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Nguyen XTA, Le TNU, Nguyen TQ, Thi Thuy Ha H, Artati A, Leong NCP, Nguyen DT, Lim PY, Susanto AV, Huang Q, Fam L, Leong LN, Bonne I, Lee A, Granadillo JL, Gooch C, Yu D, Huang H, Soong TW, Chang MW, Wenk MR, Adamski J, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Nguyen LN. MFSD7c functions as a transporter of choline at the blood-brain barrier. Cell Res 2024; 34:245-257. [PMID: 38302740 PMCID: PMC10907603 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the orphan transporter MFSD7c (also known as Flvcr2), are linked to Fowler syndrome. Here, we used Mfsd7c knockout (Mfsd7c-/-) mice and cell-based assays to reveal that MFSD7c is a choline transporter at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We performed comprehensive metabolomics analysis and detected differential changes of metabolites in the brains and livers of Mfsd7c-/-embryos. Particularly, we found that choline-related metabolites were altered in the brains but not in the livers of Mfsd7c-/- embryos. Thus, we hypothesized that MFSD7c regulates the level of choline in the brain. Indeed, expression of human MFSD7c in cells significantly increased choline uptake. Interestingly, we showed that choline uptake by MFSD7c is greatly increased by choline-metabolizing enzymes, leading us to demonstrate that MFSD7c is a facilitative transporter of choline. Furthermore, single-cell patch clamp analysis showed that the import of choline by MFSD7c is electrogenic. Choline transport function of MFSD7c was shown to be conserved in vertebrates, but not in yeasts. We demonstrated that human MFSD7c is a functional ortholog of HNM1, the yeast choline importer. We also showed that several missense mutations identified in patients exhibiting Fowler syndrome had abolished or reduced choline transport activity. Mice lacking Mfsd7c in endothelial cells of the central nervous system suppressed the import of exogenous choline from blood but unexpectedly had increased choline levels in the brain. Stable-isotope tracing study revealed that MFSD7c was required for exporting choline derived from lysophosphatidylcholine in the brain. Collectively, our work identifies MFSD7c as a choline exporter at the BBB and provides a foundation for future work to reveal the disease mechanisms of Fowler syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Thi Anh Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thanh Nha Uyen Le
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Toan Q Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hoa Thi Thuy Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Artati
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nancy C P Leong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dat T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Yen Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adelia Vicanatalita Susanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qianhui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ling Fam
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lo Ngah Leong
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Bonne
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angela Lee
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jorge L Granadillo
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Catherine Gooch
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dejie Yu
- Electrophysiology Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hua Huang
- Electrophysiology Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Soong
- Electrophysiology Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew Wook Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Long N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Life Sciences Institute, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Challapalli A, Barwick TD, Dubash SR, Inglese M, Grech-Sollars M, Kozlowski K, Tam H, Patel NH, Winkler M, Flohr P, Saleem A, Bahl A, Falconer A, De Bono JS, Aboagye EO, Mangar S. Bench to Bedside Development of [ 18F]Fluoromethyl-(1,2- 2H 4)choline ([ 18F]D4-FCH). Molecules 2023; 28:8018. [PMID: 38138508 PMCID: PMC10745874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation is characterised by aberrant phospholipid metabolism of cancers, associated with the upregulation of choline kinase alpha (CHKα). Due to the metabolic instability of choline radiotracers and the increasing use of late-imaging protocols, we developed a more stable choline radiotracer, [18F]fluoromethyl-[1,2-2H4]choline ([18F]D4-FCH). [18F]D4-FCH has improved protection against choline oxidase, the key choline catabolic enzyme, via a 1H/2D isotope effect, together with fluorine substitution. Due to the promising mechanistic and safety profiles of [18F]D4-FCH in vitro and preclinically, the radiotracer has transitioned to clinical development. [18F]D4-FCH is a safe positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, with a favourable radiation dosimetry profile for clinical imaging. [18F]D4-FCH PET/CT in lung and prostate cancers has shown highly heterogeneous intratumoral distribution and large lesion variability. Treatment with abiraterone or enzalutamide in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients elicited mixed responses on PET at 12-16 weeks despite predominantly stable radiological appearances. The sum of the weighted tumour-to-background ratios (TBRs-wsum) was associated with the duration of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarnath Challapalli
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (A.C.); (T.D.B.); (S.R.D.); (M.I.); (M.G.-S.); (K.K.)
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Center, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK;
| | - Tara D. Barwick
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (A.C.); (T.D.B.); (S.R.D.); (M.I.); (M.G.-S.); (K.K.)
