Improve Pharmacokinetics of a Somastostatin-Receptor-Based Theranostic Agent. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2448-2454. [PMID: 29927587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of somastatin (SS) peptide analogues for the detection and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors has been successful with the recent FDA approval of 68Ga-DOTA-TATE and 177Lu-DOTA-TATE. The structure of these peptide constructs contains the peptide binding motif that binds to the receptor with high affinity, a chelator to complex the radioactive metal, and a linker between the peptide and chelator. However, these constructs suffer from rapid blood clearance, which limits their tumor uptake. In this study, this design has been further improved by incorporating a modification to control the in vivo pharmacokinetics. Adding a truncated Evans Blue (EB) dye molecule into the construct provides a prolonged half-life in blood as a result of its low micromolar affinity to albumin. We compared 177Lu-DOTA-TATE to the modified 177Lu Evans Blue compound (177Lu-DMEB-TATE), in vitro and in vivo in mice bearing A427-7 xenografts. The tumor uptake of 177Lu-DMEB-TATE was significantly greater than the uptake of 177Lu-DOTA-TATE in the biodistribution and SPECT-imaging studies. The therapeutic effect of the 177Lu-DMEB-TATE construct was superior to the that of the 177Lu-DOTA-TATE construct at the doses evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilantha Bandara
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri 63108 , United States
| | - Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Cedric Mpoy
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri 63108 , United States
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Buck E Rogers
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri 63108 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Krebs S, Ahad A, Carter LM, Eyquem J, Brand C, Bell M, Ponomarev V, Reiner T, Meares CF, Gottschalk S, Sadelain M, Larson SM, Weber WA. Antibody with Infinite Affinity for In Vivo Tracking of Genetically Engineered Lymphocytes. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1894-1900. [PMID: 29903928 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.208041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There remains an urgent need for the noninvasive tracking of transfused chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells to determine their biodistribution, viability, expansion, and antitumor functionality. DOTA antibody reporter 1 (DAbR1) comprises a single-chain fragment of the antilanthanoid-DOTA antibody 2D12.5/G54C fused to the human CD4-transmembrane domain and binds irreversibly to lanthanoid (S)-2-(4-acrylamidobenzyl)-DOTA (AABD). The aim of this study was to investigate whether DAbR1 can be expressed on lymphocytes and used as a reporter gene as well as a suicide gene for therapy of immune-related adverse effects. Methods: DAbR1 was subcloned together with green fluorescent protein into an SFG-retroviral vector and used to transduce CD3/CD28-activated primary human T cells and second-generation 1928z (CAR) T cells. Cell surface expression of DAbR1 was confirmed by cell uptake studies with radiolabeled AABD. In addition, the feasibility of imaging of DAbR1-positive T cells in vivo after intravenous injection of 86Y/177Lu-AABD was studied and radiation doses determined. Results: A panel of DAbR1-expressing T cells and CAR T cells exhibited greater than 8-fold increased uptake of 86Y-AABD in vitro when compared with nontransduced cells. Imaging studies showed 86Y-AABD was retained by DAbR1-positive T cells while it continuously cleared from normal tissues, allowing for in vivo tracking of intravenously administered CAR T cells. Normal-organ dose estimates were favorable for repeated PET/CT studies. Selective T cell ablation in vivo with 177Lu-AABD seems feasible for clustered T-cell populations. Conclusion: We have demonstrated for the first time that T cells can be modified with DAbR1, enabling their in vivo tracking via PET and SPECT. The favorable biodistribution and high image contrast observed warrant further studies of this new reporter gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Krebs
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Afruja Ahad
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lukas M Carter
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Justin Eyquem
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York
| | - Christian Brand
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Meghan Bell
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Claude F Meares
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York
| | - Steven M Larson
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Heidari P, Kunawudhi A, Martinez-Quintanilla J, Szretter A, Shah K, Mahmood U. Somatostatin receptor type 2 as a radiotheranostic PET reporter gene for oncologic interventions. Theranostics 2018; 8:3380-3391. [PMID: 29930736 PMCID: PMC6010996 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reporter gene systems can serve as therapy targets. However, the therapeutic use of reporters has been limited by the challenges of transgene delivery to a majority of cancer cells. This study specifically assesses the efficacy of targeting human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (hSSTR2) with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) when a small subpopulation of cells bears the transgene. Methods: The hSSTR2 transgene was delivered to A549 and Panc-1tumors using the lentiviral vector, LV-hSSTR2-IRES-GFP or murine mesenchymal stem cells (mMSC)s using a retroviral vector. SSTR2 expression was assessed using Western blot and correlated to GFP fluorescence and 68Ga-DOTATOC uptake. Wild type (WT), transduced (TD), and mixed population A549 or Panc-1 xenografts were implanted in nude mice. Separate groups with A549WT and Panc-1WT tumors received intratumoral injection of SSTR2-expressing mMSCs. