1
|
Lindemann ME, Gratz M, Blumhagen JO, Jakoby B, Quick HH. MR-based truncation correction using an advanced HUGE method to improve attenuation correction in PET/MR imaging of obese patients. Med Phys 2022; 49:865-877. [PMID: 35014697 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Truncation artifacts in the periphery of the magnetic resonance (MR) field-of-view (FOV) and thus, in the MR-based attenuation correction (AC) map, may hamper accurate positron emission tomography (PET) quantification in whole-body PET/MR, which is especially problematic in patients with obesity with overall large body dimensions. Therefore, an advanced truncation correction (TC) method to extend the conventional MR FOV is needed. METHODS The extent of MR-based AC-map truncations in obese patients was determined in a data set including n = 10 patients that underwent whole-body PET/MR exams. Patient inclusion criteria were defined as BMI > 30 kg/m2 and body weight > 100 kg. Truncations in PET/MR patients with obesity were quantified comparing the MR-based AC-map volume to segmented non-AC PET data, serving as the reference body volume without truncations to demonstrate the need of improved TC. The new method implemented in this study, termed "advanced HUGE", was modified and extended from the original HUGE method by Blumhagen et al. in order to provide improved TC across the entire axial MR FOV and to unlock new clinical applications of PET/MR. Advanced HUGE was then systematically tested in PET/MR NEMA phantom measurements. Relative differences between computed tomography (CT) AC PET data of the phantom setup (reference) and MR-based Dixon AC, respectively Dixon + advanced HUGE AC, were calculated. The applicability of the method for advanced TC was then demonstrated in first MR-based measurements in healthy volunteers. RESULTS It was found that the MR-based AC maps of obese patients often reveal truncations in anterior-posterior direction. Especially the abdominal region could benefit from improved TC, where maximal relative differences in the AC-map volume up to -17 % were calculated. Applying advanced HUGE to improve the MR-based AC in PET/MR, PET quantification errors in the large-volume phantom setup could be considerably reduced from average -18.6 % (Dixon AC) to 4.6 % compared to the CT AC reference. Volunteer measurements demonstrate that formerly missing AC-map volume in the Dixon-VIBE AC-map could be added due to advanced HUGE in anterior-posterior direction and thus, potentially improves AC in PET/MR. CONCLUSIONS The advanced HUGE method for truncation correction considerably reduces truncations in anterior-posterior direction demonstrated in phantom measurements and healthy volunteers and thus, further improves MR-based AC in PET/MR imaging. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maike E Lindemann
- High-Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marcel Gratz
- High-Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Harald H Quick
- High-Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lennie E, Tsoumpas C, Sourbron S. Multimodal phantoms for clinical PET/MRI. EJNMMI Phys 2021; 8:62. [PMID: 34436671 PMCID: PMC8390737 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-021-00408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phantoms are commonly used throughout medical imaging and medical physics for a multitude of applications, the designs of which vary between modalities and clinical or research requirements. Within positron emission tomography (PET) and nuclear medicine, phantoms have a well-established role in the validation of imaging protocols so as to reduce the administration of radioisotope to volunteers. Similarly, phantoms are used within magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to perform quality assurance on clinical scanners, and gel-based phantoms have a longstanding use within the MRI research community as tissue equivalent phantoms. In recent years, combined PET/MRI scanners for simultaneous acquisition have entered both research and clinical use. This review explores the designs and applications of phantom work within the field of simultaneous acquisition PET/MRI as published over the period of a decade. Common themes in the design, manufacture and materials used within phantoms are identified and the solutions they provided to research in PET/MRI are summarised. Finally, the challenges remaining in creating multimodal phantoms for use with simultaneous acquisition PET/MRI are discussed. No phantoms currently exist commercially that have been designed and optimised for simultaneous PET/MRI acquisition. Subsequently, commercially available PET and nuclear medicine phantoms are often utilised, with CT-based attenuation maps substituted for MR-based attenuation maps due to the lack of MR visibility in phantom housing. Tissue equivalent and anthropomorphic phantoms are often developed by research groups in-house and provide customisable alternatives to overcome barriers such as MR-based attenuation correction, or to address specific areas of study such as motion correction. Further work to characterise materials and manufacture methods used in phantom design would facilitate the ability to reproduce phantoms across sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eve Lennie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Charalampos Tsoumpas
- Biomedical Imaging Science Department, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Sourbron