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK; (H.T.); (N.H.P.)
| | - Suraiya R. Dubash
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (A.C.); (T.D.B.); (S.R.D.); (M.I.); (M.G.-S.); (K.K.)
| | - Marianna Inglese
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (A.C.); (T.D.B.); (S.R.D.); (M.I.); (M.G.-S.); (K.K.)
| | - Matthew Grech-Sollars
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (A.C.); (T.D.B.); (S.R.D.); (M.I.); (M.G.-S.); (K.K.)
| | - Kasia Kozlowski
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (A.C.); (T.D.B.); (S.R.D.); (M.I.); (M.G.-S.); (K.K.)
| | - Henry Tam
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK; (H.T.); (N.H.P.)
| | - Neva H. Patel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK; (H.T.); (N.H.P.)
| | - Mathias Winkler
- Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK; (M.W.); (A.F.)
| | - Penny Flohr
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK; (P.F.); (J.S.D.B.)
| | - Azeem Saleem
- Invicro, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK;
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Amit Bahl
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Center, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK;
| | - Alison Falconer
- Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK; (M.W.); (A.F.)
| | - Johann S. De Bono
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK; (P.F.); (J.S.D.B.)
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (A.C.); (T.D.B.); (S.R.D.); (M.I.); (M.G.-S.); (K.K.)
| | - Stephen Mangar
- Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK; (M.W.); (A.F.)
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Klenner MA, Pascali G, Fraser BH, Darwish TA. Kinetic isotope effects and synthetic strategies for deuterated carbon-11 and fluorine-18 labelled PET radiopharmaceuticals. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 96-97:112-147. [PMID: 33892374 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The deuterium labelling of pharmaceuticals is a useful strategy for altering pharmacokinetic properties, particularly for improving metabolic resistance. The pharmacological effects of such metabolites are often assumed to be negligible during standard drug discovery and are factored in later at the clinical phases of development, where the risks and benefits of the treatment and side-effects can be wholly assessed. This paradigm does not translate to the discovery of radiopharmaceuticals, however, as the confounding effects of radiometabolites can inevitably show in preliminary positron emission tomography (PET) scans and thus complicate interpretation. Consequently, the formation of radiometabolites is crucial to take into consideration, compared to non-radioactive metabolites, and the application of deuterium labelling is a particularly attractive approach to minimise radiometabolite formation. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the deuterated carbon-11 and fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals employed in PET imaging experiments. Specifically, we explore six categories of deuterated radiopharmaceuticals used to investigate the activities of monoamine oxygenase (MAO), choline, translocator protein (TSPO), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), neurotransmission and the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease; from which we derive four prominent deuteration strategies giving rise to a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for reducing the rate of metabolism. Synthetic approaches for over thirty of these deuterated radiopharmaceuticals are discussed from the perspective of deuterium and radioisotope incorporation, alongside an evaluation of the deuterium labelling and radiolabelling efficacies across these independent studies. Clinical and manufacturing implications are also discussed to provide a more comprehensive overview of how deuterated radiopharmaceuticals may be introduced to routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Klenner
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF) & Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Giancarlo Pascali
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF) & Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Benjamin H Fraser
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF) & Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Tamim A Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF) & Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
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4
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Murphy RB, Staton J, Rawal A, Darwish TA. The effect of deuteration on the keto-enol equilibrium and photostability of the sunscreen agent avobenzone. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1410-1422. [PMID: 32966538 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00265h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable properties of deuterium have led to many exciting and favourable results in enhancing material properties, for applications in the physical, medical, and biological sciences. Deuterated isotopologues of avobenzone, a sunscreen active ingredient, were synthesised to examine for any changes to the equilibrium between the diketone and enol isomers, as well as their UV photostability and photoprotective properties. Prior to UV irradiation, deuteration of the diketone methylene/enol moiety (i.e. avobenzone-d2) led to an increase in the % diketone compared to non-deuterated, determined by 1H NMR experiments in CDCl3 and C6D12. This can be rationalised from two angles; mechanistically by a deuterium kinetic isotope effect for the CH vs. CD abstraction step during tautomerisation from the diketone to the enol, and a weaker chelating hydrogen bond for the enol when deuterated allowing increased equilibration to the diketone. Avobenzone-d2 was further examined by solid state 13C NMR. The higher % diketone for avobenzone-d2 was postulated to favour increased photodegradation by a non-reversible pathway. This was investigated by UV irradiation of the avobenzone isotopologues in C6D12, both in real time in situ within the NMR by fibre optic cable as well as ex situ using sunlight. An increase in the relative amount of photoproducts for avobenzone-d2 compared to non-deuterated was observed by 1H NMR upon UV irradiation ex situ. Overall, the study demonstrates that deuteration can be applied to alter complex equilibria, and has potential to be manifested as changes to the properties and behaviour of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys B Murphy
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - John Staton
- Eurofins Dermatest, 20 King Street, Rockdale, New South Wales 2216, Australia
| | - Aditya Rawal
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tamim A Darwish
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