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with 90Y-DOTATOC or saline and evaluated with 68Ga-DOTATOC PET before and after treatment. Results: Cell studies showed a strong correlation between 68Ga-DOTATOC uptake and SSTR2 expression in A549 (p < 0.004) and Panc-1 cells (p < 0.01). 68Ga-DOTATOC PET SUVmean was 8- and 5-fold higher in TD compared to WT A549 and Panc-1 tumors, respectively (p < 0.001). After 90Y-DOTATOC treatment, 100% TD and mixed population TD xenografts showed growth cessation while the WT xenografts did not. A549WT and Panc-1WT tumors with SSTR2-expressing mMSCs treated with 90Y-DOTATOC showed significantly lower tumor volumes compared to controls (p < 0.05). 68Ga-DOTATOC PET SUVmean of treated TD tumors monotonically declined and was significantly lower than that of non-treated xenografts. Conclusions: We showed that SSTR2 delivery to a small population of cells in tumor in conjunction with PRRT is effective in tumor growth cessation. The availability of various transgene delivery methods for hSSTR2 and radiotherpaeutic somatostatin analogs highlights the direct translational potential of this paradigm in the treatment of various cancers.
Collapse
|
28
|
Emami-Shahri N, Foster J, Kashani R, Gazinska P, Cook C, Sosabowski J, Maher J, Papa S. Clinically compliant spatial and temporal imaging of chimeric antigen receptor T-cells. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29540684 PMCID: PMC5852048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy of CD19+ B-cell malignancy has established a new therapeutic pillar of hematology–oncology. Nonetheless, formidable challenges remain for the attainment of comparable success in patients with solid tumors. To accelerate progress and rapidly characterize emerging toxicities, systems that permit the repeated and non-invasive assessment of CAR T-cell bio-distribution would be invaluable. An ideal solution would entail the use of a non-immunogenic reporter that mediates specific uptake of an inexpensive, non-toxic and clinically established imaging tracer by CAR T cells. Here we show the utility of the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) for the temporal and spatial monitoring of CAR T-cell behavior in a cancer-bearing host. This system provides a clinically compliant toolkit for high-resolution serial imaging of CAR T cells in vivo, addressing a fundamental unmet need for future clinical development in the field. Adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has shown promising anticancer results in clinical trials. Here the authors use the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) as a reporter gene to image human CAR T cells in cancer-bearing mice using broadly available tracers and imaging platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nia Emami-Shahri
- ImmunoEngineering Group, King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Julie Foster
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Roxana Kashani
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Patrycja Gazinska
- Breast Cancer Now, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Celia Cook
- ImmunoEngineering Group, King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jane Sosabowski
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John Maher
- CAR Mechanics Group, King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE5 9RS, UK.,Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, King's Drive, Eastbourne, BN21 2UD, UK
| | - Sophie Papa
- ImmunoEngineering Group, King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Prospective of 68Ga Radionuclide Contribution to the Development of Imaging Agents for Infection and Inflammation. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018. [PMID: 29531507 PMCID: PMC5817300 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9713691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, the utilization of 68Ga for the development of imaging agents has increased considerably with the leading position in the oncology. The imaging of infection and inflammation is lagging despite strong unmet medical needs. This review presents the potential routes for the development of 68Ga-based agents for the imaging and quantification of infection and inflammation in various diseases and connection of the diagnosis to the treatment for the individualized patient management.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy is entering the mainstream for the treatment of CD19(+)cancers. As is does we learn more about resistance to therapy and the role, risks and management of toxicity. In solid tumour CAR therapy research the route to the clinic is less smooth with a wealth of challenges facing translating this, potentially hugely valuable, therapeutic option for patients. As we strive to understand our successes, and navigate the challenges, having a clear understanding of how adoptively transferred CAR-T-cells behavein vivoand in human trials is invaluable. Harnessing reporter gene imaging to enable detection and tracking of small numbers of CAR-T-cells after adoptive transfer is one way by which we can accomplish this. The compatibility of certain reporter gene systems with tracers available routinely in the clinic makes this approach highly useful for future appraisal of CAR-T-cell success in humans.
