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Chu HY, Smith Y, Lytton WW, Grafton S, Villalba R, Masilamoni G, Wichmann T. Dysfunction of motor cortices in Parkinson's disease. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae294. [PMID: 39066504 PMCID: PMC11281850 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex has long been thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The impaired cortical function is believed to be a direct and immediate effect of pathologically patterned basal ganglia output, mediated to the cerebral cortex by way of the ventral motor thalamus. However, recent studies in humans with Parkinson's disease and in animal models of the disease have provided strong evidence suggesting that the involvement of the cerebral cortex is much broader than merely serving as a passive conduit for subcortical disturbances. In the present review, we discuss Parkinson's disease-related changes in frontal cortical motor regions, focusing on neuropathology, plasticity, changes in neurotransmission, and altered network interactions. We will also examine recent studies exploring the cortical circuits as potential targets for neuromodulation to treat Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yuan Chu
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd N.W., Washington D.C. 20007, United States
| | - Yoland Smith
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 12 Executive Drive N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - William W Lytton
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
- Department of Neurology, Kings County Hospital, 451 Clarkson Avenue,Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Scott Grafton
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, 551 UCEN Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Rosa Villalba
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Gunasingh Masilamoni
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 12 Executive Drive N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
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2
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Ni R. PET imaging in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114174. [PMID: 36283568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, are characterized by aberrant accumulation of alpha-synuclein and synaptic dysfunction leading to motor and cognitive deficits. Animal models of alpha-synucleinopathy have greatly facilitated the mechanistic understanding of the disease and the development of therapeutics. Various transgenic, alpha-synuclein fibril-injected, and toxin-injected animal models of Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy that recapitulate the disease pathology have been developed and widely used. Recent advances in positron emission tomography have allowed the noninvasive visualization of molecular alterations, underpinning behavioral dysfunctions in the brains of animal models and the longitudinal monitoring of treatment effects. Imaging studies in these disease animal models have employed multi-tracer PET designs to reveal dopaminergic deficits together with other molecular alterations. This review focuses on the development of new positron emission tomography tracers and studies of alpha-synuclein, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A neurotransmitter receptor deficits such as dopaminergic receptor, dopaminergic transporter, serotonergic receptor, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, hypometabolism, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and leucine rich repeat kinase 2 in animal models of Parkinson's disease. The outstanding challenges and emerging applications are outlined, such as investigating the gut-brain-axis by using positron emission tomography in animal models, and provide a future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Real CC, Binda KH, Thomsen MB, Lillethorup TP, Brooks DJ, Landau AM. Selecting the Best Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease for Your Research Purpose: Insight from in vivo PET Imaging Studies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1241-1272. [PMID: 36797611 PMCID: PMC10286593 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230216101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative multisystem disorder leading to motor and non-motor symptoms in millions of individuals. Despite intense research, there is still no cure, and early disease biomarkers are lacking. Animal models of PD have been inspired by basic elements of its pathogenesis, such as dopamine dysfunction, alpha-synuclein accumulation, neuroinflammation and disruption of protein degradation, and these have been crucial for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of pathology, the identification of biomarkers, and evaluation of novel therapies. Imaging biomarkers are non-invasive tools to assess disease progression and response to therapies; their discovery and validation have been an active field of translational research. Here, we highlight different considerations of animal models of PD that can be applied to future research, in terms of their suitability to answer different research questions. We provide the reader with important considerations of the best choice of model to use based on the disease features of each model, including issues related to different species. In addition, positron emission tomography studies conducted in PD animal models in the last 5 years are presented. With a variety of different species, interventions and genetic information, the choice of the most appropriate model to answer research questions can be daunting, especially since no single model recapitulates all aspects of this complex disorder. Appropriate animal models in conjunction with in vivo molecular imaging tools, if selected properly, can be a powerful combination for the assessment of novel therapies and developing tools for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cristiano Real
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karina Henrique Binda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Majken Borup Thomsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thea Pinholt Lillethorup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David James Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, University of Newcastle, Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anne Marlene Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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4