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Dubash S, Inglese M, Mauri F, Kozlowski K, Trivedi P, Arshad M, Challapalli A, Barwick T, Al-Nahhas A, Stanbridge R, Lewanski C, Berry M, Bowen F, Aboagye EO. Spatial heterogeneity of radiolabeled choline positron emission tomography in tumors of patients with non-small cell lung cancer: first-in-patient evaluation of [ 18F]fluoromethyl-(1,2- 2H 4)-choline. Theranostics 2020; 10:8677-8690. [PMID: 32754271 PMCID: PMC7392021 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The spatio-molecular distribution of choline and its metabolites in tumors is highly heterogeneous. Due to regulation of choline metabolism by hypoxic transcriptional signaling and other survival factors, we envisage that detection of such heterogeneity in patient tumors could provide the basis for advanced localized therapy. However, non-invasive methods to assess this phenomenon in patients are limited. We investigated such heterogeneity in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) with [18F]fluoromethyl-(1,2-2H4) choline ([18F]D4-FCH) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Experimental design: [18F]D4-FCH (300.5±72.9MBq [147.60-363.6MBq]) was administered intravenously to 17 newly diagnosed NSCLC patients. PET/CT scans were acquired concurrently with radioactive blood sampling to permit mathematical modelling of blood-tissue transcellular rate constants. Comparisons were made with biopsy-derived choline kinase-α (CHKα) expression and diagnostic [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) scans. Results: Oxidation of [18F]D4-FCH to [18F]D4-fluorobetaine was suppressed (48.58±0.31% parent at 60 min) likely due to the deuterium isotope effect embodied within the design of the radiotracer. Early (5 min) and late (60 min) images showed specific uptake of tracer in all 51 lesions (tumors, lymph nodes and metastases) from 17 patients analyzed. [18F]D4-FCH-derived uptake (SUV60max) in index primary lesions (n=17) ranged between 2.87-10.13; lower than that of [18F]FDG PET [6.89-22.64]. Mathematical modelling demonstrated net irreversible uptake of [18F]D4-FCH at steady-state, and parametric mapping of the entire tumor showed large intratumorally heterogeneity in radiotracer retention, which is likely to have influenced correlations with biopsy-derived CHKα expression. Conclusions: [18F]D4-FCH is detectable in NSCLC with large intratumorally heterogeneity, which could be exploited in the future for targeting localized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraiya Dubash
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Inglese
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Mauri
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kasia Kozlowski
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Pritesh Trivedi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Mubarik Arshad
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiology/Nuclear Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tara Barwick
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiology/Nuclear Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adil Al-Nahhas
- Department of Radiology/Nuclear Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rex Stanbridge
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Conrad Lewanski
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berry
- Department of Medicine and Integrated Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Bowen
- Department of Medicine and Integrated Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Villar M, Valiente M, Toscano M, Galmés M, González C, Ortiz M, Vega F, Oporto M, Bibiloni P, Chinchilla JL, Molina J, Ríos Á, Peña C, Rubí S. Development of a thin layer chromatography method for plasma correction of [ 18F]fluorocholine metabolites in positron emission tomography quantification studies in humans. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 74-75:34-40. [PMID: 31473490 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After its intravenous injection, [18F]fluorocholine is oxidized by choline-oxidase into its main plasma metabolite, [18F]fluorobetaine. If PET kinetic modeling quantification of [18F]fluorocholine uptake is intended, the plasma input time-activity-curve of the parent tracer must be obtained, i.e., the fraction of the total plasma radioactivity corresponding to the nonmetabolized [18F]fluorocholine at each time has to be known. Hence our aim was to develop an easy-routine Thin-Layer-Chromatography (TLC) method to separate and quantify the relative fractions of [18F]fluorocholine and [18F]fluorobetaine as a function of time during PET imaging in humans. METHODS First, we tested several combinations of solvents systems and layers to select the one showing the best resolution on non-radioactive standards. Thereafter, [18F]fluorobetaine was obtained through chemical oxidation of an [18F]fluorocholine sample at diferent incubation times and we applied the selected TLC-system to aliquots of this oxidation solution, both in a saline and in human deproteinized plasma matrices. The plates were detected by a radio-TLC-scanner. This TLC-system was finally applied to arterial plasma samples from 9 patients with high-grade-glioma undergoing brain PET imaging and a parent fraction curve was obtained in each of them. RESULTS A TLC-system based on Silica-Gel-60//MeOH-NH3 was selected from the choline/betaine non-radioactive standards assay. Radiochromatograms of [18F]fluorocholine oxidation solution yielded two separated and well-defined peaks, Rf = 0,03 ([18F]fluorocholine) and Rf = 0.78 (18F]fluorobetaine) consistent with those observed on non-radioactive standards. During the oxidation, the [18F]fluorocholine radioactivity peak decreased progressively at several incubation times, while the other peak ([18F]fluorobetaine) increased accordingly. The mean values of the parent fraction of [18F]fluorocholine of the 9 patients studied (mean+/-SD) were 94% ± 6%, 58% ± 15%, 43% ± 10%, 39% ± 6% and 37% ± 6% at 2.8 min, 5.8 min, 8.8 min, 11.7 min and 14.7 min post-injection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a TLC-system, easy to perform in a standard radiopharmacy unit, that enables the metabolite correction of arterial input function of [18F]fluorocholine in patients undergoing PET oncologic quantitative imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Villar
- Radiopharmacy Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Radiopharmacy Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - María Toscano
- Radiopharmacy Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - Margalida Galmés
- Radiopharmacy Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - Carlos González
- SCOPIA Research Group, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Marta Ortiz
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - Fernando Vega
- Radiopharmacy Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - Magdalena Oporto
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - Pedro Bibiloni
- SCOPIA Research Group, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Molina
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - Ángel Ríos
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Cristina Peña
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Sebastià Rubí
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