Collapse
|
31
|
Vedvyas Y, Shevlin E, Zaman M, Min IM, Amor-Coarasa A, Park S, Park S, Kwon KW, Smith T, Luo Y, Kim D, Kim Y, Law B, Ting R, Babich J, Jin MM. Longitudinal PET imaging demonstrates biphasic CAR T cell responses in survivors. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e90064. [PMID: 27882353 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical monitoring of adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) utilizes serial blood analyses to discern T cell activity. While useful, these data are 1-dimensional and lack spatiotemporal information related to treatment efficacy or toxicity. We utilized a human genetic reporter, somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), and PET, to quantitatively and longitudinally visualize whole-body T cell distribution and antitumor dynamics using a clinically approved radiotracer. Initial evaluations determined that SSTR2-expressing T cells were detectable at low densities with high sensitivity and specificity. SSTR2-based PET was applied to ACT of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting intercellular adhesion molecule-1, which is overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid tumors. Timely CAR T cell infusions resulted in survival of tumor-bearing mice, while later infusions led to uniform death. Real-time PET imaging revealed biphasic T cell expansion and contraction at tumor sites among survivors, with peak tumor burden preceding peak T cell burden by several days. In contrast, nonsurvivors displayed unrelenting increases in tumor and T cell burden, indicating that tumor growth was outpacing T cell killing. Thus, longitudinal PET imaging of SSTR2-positive ACT dynamics enables prognostic, spatiotemporal monitoring with unprecedented clarity and detail to facilitate comprehensive therapy evaluation with potential for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogindra Vedvyas
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Enda Shevlin
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marjan Zaman
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Irene M Min
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alejandro Amor-Coarasa
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Spencer Park
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Susan Park
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keon-Woo Kwon
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Turner Smith
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yonghua Luo
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Young Kim
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Benedict Law
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Ting
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Babich
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Moonsoo M Jin
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gervois P, Wolfs E, Ratajczak J, Dillen Y, Vangansewinkel T, Hilkens P, Bronckaers A, Lambrichts I, Struys T. Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Ischemic Stroke: Preclinical Results and the Potential of Imaging-Assisted Evaluation of Donor Cell Fate and Mechanisms of Brain Regeneration. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:1080-1126. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gervois
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Jessica Ratajczak
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Yörg Dillen
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Petra Hilkens
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tom Struys
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful noninvasive imaging technique able to measure distinct biological processes in vivo by administration of a radiolabeled probe. Whole-body measurements track the probe accumulation providing a means to measure biological changes such as metabolism, cell location, or tumor burden. PET can also be applied to both preclinical and clinical studies providing three-dimensional information. For immunotherapies (in particular understanding T cell responses), PET can be utilized for spatial and longitudinal tracking of T lymphocytes. Although PET has been utilized clinically for over 30 years, the recent development of additional PET radiotracers have dramatically expanded the use of PET to detect endogenous or adoptively transferred T cells in vivo. Novel probes have identified changes in T cell quantity, location, and function. This has enabled investigators to track T cells outside of the circulation and in hematopoietic organs such as spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, or within tumors. In this review, we cover advances in PET detection of the antitumor T cell response and areas of focus for future studies.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ullrich M, Bergmann R, Peitzsch M, Zenker EF, Cartellieri M, Bachmann M, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Block NL, Schally AV, Eisenhofer G, Bornstein SR, Pietzsch J, Ziegler CG. Multimodal Somatostatin Receptor Theranostics Using [(64)Cu]Cu-/[(177)Lu]Lu-DOTA-(Tyr(3))octreotate and AN-238 in a Mouse Pheochromocytoma Model. Theranostics 2016; 6:650-65. [PMID: 27022413 PMCID: PMC4805660 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and extra-adrenal paragangliomas (PHEO/PGLs) are rare catecholamine-producing chromaffin cell tumors. For metastatic disease, no effective therapy is available. Overexpression of somatostatin type 2 receptors (SSTR2) in PHEO/PGLs promotes interest in applying therapies using somatostatin analogs linked to radionuclides and/or cytotoxic compounds, such as [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-(Tyr3)octreotate (DOTATATE) and AN-238. Systematic evaluation of such therapies for the treatment of PHEO/PGLs requires sophisticated animal models. In this study, the mouse pheochromocytoma (MPC)-mCherry allograft model showed high tumor densities of murine SSTR2 (mSSTR2) and high tumor uptake of [64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE. Using tumor sections, we assessed mSSTR2-specific binding of DOTATATE, AN-238, and somatostatin-14. Therapeutic studies showed substantial reduction of tumor growth and tumor-related renal monoamine excretion in tumor-bearing mice after treatment with [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE compared to AN-238 and doxorubicin. Analyses did not show agonist-dependent receptor downregulation after single mSSTR2-targeting therapies. This study demonstrates that the MPC-mCherry model is a uniquely powerful tool for the preclinical evaluation of SSTR2-targeting theranostic applications in vivo. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of somatostatin analogs, especially of [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE, for the treatment of metastatic PHEO/PGLs. Repeated treatment cycles, fractionated combinations of SSTR2-targeting radionuclide and cytotoxic therapies, and other adjuvant compounds addressing additional mechanisms may further enhance therapeutic outcome.