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Towards fast whole-body PET/MR: Investigation of PET image quality versus reduced PET acquisition times. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206573. [PMID: 30376583 PMCID: PMC6207312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The trend towards faster acquisition protocols in whole-body positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) arises the question of whether short PET data acquisition protocols in a whole-body multi-station context allow for reduced PET acquisition times while providing adequate PET image quality and accurate quantification parameters. The study goal is to investigate how reducing PET acquisition times affects PET image quality and quantification in whole-body PET/MR in patients with oncologic findings. Methods Fifty-one patients with different oncologic findings underwent a clinical whole-body 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/MR examination. PET data was reconstructed with 4, 3, 2, and 1 min/bed time intervals for each patient to simulate the effect of reduced PET acquisition times. The 4-minute PET reconstructions served as reference standard. All whole-body PET data sets were analyzed regarding image quality, lesion detectability, PET quantification and standardized uptake values. Results A total of 91 lesions were detected in the 4-minute PET reconstructions. The same number of congruent lesions was also noticed in the 3 and 2 minutes-per-bed (mpb) reconstructed images. A total of 2 lesions in 2 patients was not detected in the 1 minute PET data reconstructions due to poor image quality. Image noise in the blood pool increased from 22.2% (4 mpb) to 42.1% (1 mpb). Signal-to-noise ratio declined with shorter timeframes from 13.1 (4 mpb) to 9.3 (1 mpb). SUVmean and SUVmax showed no significant changes between 4 and 1 mpb reconstructed timeframes. Conclusions Reconstruction of PET data with different time intervals has shown that 2 minutes acquisition time per bed position instead of 4 minutes is sufficient to provide accurate lesion detection and adequate image quality in a clinical setting, despite the trends to lower image quality with shorter PET acquisition times. This provides latitude for potential reduction of PET acquisition times in fast PET/MR whole-body examinations.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gatidis S, Gückel B, la Fougère C, Schmitt J, Schäfer JF. [Simultaneous whole-body PET-MRI in pediatric oncology : More than just reducing radiation?]. Radiologe 2017; 56:622-30. [PMID: 27306199 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-016-0122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic imaging plays an essential role in pediatric oncology with regard to diagnosis, therapy-planning, and the follow-up of solid tumors. The current imaging standard in pediatric oncology includes a variety of radiological and nuclear medicine imaging modalities depending on the specific tumor entity. The introduction of combined simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has opened up new diagnostic options in pediatric oncology. This novel modality combines the excellent anatomical accuracy of MRI with the metabolic information of PET. In initial clinical studies, the technical feasibility and possible diagnostic advantages of combined PET-MRI have been in comparison with alternative imaging techniques. It was shown that a reduction in radiation exposure of up to 70 % is achievable compared with PET-CT. Furthermore, it has been shown that the number of imaging studies necessary can be markedly reduced using combined PET-MRI. Owing to its limited availability, combined PET-MRI is currently not used as a routine procedure. However, this new modality has the potential to become the imaging reference standard in pediatric oncology in the future. This review article summarizes the central aspects of pediatric oncological PET-MRI based on existing literature. Typical pediatric oncological PET-MRI cases are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gatidis
- Radiologische Klinik, Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland.
| | - B Gückel
- Radiologische Klinik, Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - C la Fougère
- Radiologische Klinik, Nuklearmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - J Schmitt
- Abteilung für Präklinische Bildgebung und Radiopharmazie, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - J F Schäfer
- Radiologische Klinik, Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Comparison of image quality between step-and-shoot and continuous bed motion techniques in whole-body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with the same acquisition duration. Ann Nucl Med 2017; 31:686-695. [PMID: 28815414 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-017-1200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the qualities of whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) images acquired by the step-and-shoot (SS) and continuous bed motion (CBM) techniques with approximately the same acquisition duration, through phantom and clinical studies. METHODS A body phantom with 10-37 mm spheres was filled with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) solution at a sphere-to-background radioactivity ratio of 4:1 and acquired by both techniques. Reconstructed images were evaluated by visual assessment, percentages of contrast (%Q H) and background variability (%N) in accordance with the Japanese guideline for oncology FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT). To evaluate the variability of the standardized uptake value (SUV), the coefficient of variation (CV) for both maximum SUV and peak SUV was examined. Both the SUV values were additionally compared with those of standard images acquired for 30 min, and their accuracy was evaluated by the %difference (%Diff). In the clinical study, whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT images of 60 patients acquired by both techniques were compared for liver signal-to-noise ratio (SNRliver), CV at end planes, and both SUV values. RESULTS In the phantom study, the visual assessment and %Q H values of the two techniques did not differ from each other. However, the %N values of the CBM technique were significantly higher than those of the SS technique. Additionally, the CV and %Diff for both SUV values in the CBM images tended to be slightly higher than those in SS images. In the clinical study, the SNRliver values of CBM images were significantly lower than those of SS images, although the CV at the end planes in CBM images was significantly lower than those in SS images. In the Bland-Altman analysis for both SUV values, the mean differences were close to 0, and most lesions exhibited SUVs within the limits of agreement. CONCLUSIONS The CBM technique exhibited slightly lesser uniformity in the center plane than the SS technique. Additionally, in the phantom study, the CV and %Diff of SUV values in CBM images tended to be slightly higher than those of SS images. However, since these differences were subtle, they might be negligible in clinical settings.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lindemann ME, Oehmigen M, Blumhagen JO, Gratz M, Quick HH. MR-based truncation and attenuation correction in integrated PET/MR hybrid imaging using HUGE with continuous table motion. Med Phys 2017; 44:4559-4572. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maike E. Lindemann