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Murphy RB, Wyatt NA, Fraser BH, Yepuri NR, Holden PJ, Wotherspoon AT, Darwish TA. A rapid MS/MS method to assess the deuterium kinetic isotope effect and associated improvement in the metabolic stability of deuterated biological and pharmacological molecules as applied to an imaging agent. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1064:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Liu F, Zhu L, Choi SR, Plössl K, Zha Z, Kung HF. Deuterium-substituted 2-(2′-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4′-[18
F](fluoropropoxy)phenylthio)benzenamine as a serotonin transporter imaging agent. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:576-585. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Futao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education; Beijing Normal University; Beijing P. R. China
- Department of Radiology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education; Beijing Normal University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Seok Rye Choi
- Department of Radiology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Karl Plössl
- Department of Radiology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Zhihao Zha
- Department of Radiology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Hank F. Kung
- Department of Radiology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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9
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Arlauckas SP, Kumar M, Popov AV, Poptani H, Delikatny EJ. Near infrared fluorescent imaging of choline kinase alpha expression and inhibition in breast tumors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16518-16530. [PMID: 28157707 PMCID: PMC5369982 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline kinase alpha (ChoKα) overexpression is associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype. ChoKα inhibitors induce apoptosis in tumors, however validation of their specificity is difficult in vivo. We report the use of optical imaging to assess ChoKα status in cells and in vivo using JAS239, a carbocyanine-based ChoKα inhibitor with inherent near infrared fluorescence. JAS239 attenuated choline phosphorylation and viability in a panel of human breast cancer cell lines. Antibody blockade prevented cellular retention of JAS239 indicating direct interaction with ChoKα independent of the choline transporters and catabolic choline pathways. In mice bearing orthotopic MCF7 breast xenografts, optical imaging with JAS239 distinguished tumors overexpressing ChoKα from their empty vector counterparts and delineated tumor margins. Pharmacological inhibition of ChoK by the established inhibitor MN58b led to a growth inhibition in 4175-Luc+ tumors that was accompanied by concomitant reduction in JAS239 uptake and decreased total choline metabolite levels as measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. At higher therapeutic doses, JAS239 was as effective as MN58b at arresting tumor growth and inducing apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 tumors, significantly reducing tumor choline below baseline levels without observable systemic toxicity. These data introduce a new method to monitor therapeutically effective inhibitors of choline metabolism in breast cancer using a small molecule companion diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Arlauckas
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Harish Poptani
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Battini S, Faitot F, Imperiale A, Cicek AE, Heimburger C, Averous G, Bachellier P, Namer IJ. Metabolomics approaches in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: tumor metabolism profiling predicts clinical outcome of patients. BMC Med 2017; 15:56. [PMID: 28298227 PMCID: PMC5353864 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PAs) have very poor prognoses even when surgery is possible. Currently, there are no tissular biomarkers to predict long-term survival in patients with PA. The aims of this study were to (1) describe the metabolome of pancreatic parenchyma (PP) and PA, (2) determine the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on PP and PA, and (3) find tissue metabolic biomarkers associated with long-term survivors, using metabolomics analysis. METHODS 1H high-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy using intact tissues was applied to analyze metabolites in PP tissue samples (n = 17) and intact tumor samples (n = 106), obtained from 106 patients undergoing surgical resection for PA. RESULTS An orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed a clear distinction between PP and PA. Higher concentrations of myo-inositol and glycerol were shown in PP, whereas higher levels of glucose, ascorbate, ethanolamine, lactate, and taurine were revealed in PA. Among those metabolites, one of them was particularly obvious in the distinction between long-term and short-term survivors. A high ethanolamine level was associated with worse survival. The impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was higher on PA than on PP. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that HRMAS NMR spectroscopy using intact tissue provides important and solid information in the characterization of PA. Metabolomics profiling can also predict long-term survival: the assessment of ethanolamine concentration can be clinically relevant as a single metabolic biomarker. This information can be obtained in 20 min, during surgery, to distinguish long-term from short-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Battini
- ICube, UMR 7357 University of Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - F Faitot
- ICube, UMR 7357 University of Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, Hautepierre Hospital, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- FMTS, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Imperiale
- ICube, UMR 7357 University of Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- FMTS, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hautepierre Hospital, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, 1, Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, Cedex, 67098, France
| | - A E Cicek
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Computer Engineering Department, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - C Heimburger
- ICube, UMR 7357 University of Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- FMTS, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hautepierre Hospital, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, 1, Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, Cedex, 67098, France
| | - G Averous
- Department of Pathology, Hautepierre Hospital, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Bachellier
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, Hautepierre Hospital, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - I J Namer
- ICube, UMR 7357 University of Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
- FMTS, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France.