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu F, Zhu H, Li C, Lin X, Xiong C, Li C, Yang Z. Design and radio-synthesis of somatostatin receptors targeted 68Ga-DOTA-Benereotide for non-invasive PET imaging. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
36
|
Moroz MA, Zhang H, Lee J, Moroz E, Zurita J, Shenker L, Serganova I, Blasberg R, Ponomarev V. Comparative Analysis of T Cell Imaging with Human Nuclear Reporter Genes. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1055-60. [PMID: 26025962 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.159855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Monitoring genetically altered T cells is an important component of adoptive T cell therapy in patients, and the ability to visualize their trafficking/targeting, proliferation/expansion, and retention/death using highly sensitive reporter systems that do not induce an immunologic response would provide useful information. Therefore, we focused on human reporter gene systems that have the potential for translation to clinical studies. The objective of the in vivo imaging studies was to determine the minimum number of T cells that could be visualized with the different nuclear reporter systems. We determined the imaging sensitivity (lower limit of T cell detection) of each reporter using appropriate radiolabeled probes for PET or SPECT imaging. METHODS Human T cells were transduced with retroviral vectors encoding for the human norepinephrine transporter (hNET), human sodium-iodide symporter (hNIS), a human deoxycytidine kinase double mutant (hdCKDM), and herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (hsvTK) reporter genes. After viability and growth were assessed, 10(5) to 3 × 10(6) reporter T cells were injected subcutaneously on the shoulder area. The corresponding radiolabeled probe was injected intravenously 30 min later, followed by sequential PET or SPECT imaging. Radioactivity at the T cell injection sites and in the thigh (background) was measured. RESULTS The viability and growth of experimental cells were unaffected by transduction. The hNET/meta-(18)F-fluorobenzylguanidine ((18)F-MFBG) reporter system could detect less than 1 × 10(5) T cells because of its high uptake in the transduced T cells and low background activity. The hNIS/(124)I-iodide reporter system could detect approximately 1 × 10(6) T cells; (124)I-iodide uptake at the T cell injection site was time-dependent and associated with high background. The hdCKDM/2'-(18)F-fluoro-5-ethyl-1-β-d-arabinofuranosyluracil ((18)F-FEAU) and hsvTK/(18)F-FEAU reporter systems detected approximately 3 × 10(5) T cells, respectively. (18)F-FEAU was a more efficient probe (higher uptake, lower background) than (124)I-1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-1-d-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil for both hdCKDM and hsvTK. CONCLUSION A comparison of different reporter gene-reporter probe systems for imaging of T cell number was performed, and the hNET/(18)F-MFBG PET reporter system was found to be the most sensitive and capable of detecting approximately 35-40 × 10(3) T cells at the site of T cell injection in the animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Moroz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jason Lee
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ekaterina Moroz
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Juan Zurita
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Larissa Shenker
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Inna Serganova
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Ronald Blasberg
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and Sloan Kettering Institute Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York Sloan Kettering Institute Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Somatostatin receptor based imaging and radionuclide therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:917968. [PMID: 25879040 PMCID: PMC4387942 DOI: 10.1155/2015/917968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) receptors (SSTRs) belong to the typical 7-transmembrane domain family of G-protein-coupled receptors. Five distinct subtypes (termed SSTR1-5) have been identified, with SSTR2 showing the highest affinity for natural SST and synthetic SST analogs. Most neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) have high expression levels of SSTRs, which opens the possibility for tumor imaging and therapy with radiolabeled SST analogs. A number of tracers have been developed for the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of NETs with impressive results, which facilitates the applications of human SSTR subtype 2 (hSSTr2) reporter gene based imaging and therapy in SSTR negative or weakly positive tumors to provide a novel approach for the management of tumors. The hSSTr2 gene can act as not only a reporter gene for in vivo imaging, but also a therapeutic gene for local radionuclide therapy. Even a second therapeutic gene can be transfected into the same tumor cells together with hSSTr2 reporter gene to obtain a synergistic therapeutic effect. However, additional preclinical and especially translational and clinical researches are needed to confirm the value of hSSTr2 reporter gene based imaging and therapy in tumors.