- High Field and Hybrid MR Imaging; University Hospital Essen; University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Mark Oehmigen
- High Field and Hybrid MR Imaging; University Hospital Essen; University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | | | - Marcel Gratz
- High Field and Hybrid MR Imaging; University Hospital Essen; University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging; University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Harald H. Quick
- High Field and Hybrid MR Imaging; University Hospital Essen; University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging; University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Carreras-Delgado JL, Pérez-Dueñas V, Riola-Parada C, García-Cañamaque L. PET/MRI: A luxury or a necessity? Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2016; 35:313-20. [PMID: 27349326 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PET/MRI is a new multimodality technique with a promising future in diagnostic imaging. Technical limitations are being overcome. Interference between the two systems (PET and MRI) seems to have been resolved. MRI-based PET attenuation correction can be performed safely. Scan time is acceptable and the study is tolerable, with claustrophobia prevalence similar to that of MRI. Quantification with common parameters, such as Standardized Uptake Value (SUV), shows a fairly good correlation between both systems. However, PET/CT currently provides better results in scan time, scan costs, and patient comfort. Less patient radiation exposure is a big advantage of PET/MRI over PET/CT, which makes it particularly recommended in paediatric and adolescent patients requiring one or more studies. PET/MRI indications are the same as those of PET/CT, given that in cases where MRI is superior to CT, PET/MRI is superior to PET/CT. This superiority is clear in many soft tissue tumours. Moreover, it is common to perform both PET/CT and MRI in neurological diseases, as well as in some tumours, such as breast cancer. A single PET/MRI study replaces both with obvious benefit. MRI also allows other MRI-based PET corrections, such as motion or partial volume effect corrections. The better spatial resolution of MRI allows the transfer of well-defined MRI areas or small volumes of interest to PET image, in order to measure PET biomarkers in these areas. The richness of information of both techniques opens up immense possibilities of synergistic correlation between them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Carreras-Delgado
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Madrid, España; Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España.
| | - V Pérez-Dueñas
- Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Madrid, España
| | - C Riola-Parada
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| | - L García-Cañamaque
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Madrid, España
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
18F-FDG PET/CT quantification in head and neck squamous cell cancer: principles, technical issues and clinical applications. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:1360-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
10
|
Preshlock S, Tredwell M, Gouverneur V. (18)F-Labeling of Arenes and Heteroarenes for Applications in Positron Emission Tomography. Chem Rev 2016; 116:719-66. [PMID: 26751274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diverse radiochemistry is an essential component of nuclear medicine; this includes imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET). As such, PET can track diseases at an early stage of development, help patient care planning through personalized medicine and support drug discovery programs. Fluorine-18 is the most frequently used radioisotope in PET radiopharmaceuticals for both clinical and preclinical research. Its physical and nuclear characteristics (97% β(+) decay, 109.8 min half-life, 635 keV positron energy) and high specific activity make it an attractive nuclide for labeling and molecular imaging. Arenes and heteroarenes are privileged candidates for (18)F-incorporation as they are metabolically robust and therefore widely used by medicinal chemists and radiochemists alike. For many years, the range of (hetero)arenes amenable to (18)F-fluorination was limited by the lack of chemically diverse precursors, and of radiochemical methods allowing (18)F-incorporation in high selectivity and efficiency (radiochemical yield and purity, specific activity, and radio-scalability). The appearance of late-stage fluorination reactions catalyzed by transition metal or small organic molecules (organocatalysis) has encouraged much research on the use of these activation manifolds for (18)F-fluorination. In this piece, we review all of the reactions known to date to install the (18)F substituent and other key (18)F-motifs (e.g., CF3, CHF2, OCF3, SCF3, OCHF2) of medicinal relevance onto (hetero)arenes. The field has changed significantly in the past five years, and the current trend suggests that the radiochemical space available for PET applications will expand rapidly in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Preshlock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Tredwell