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hautepierre Hospital, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, 1, Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, Cedex, 67098, France.
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11
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Zvereva A, Petoussi-Henss N, Li WB, Schlattl H, Oeh U, Zankl M, Graner FP, Hoeschen C, Nekolla SG, Parodi K, Schwaiger M. Effect of blood activity on dosimetric calculations for radiopharmaceuticals. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:7688-7703. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/21/7688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Bolcaen J, Lybaert K, Moerman L, Descamps B, Deblaere K, Boterberg T, Kalala JP, Van den Broecke C, De Vos F, Vanhove C, Goethals I. Kinetic Modeling and Graphical Analysis of 18F-Fluoromethylcholine (FCho), 18F-Fluoroethyltyrosine (FET) and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET for the Fiscrimination between High-Grade Glioma and Radiation Necrosis in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161845. [PMID: 27559736 PMCID: PMC4999092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Discrimination between glioblastoma (GB) and radiation necrosis (RN) post-irradiation remains challenging but has a large impact on further treatment and prognosis. In this study, the uptake mechanisms of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), 18F-fluoroethyltyrosine (18F-FET) and 18F-fluoromethylcholine (18F-FCho) positron emission tomography (PET) tracers were investigated in a F98 GB and RN rat model applying kinetic modeling (KM) and graphical analysis (GA) to clarify our previous results. Methods Dynamic 18F-FDG (GB n = 6 and RN n = 5), 18F-FET (GB n = 5 and RN n = 5) and 18F-FCho PET (GB n = 5 and RN n = 5) were acquired with continuous arterial blood sampling. Arterial input function (AIF) corrections, KM and GA were performed. Results The influx rate (Ki) of 18F-FDG uptake described by a 2-compartmental model (CM) or using Patlak GA, showed more trapping (k3) in GB (0.07 min-1) compared to RN (0.04 min-1) (p = 0.017). K1 of 18F-FET was significantly higher in GB (0.06 ml/ccm/min) compared to RN (0.02 ml/ccm/min), quantified using a 1-CM and Logan GA (p = 0.036). 18F-FCho was rapidly oxidized complicating data interpretation. Using a 1-CM and Logan GA no clear differences were found to discriminate GB from RN. Conclusions Based on our results we concluded that using KM and GA both 18F-FDG and 18F-FET were able to discriminate GB from RN. Using a 2-CM model more trapping of 18F-FDG was found in GB compared to RN. Secondly, the influx of 18F-FET was higher in GB compared to RN using a 1-CM model. Important correlations were found between SUV and kinetic or graphical measures for 18F-FDG and 18F-FET. 18F-FCho PET did not allow discrimination between GB and RN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bolcaen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Kelly Lybaert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Moerman
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Descamps
- iMinds-IBiTech-MEDISIP, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karel Deblaere
- Department of Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Boterberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Filip De Vos
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Vanhove
- iMinds-IBiTech-MEDISIP, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Goethals
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Dubash SR, Keat N, Mapelli P, Twyman F, Carroll L, Kozlowski K, Al-Nahhas A, Saleem A, Huiban M, Janisch R, Frilling A, Sharma R, Aboagye EO. Clinical Translation of a Click-Labeled 18F-Octreotate Radioligand for Imaging Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1207-13. [PMID: 27173162 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.169532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We conducted the first-in-human study of (18)F-fluoroethyl triazole [Tyr(3)] octreotate ((18)F-FET-βAG-TOCA) in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) to evaluate biodistribution, dosimetry, and safety. Despite advances in clinical imaging, detection and quantification of NET activity remains a challenge, with no universally accepted imaging standard. METHODS Nine patients were enrolled. Eight patients had sporadic NETs, and 1 had multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome. Patients received 137-163 MBq (mean ± SD, 155.7 ± 8 MBq) of (18)F-FET-βAG-TOCA. Safety data were obtained during and 24 h after radioligand administration. Patients underwent detailed whole-body PET/CT multibed scanning over 4 h with sampling of venous bloods for radioactivity and radioactive metabolite quantification. Regions of interest were defined to derive individual and mean organ residence times; effective dose was calculated with OLINDA 1.1. RESULTS All patients tolerated (18)F-FET-βAG-TOCA with no adverse events. Over 60% parent radioligand was present in plasma at 60 min. High tumor (primary and metastases)-to-background contrast images were observed. Physiologic distribution was seen in the pituitary, salivary glands, thyroid, and spleen, with low background distribution in the liver, an organ in which metastases commonly occur. The organs receiving highest absorbed dose were the gallbladder, spleen, stomach, liver, kidneys, and bladder. The calculated effective dose over all subjects (mean ± SD) was 0.029 ± 0.004 mSv/MBq. CONCLUSION The favorable safety, imaging, and dosimetric profile makes (18)F-FET-βAG-TOCA a promising candidate radioligand for staging and management of NETs. Clinical studies in an expanded cohort are ongoing to clinically qualify this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraiya R Dubash
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Keat