Collapse
|
38
|
De K, Behera A, Banerjee I, Sarkar B, Ganguly S, Misra M. Radiolabeled novel peptide for imaging somatostatin-receptor expressing tumor: synthesis and radiobiological evaluation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
39
|
Cornelissen B. Imaging the inside of a tumour: a review of radionuclide imaging and theranostics targeting intracellular epitopes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:310-6. [PMID: 24395330 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging of tumour tissue focusses mainly on extracellular epitopes such as tumour angiogenesis or signal transduction receptors expressed on the cell membrane. However, most biological processes that define tumour phenotype occur within the cell. In this mini-review, an overview is given of the various techniques to interrogate intracellular events using molecular imaging with radiolabelled compounds. Additionally, similar targeting techniques can be employed for radionuclide therapy using Auger electron emitters, and recent advances in Auger electron therapy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Cornelissen
- MRC/CRUK Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zeglis BM, Houghton JL, Evans MJ, Viola-Villegas N, Lewis JS. Underscoring the influence of inorganic chemistry on nuclear imaging with radiometals. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:1880-99. [PMID: 24313747 PMCID: PMC4151561 DOI: 10.1021/ic401607z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, radionuclides have matured from largely esoteric and experimental technologies to indispensible components of medical diagnostics. Driving this transition, in part, have been mutually necessary advances in biomedical engineering, nuclear medicine, and cancer biology. Somewhat unsung has been the seminal role of inorganic chemistry in fostering the development of new radiotracers. In this regard, the purpose of this Forum Article is to more visibly highlight the significant contributions of inorganic chemistry to nuclear imaging by detailing the development of five metal-based imaging agents: (64)Cu-ATSM, (68)Ga-DOTATOC, (89)Zr-transferrin, (99m)Tc-sestamibi, and (99m)Tc-colloids. In a concluding section, several unmet needs both in and out of the laboratory will be discussed to stimulate conversation between inorganic chemists and the imaging community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Zeglis
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jacob L. Houghton
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Michael J. Evans
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Nerissa Viola-Villegas
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Velikyan I. Prospective of ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceutical development. Theranostics 2013; 4:47-80. [PMID: 24396515 PMCID: PMC3881227 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) experienced accelerated development and has become an established method for medical research and clinical routine diagnostics on patient individualized basis. Development and availability of new radiopharmaceuticals specific for particular diseases is one of the driving forces of the expansion of clinical PET. The future development of the ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceuticals must be put in the context of several aspects such as role of PET in nuclear medicine, unmet medical needs, identification of new biomarkers, targets and corresponding ligands, production and availability of ⁶⁸Ga, automation of the radiopharmaceutical production, progress of positron emission tomography technologies and image analysis methodologies for improved quantitation accuracy, PET radiopharmaceutical regulations as well as advances in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The review presents the prospects of the ⁶⁸Ga-based radiopharmaceutical development on the basis of the current status of these aspects as well as wide range and variety of imaging agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- 1. Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden
- 2. PET-Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
- 3. Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Somatostatin receptor-based molecular imaging and therapy for neuroendocrine tumors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:102819. [PMID: 24106690 PMCID: PMC3784148 DOI: 10.1155/2013/102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are tumors originated from neuroendocrine cells in the body. The localization and the detection of the extent of NETs are important for diagnosis and treatment, which should be individualized according to the tumor type, burden, and symptoms. Molecular imaging of NETs with high sensitivity and specificity is achieved by nuclear medicine method using single photon-emitting and positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. Somatostatin receptor imaging (SRI) using SPECT or PET as a whole-body imaging technique has become a crucial part of the management of NETs. The radiotherapy with somatostatin analogues labeled with therapeutic beta emitters, such as lutetium-177 or yttrium-90, has been proved to be an option of therapy for patients with unresectable and metastasized NETs. Molecular imaging can deliver an important message to improve the outcome for patients with NETs by earlier diagnosis, better choice of the therapeutic method, and evaluation of the therapeutic response.