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schatka I, Weiberg D, Reichelt S, Owsianski-Hille N, Derlin T, Berding G, Bengel FM. A randomized, double-blind, crossover comparison of novel continuous bed motion versus traditional bed position whole-body PET/CT imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:711-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Rausch I, Cal-González J, Dapra D, Gallowitsch HJ, Lind P, Beyer T, Minear G. Performance evaluation of the Biograph mCT Flow PET/CT system according to the NEMA NU2-2012 standard. EJNMMI Phys 2015; 2:26. [PMID: 26501827 PMCID: PMC4883615 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-015-0132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of the study is to evaluate the physical performance of a Biograph mCT Flow 64-4R PET/CT system (Siemens Healthcare, Germany) and to compare clinical image quality in step-and-shoot (SS) and continuous table motion (CTM) acquisitions. Methods The spatial resolution, sensitivity, count rate curves, and Image Quality (IQ) parameters following the National Electrical Manufactures Association (NEMA) NU2-2012 standard were evaluated. For resolution measurements, an 18F point source inside a glass capillary tube was used. Sensitivity measurements were based on a 70-cm-long polyethylene tube, filled with 4.5 MBq of FDG. Scatter fraction and count rates were measured using a 70-cm-long polyethylene cylinder with a diameter of 20 cm and a line source (1.04 GBq of FDG) inserted axially into the cylinder 4.5 cm off-centered. A NEMA IQ phantom containing six spheres (10- to 37-mm diameter) was used for the evaluation of the image quality. First, a single-bed scan was acquired (NEMA standard), followed by a two-bed scan (4 min each) of the IQ phantom with the image plane containing the spheres centered in the overlap region of the two bed positions. In addition, a scan of the same region in CTM mode was performed with a table speed of 0.6 mm/s. Furthermore, two patient scans were performed in CTM and SS mode. Image contrasts and patient images were compared between SS and CTM acquisitions. Results Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) of the spatial resolution ranged from 4.3 to 7.8 mm (radial distance 1 to 20 cm). The measured sensitivity was 9.6 kcps/MBq, both at the center of the FOV and 10 cm off-center. The measured noise equivalent count rate (NECR) peak was 185 kcps at 29.0 kBq/ml. The scatter fraction was 33.5 %. Image contrast recovery values (sphere-to-background of 8:1) were between 42 % (10-mm sphere) to 79 % (37-mm sphere). The background variability was between 2.1 and 5.3 % (SS) and between 2.4 and 6.9 % (CTM). No significant difference in image quality was observed between SS and CTM mode. Conclusions The spatial resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction, and count rates were in concordance with the published values for the predecessor system, the Biograph mCT. Contrast recovery values as well as image quality obtained in SS and CTM acquisition modes were similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Rausch
- Quantitative Imaging and Medical Physics group (QIMP), Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jacobo Cal-González
- Quantitative Imaging and Medical Physics group (QIMP), Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Dapra
- Universitätsklinikum Klagenfurt, Feschnigstraße 11, 9020, Klagenfurt, Austria.
| | | | - Peter Lind
- Universitätsklinikum Klagenfurt, Feschnigstraße 11, 9020, Klagenfurt, Austria.
| | - Thomas Beyer
- Quantitative Imaging and Medical Physics group (QIMP), Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gregory Minear
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum St. Pölten, Propst Führer-Straße 4, 3100, St. Pölten, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ryan SJ, Schimler SD, Bland DC, Sanford MS. Acyl Azolium Fluorides for Room Temperature Nucleophilic Aromatic Fluorination of Chloro- and Nitroarenes. Org Lett 2015; 17:1866-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Ryan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sydonie D. Schimler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Douglas C. Bland
- Process Science,
Dow Chemical Company, 1710 Building, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sher A, Valls L, Muzic RF, Plecha D, Avril N. Whole-body positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance in breast cancer. Semin Roentgenol 2014; 49:313-20. [PMID: 25498228 DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sher
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Laia Valls
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Raymond F Muzic
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Donna Plecha
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Norbert Avril
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kotasidis FA, Tsoumpas C, Rahmim A. Advanced kinetic modelling strategies: towards adoption in clinical PET imaging. Clin Transl Imaging 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-014-0069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
16
|
Sher A, Vercher-Conejero JL, Muzic RF, Avril N, Plecha D. Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging of the breast. Semin Roentgenol 2014; 49:304-12. [PMID: 25498227 DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sher
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Case Center for Imaging Research, Cleveland, OH; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jose L Vercher-Conejero
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Case Center for Imaging Research, Cleveland, OH; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Raymond F Muzic
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Case Center for Imaging Research, Cleveland, OH; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Norbert Avril
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Case Center for Imaging Research, Cleveland, OH; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Donna Plecha
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Case Center for Imaging Research, Cleveland, OH; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
| |
Collapse
|