- Imanova Centre for Imaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Mapelli
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frazer Twyman
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Carroll
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kasia Kozlowski
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adil Al-Nahhas
- Department of Radiology/Nuclear Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Azeem Saleem
- Imanova Centre for Imaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mickael Huiban
- Imanova Centre for Imaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Janisch
- Imanova Centre for Imaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Frilling
- Department of Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rohini Sharma
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Kenny L. The Use of Novel PET Tracers to Image Breast Cancer Biologic Processes Such as Proliferation, DNA Damage and Repair, and Angiogenesis. J Nucl Med 2016; 57 Suppl 1:89S-95S. [PMID: 26834108 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.157958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between proliferation and cell death is pivotal to breast tumor growth. Because of a combination of environmental and genetic factors leading to activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, these processes become deregulated in cancer. PET imaging of proliferation, angiogenesis, and DNA damage and repair offers the opportunity to monitor therapeutic efficacy to detect changes in tumor biology that may precede physical size reduction and simultaneously allows the study of intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity.This review examines recent developments in breast cancer imaging using novel probes. The probes discussed here are not licensed for routine use and are at various stages of development ranging from preclinical development (e.g., the DNA repair marker γH2AX) to clinical validation in larger studies (such as the proliferation probe 3'-deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine [(18)F-FLT]). In breast cancer, most studies have focused on proliferation imaging mainly based on (18)F-labeled thymidine analogs. Initial studies have been promising; however, the results of larger validation studies are necessary before being incorporated into routine clinical use. Although there are distinct advantages in using process-specific probes, properties such as metabolism need careful consideration, because high background uptake in the liver due to glucuronidation in the case of (18)F-FLT may limit utility for imaging of liver metastases.Targeting angiogenesis has had some success in tumors such as renal cell carcinoma; however, angiogenesis inhibitors have not been particularly successful in the clinical treatment of breast cancer. This could be potentially attributed to patient selection due to the lack of validated predictive and responsive biomarkers; the quest for a successful noninvasive biomarker for angiogenesis could solve this challenge. Finally, we look at cell death including apoptosis and DNA damage and repair probes, the most well-studied example being (18)F-annexin V; more recently, probes that target caspase endoproteases have been developed and are undergoing early clinical validation studies.Further clinical studies including analysis of test-retest variability are essential to determine sensitivity and future utility of these probes in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kenny
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Center, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Challapalli A, Aboagye EO. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Tumor Cell Metabolism and Application to Therapy Response Monitoring. Front Oncol 2016; 6:44. [PMID: 26973812 PMCID: PMC4770188 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells do reprogram their energy metabolism to enable several functions, such as generation of biomass including membrane biosynthesis, and overcoming bioenergetic and redox stress. In this article, we review both established and evolving radioprobes developed in association with positron emission tomography (PET) to detect tumor cell metabolism and effect of treatment. Measurement of enhanced tumor cell glycolysis using 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose is well established in the clinic. Analogs of choline, including [(11)C]choline and various fluorinated derivatives are being tested in several cancer types clinically with PET. In addition to these, there is an evolving array of metabolic tracers for measuring intracellular transport of glutamine and other amino acids or for measuring glycogenesis, as well as probes used as surrogates for fatty acid synthesis or precursors for fatty acid oxidation. In addition to providing us with opportunities for examining the complex regulation of reprogramed energy metabolism in living subjects, the PET methods open up opportunities for monitoring pharmacological activity of new therapies that directly or indirectly inhibit tumor cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Methods to Increase the Metabolic Stability of (18)F-Radiotracers. Molecules 2015; 20:16186-220. [PMID: 26404227 PMCID: PMC6332123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds incorporating radiotracers that are considered foreign to the body undergo metabolic changes in vivo. Metabolic degradation of these drugs is commonly caused by a system of enzymes of low substrate specificity requirement, which is present mainly in the liver, but drug metabolism may also take place in the kidneys or other organs. Thus, radiotracers and all other pharmaceuticals are faced with enormous challenges to maintain their stability in vivo highlighting the importance of their structure. Often in practice, such biologically active molecules exhibit these properties in vitro, but fail during in vivo studies due to obtaining an increased metabolism within minutes. Many pharmacologically and biologically interesting compounds never see application due to their lack of stability. One of the most important issues of radiotracers development based on fluorine-18 is the stability in vitro and in vivo. Sometimes, the metabolism of 18F-radiotracers goes along with the cleavage of the C-F bond and with the rejection of [18F]fluoride mostly combined with high background and accumulation in the skeleton. This review deals with the impact of radiodefluorination and with approaches to stabilize the C-F bond to avoid the cleavage between fluorine and carbon.