Collapse
|
43
|
Lyons SK, Patrick PS, Brindle KM. Imaging mouse cancer models in vivo using reporter transgenes. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2013; 2013:685-99. [PMID: 23906907 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Imaging mouse models of cancer with reporter transgenes has become a relatively common experimental approach in the laboratory, which allows noninvasive and longitudinal investigation of diverse aspects of tumor biology in vivo. Our goal here is to outline briefly the principles of the relevant imaging modalities, emphasizing particularly their strengths and weaknesses and what the researcher can expect in a practical sense from each of these techniques. Furthermore, we discuss how relatively subtle modifications in the way reporter transgene expression is regulated in the cell underpin the ability of reporter transgenes as a whole to provide readouts on such varied aspects of tumor biology in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Lyons
- Department of Molecular Imaging, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Synthesis and radiolabelling of DOTA-linked glutamine analogues with ⁶⁷,⁶⁸Ga as markers for increased glutamine metabolism in tumour cells. Molecules 2013; 18:7160-78. [PMID: 23783455 PMCID: PMC6270456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18067160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DOTA-linked glutamine analogues with a C6- alkyl and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) chain between the chelating group and the l-glutamine moiety were synthesised and labelled with 67,68Ga using established methods. High yields were achieved for the radiolabelling of the molecules with both radionuclides (>90%), although conversion of the commercially available 67Ga-citrate to the chloride species was a requirement for consistent high radiochemical yields. The generator produced 68Ga was in the [68Ga(OH)4]− form. The 67Ga complexes and the 67Ga complexes were demonstrated to be stable in PBS buffer for a week. Uptake studies were performed with longer lived 67Ga analogues against four tumour cell lines, as well as uptake inhibition studies against l-glutamine, and two known amino acid transporter inhibitors. Marginal uptake was exhibited in the PEG variant radio-complex, and inhibition studies indicate this uptake is via a non-targeted amino acid pathway.
Collapse
|
45
|
Qin C, Lan X, He J, Xia X, Tian Y, Pei Z, Yuan H, Zhang Y. An in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a reporter gene/probe system hERL/(18)F-FES. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61911. [PMID: 23593502 PMCID: PMC3625158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of a reporter gene/probe system, namely the human estrogen receptor ligand binding domain (hERL)/16α-[18F] fluoro-17β-estradiol (18F-FES), for monitoring gene and cell therapy. Methods The recombinant adenovirus vector Ad5-hERL-IRES-VEGF (Ad-EIV), carrying a reporter gene (hERL) and a therapeutic gene (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF165) through an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), was constructed. After transfection of Ad-EIV into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-EIV-MSCs), hERL and VEGF165 mRNA and protein expressions were identified using Real-Time qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The uptake of 18F-FES was measured in both Ad-EIV-MSCs and nontransfected MSCs after different incubation time. Micro-PET/CT images were obtained at 1 day after injection of Ad-EIV-MSCs into the left foreleg of the rat. The right foreleg was injected with nontransfected MSCs, which served as self-control. Results After transfection with Ad-EIV, the mRNA and protein expression of hERL and VEGF165 were successfully detected in MSCs, and correlated well with each other (R2 = 0.9840, P<0.05). This indicated the reporter gene could reflect the therapeutic gene indirectly. Ad-EIV-MSCs uptake of 18F-FES increased with incubation time with a peak value of 9.13%±0.33% at 150 min, which was significantly higher than that of the control group. A far higher level of radioactivity could be seen in the left foreleg on the micro-PET/CT image than in the opposite foreleg. Conclusion These preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that hERL/18F-FES might be used as a novel reporter gene/probe system for monitoring gene and cell therapy. This imaging platform may have broad applications for basic research and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Qin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Xiaotian Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueli Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijun Pei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongxue Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Brader P, Serganova I, Blasberg RG. Noninvasive Molecular Imaging Using Reporter Genes. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:167-72. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.099788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
47
|