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17
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Alam IS, Arshad MA, Nguyen QD, Aboagye EO. Radiopharmaceuticals as probes to characterize tumour tissue. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 42:537-61. [PMID: 25647074 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-014-2984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cells exhibit several properties that allow them to grow and divide. A number of these properties are detectable by nuclear imaging methods. We discuss crucial tumour properties that can be described by current radioprobe technologies, further discuss areas of emerging radioprobe development, and finally articulate need areas that our field should aspire to develop. The review focuses largely on positron emission tomography and draws upon the seminal 'Hallmarks of Cancer' review article by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2011 placing into context the present and future roles of radiotracer imaging in characterizing tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israt S Alam
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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18
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an extraordinarily sensitive clinical imaging modality for interrogating tumor metabolism. Radiolabeled PET substrates can be traced at subphysiological concentrations, allowing noninvasive imaging of metabolism and intratumoral heterogeneity in systems ranging from advanced cancer models to patients in the clinic. There are a wide range of novel and more established PET radiotracers, which can be used to investigate various aspects of the tumor, including carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism. In this review, we briefly discuss the more established metabolic tracers and describe recent work on the development of new tracers. Some of the unanswered questions in tumor metabolism are considered alongside new technical developments, such as combined PET/magnetic resonance imaging scanners, which could provide new imaging solutions to some of the outstanding diagnostic challenges facing modern cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y. Lewis
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dmitry Soloviev
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Verwer EE, Oprea-Lager DE, van den Eertwegh AJM, van Moorselaar RJA, Windhorst AD, Schwarte LA, Hendrikse NH, Schuit RC, Hoekstra OS, Lammertsma AA, Boellaard R. Quantification of 18F-fluorocholine kinetics in patients with prostate cancer. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:365-71. [PMID: 25678491 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.148007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Choline kinase is upregulated in prostate cancer, resulting in increased (18)F-fluoromethylcholine uptake. This study used pharmacokinetic modeling to validate the use of simplified methods for quantification of (18)F-fluoromethylcholine uptake in a routine clinical setting. METHODS Forty-minute dynamic PET/CT scans were acquired after injection of 204 ± 9 MBq of (18)F-fluoromethylcholine, from 8 patients with histologically proven metastasized prostate cancer. Plasma input functions were obtained using continuous arterial blood-sampling as well as using image-derived methods. Manual arterial blood samples were used for calibration and correction for plasma-to-blood ratio and metabolites. Time-activity curves were derived from volumes of interest in all visually detectable lymph node metastases. (18)F-fluoromethylcholine kinetics were studied by nonlinear regression fitting of several single- and 2-tissue plasma input models to the time-activity curves. Model selection was based on the Akaike information criterion and measures of robustness. In addition, the performance of several simplified methods, such as standardized uptake value (SUV), was assessed. RESULTS Best fits were obtained using an irreversible compartment model with blood volume parameter. Parent fractions were 0.12 ± 0.4 after 20 min, necessitating individual metabolite corrections. Correspondence between venous and arterial parent fractions was low as determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient (0.61). Results for image-derived input functions that were obtained from volumes of interest in blood-pool structures distant from tissues of high (18)F-fluoromethylcholine uptake yielded good correlation to those for the blood-sampling input functions (R(2) = 0.83). SUV showed poor correlation to parameters derived from full quantitative kinetic analysis (R(2) < 0.34). In contrast, lesion activity concentration normalized to the integral of the blood activity concentration over time (SUVAUC) showed good correlation (R(2) = 0.92 for metabolite-corrected plasma; 0.65 for whole-blood activity concentrations). CONCLUSION SUV cannot be used to quantify (18)F-fluoromethylcholine uptake. A clinical compromise could be SUVAUC derived from 2 consecutive static PET scans, one centered on a large blood-pool structure during 0-30 min after injection to obtain the blood activity concentrations and the other a whole-body scan at 30 min after injection to obtain lymph node activity concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline E Verwer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela E Oprea-Lager
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar A Schwarte
- Department of Anesthesiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Harry Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Otto S Hoekstra
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Penet MF, Shah T, Bharti S, Krishnamachary B, Artemov D, Mironchik Y, Wildes F, Maitra A, Bhujwalla ZM. Metabolic imaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma detects altered choline metabolism. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:386-95. [PMID: 25370468 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive and lethal disease that develops relatively symptom-free and is therefore advanced at the time of diagnosis. The absence of early symptoms and effective treatments has created a critical need for identifying and developing new noninvasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the metabolism of a panel of PDAC cell lines in culture and noninvasively in vivo with (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to identify noninvasive biomarkers and uncover potential metabolic targets. RESULTS We observed elevated choline-containing compounds in the PDAC cell lines and tumors. These elevated choline-containing compounds were easily detected by increased total choline (tCho) in vivo, in spectroscopic images obtained from tumors. Principal component analysis of the spectral data identified additional differences in metabolites between immortalized human pancreatic cells and neoplastic PDAC cells. Molecular characterization revealed overexpression of choline kinase (Chk)-α, choline transporter 1 (CHT1), and choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) in the PDAC cell lines and tumors. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data identify new metabolic characteristics of PDAC and reveal potential metabolic targets. Total choline detected with (1)H MRSI may provide an intrinsic, imaging probe-independent biomarker to complement existing techniques in detecting PDAC. The expression of Chk-α, CHT1, and CTL1 may provide additional molecular markers in aspirated cytological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Penet
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tariq Shah
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Santosh Bharti
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Balaji Krishnamachary
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dmitri Artemov
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yelena Mironchik
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Flonné Wildes
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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21
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Abstract
Over recent years, there has been a rapid expansion in our knowledge of the factors that regulate tumor growth; this has resulted in the identification of new therapeutic targets and improvements in the long-term survival of cancer patients. New noninvasive biomarkers of drug targets and pathway modulation in vivo are needed to guide therapy selection and detect drug resistance early so that alternative, more effective treatments can be offered. The translation of new therapeutics into the clinic is disappointingly slow, expensive, and subject to high rates of attrition often occurring at late stages (phase 3) of development. In an attempt to mitigate these delays and failures, there has been resurgence in the development of new molecular imaging probes for studies with positron emission tomography (PET) to characterize tumor biology. In the assessment of therapeutic effects, PET allows imaging of entire tumor burden in a noninvasive repeatable manner. This chapter focuses on the clinical translation of PET imaging agents from bench to bedside. New probes are being used to study a diverse range of processes such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, fatty acid metabolism, and growth factor receptor expression. In the future, validation of these novel imaging probes could allow more innovative therapies to be adapted earlier in the clinic leading to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Kenny
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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22
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Pun WK, Chow SP, Fang D, Cheng CL, Leong JC, Ng C. Post-traumatic oedema of the foot after tibial fracture. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 1990; 15:735-47. [PMID: 2592102 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1039515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A total of 97 patients with diaphyseal tibial fractures treated with functional bracing were studied prospectively. Persistent ipsilateral foot swelling was present in 84.5 per cent of the patients. Most of the swellings subsided with time, but a small percentage of them persisted for a duration of 2 years or more after injury. The time for disappearance of the swelling in 50 per cent of the patients was 18.6 weeks. The development of oedema is not related to the age and sex of the patients, the configuration, type and level of the fractures, or the association of a fibular fracture. The bone healed quicker in those who did not have swelling of the foot. Once the swelling has developed, it seems to run its own course and its disappearance is not related to the age and sex, the configuration, type and level of fractures, the association of a fibular fracture, or the time for fracture healing. This complication does not have any adverse effect on the functional recovery of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Pun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital
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