Abou DS, Thorek DLJ, Ramos NN, Pinkse MWH, Wolterbeek HT, Carlin SD, Beattie BJ, Lewis JS. (89)Zr-labeled paramagnetic octreotide-liposomes for PET-MR imaging of cancer. Pharm Res 2012; 30:878-88. [PMID: 23224977 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dual-modality PET/MR platforms add a new dimension to patient diagnosis with high resolution, functional, and anatomical imaging. The full potential of this emerging hybrid modality could be realized by using a corresponding dual-modality probe. Here, we report pegylated liposome (LP) formulations, housing a MR T(1) contrast agent (Gd) and the positron-emitting (89)Zr (half-life: 3.27 days), for simultaneous PET and MR tumor imaging capabilities. METHODS (89)Zr oxophilicity was unexpectedly found advantageous for direct radiolabeling of preformed paramagnetic LPs. LPs were conjugated with octreotide to selectively target neuroendocrine tumors via human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTr2). (89)Zr-Gd-LPs and octreotide-conjugated homolog were physically, chemically and biologically characterized. RESULTS (89)Zr-LPs showed reasonable stability over serum proteins and chelator challenges for proof-of-concept in vitro and in vivo investigations. Nuclear and paramagnetic tracking quantified superior SSTr2-recognition of octreotide-LP compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated SSTr2-targeting specificity along with direct chelator-free (89)Zr-labeling of LPs and dual PET/MR imaging properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane S Abou
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 16, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
De K, Bhowmik A, Behera A, Banerjee I, Ghosh MK, Misra M. Synthesis, radiolabeling, and preclinical evaluation of a new octreotide analog for somatostatin receptor-positive tumor scintigraphy. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:720-30. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kakali De
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Nuclear Medicine Division); Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Arijit Bhowmik
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Ashok Behera
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Nuclear Medicine Division); Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Nuclear Medicine Division); Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Mrinal Kanti Ghosh
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Mridula Misra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Nuclear Medicine Division); Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Radiolabeled peptides targeted against receptors on the cell surface have been shown to be remarkably specific and effective in the diagnosis and therapy of malignant disease. Much of the early work in this field took place outside the United States, but in recent years the research effort within the United States has accelerated. Most of the initial studies in the United States focused on somatostatin receptor ligands. (111)In-pentetreotide was approved in 1994 and has been used extensively in the diagnosis and management of a wide variety of neuroendocrine tumors, particularly carcinoid. This work was extended to (99m)Tc-labeled analogs, and the most successful, (99m)Tc-depreotide, was approved in 1999. This agent was found to be accurate in the diagnosis of lung cancer, but it was not particularly successful because it was supplanted by (18)F-FDG imaging with positron tomography. More recently, studies with (68)Ga-labeled somatostatin analogs were initiated in the United States. This effort was delayed relative to that in other parts of the world because of difficulty in obtaining the necessary generators and regulatory uncertainty, both of which are less of a problem currently. Several ligands are being developed to image melanoma through targeting of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor. Other ligands are being developed to use the arginine-glycine-aspartate oligopeptide to target angiogenesis and to use bombesin analogs to target the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor for the diagnosis and potential therapy of prostate cancer. Peptide dimers that target 2 receptors simultaneously are also being constructed, potentially increasing the selectivity of the approach significantly. Radiopeptide therapy has been explored with these ligands, initially with high-dose (111)In-pentetreotide. This step has been followed by U.S. participation in several trials with (90)Y-, (177)Lu-, and (188)Re-labeled analogs. Some of these agents are now available clinically outside the United States, and it is important to design and conduct the appropriate trials so that this therapy can be offered within the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Graham
- Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Cell-based therapies, such as adoptive immunotherapy and stem-cell therapy, have received considerable attention as novel therapeutics in oncological research and clinical practice. The development of effective therapeutic strategies using tumor-targeted cells requires the ability to determine in vivo the location, distribution, and long-term viability of the therapeutic cell populations as well as their biological fate with respect to cell activation and differentiation. In conjunction with various noninvasive imaging modalities, cell-labeling methods, such as exogenous labeling or transfection with a reporter gene, allow visualization of labeled cells in vivo in real time, as well as monitoring and quantifying cell accumulation and function. Such cell-tracking methods also have an important role in basic cancer research, where they serve to elucidate novel biological mechanisms. In this Review, we describe the basic principles of cell-tracking methods, explain various approaches to cell tracking, and highlight recent examples for the application of such methods in animals and humans.
Collapse
|