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Bello-Medina PC, Rodríguez-Martínez E, Prado-Alcalá RA, Rivas-Arancibia S. Ozone pollution, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, and neurodegeneration. Neurologia 2022; 37:277-286. [PMID: 30857788 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overpopulation and industrial growth result in an increase in air pollution, mainly due to suspended particulate matter and the formation of ozone. Repeated exposure to low doses of ozone, such as on a day with high air pollution levels, results in a state of chronic oxidative stress, causing the loss of dendritic spines, alterations in cerebral plasticity and in learning and memory mechanisms, and neuronal death and a loss of brain repair capacity. This has a direct impact on human health, increasing the incidence of chronic and degenerative diseases. DEVELOPMENT We performed a search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for original articles and reviews published between 2000 and 2018 and addressing the main consequences of ozone exposure on synaptic plasticity, information processing in cognitive processes, and the alterations that may lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSIONS This review describes one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the effect of repeated exposure to low doses of ozone, which causes loss of synaptic plasticity by producing a state of chronic oxidative stress. This brain function is key to both information processing and the generation of structural changes in neuronal populations. We also address the effect of chronic ozone exposure on brain tissue and the close relationship between ozone pollution and the appearance and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Bello-Medina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - E Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - R A Prado-Alcalá
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - S Rivas-Arancibia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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Norris SA, White H, Tanenbaum A, Williams EL, Cruchaga C, Tian L, Schmidt RE, Perlmutter JS. Severe acute neurotoxicity reflects absolute intra-carotid 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine dose in non-human primates. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 366:109406. [PMID: 34767855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Norris
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Hcb White
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - A Tanenbaum
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - E L Williams
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - C Cruchaga
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - L Tian
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - R E Schmidt
- Departments of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - J S Perlmutter
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Physical, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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6
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Masilamoni GJ, Weinkle A, Papa SM, Smith Y. Cortical Serotonergic and Catecholaminergic Denervation in MPTP-Treated Parkinsonian Monkeys. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1804-1822. [PMID: 34519330 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased cortical serotonergic and catecholaminergic innervation of the frontal cortex has been reported at early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the limited availability of animal models that exhibit these pathological features has hampered our understanding of the functional significance of these changes during the course of the disease. In the present study, we assessed longitudinal changes in cortical serotonin and catecholamine innervation in motor-symptomatic and asymptomatic monkeys chronically treated with low doses of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Densitometry and unbiased stereological techniques were used to quantify changes in serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in frontal cortices of 3 control monkeys and 3 groups of MPTP-treated monkeys (motor-asymptomatic [N = 2], mild parkinsonian [N = 3], and moderate parkinsonian [N = 3]). Our findings revealed a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in serotonin innervation of motor (Areas 4 and 6), dorsolateral prefrontal (Areas 9 and 46), and limbic (Areas 24 and 25) cortical areas in motor-asymptomatic MPTP-treated monkeys. Both groups of symptomatic MPTP-treated animals displayed further serotonin denervation in these cortical regions (P < 0.0001). A significant loss of serotonin-positive dorsal raphe neurons was found in the moderate parkinsonian group. On the other hand, the intensity of cortical TH immunostaining was not significantly affected in motor asymptomatic MPTP-treated monkeys, but underwent a significant reduction in the moderate symptomatic group (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that chronic intoxication with MPTP induces early pathology in the corticopetal serotonergic system, which may contribute to early non-motor symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasingh Jeyaraj Masilamoni
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Allison Weinkle
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Stella M Papa
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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7
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Bello-Medina PC, Rodríguez-Martínez E, Prado-Alcalá RA, Rivas-Arancibia S. Ozone pollution, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, and neurodegeneration. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2021; 37:277-286. [PMID: 34531154 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overpopulation and industrial growth result in an increase in air pollution, mainly due to suspended particulate matter and the formation of ozone. Repeated exposure to low doses of ozone, such as on a day with high air pollution levels, results in a state of chronic oxidative stress, causing the loss of dendritic spines, alterations in cerebral plasticity and in learning and memory mechanisms, and neuronal death and a loss of brain repair capacity. This has a direct impact on human health, increasing the incidence of chronic and degenerative diseases. DEVELOPMENT We performed a search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for original articles and reviews published between 2000 and 2018 and addressing the main consequences of ozone exposure on synaptic plasticity, information processing in cognitive processes, and the alterations that may lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSIONS This review describes one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the effect of repeated exposure to low doses of ozone, which causes loss of synaptic plasticity by producing a state of chronic oxidative stress. This brain function is key to both information processing and the generation of structural changes in neuronal populations. We also address the effect of chronic ozone exposure on brain tissue and the close relationship between ozone pollution and the appearance and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Bello-Medina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - E Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - R A Prado-Alcalá
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - S Rivas-Arancibia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Novel PET Biomarkers to Disentangle Molecular Pathways across Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122581. [PMID: 33276490 PMCID: PMC7761606 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to disentangle the etiological puzzle of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, whose clinical phenotypes arise from known, and as yet unknown, pathways that can act distinctly or in concert. Enhanced sub-phenotyping and the identification of in vivo biomarker-driven signature profiles could improve the stratification of patients into clinical trials and, potentially, help to drive the treatment landscape towards the precision medicine paradigm. The rapidly growing field of neuroimaging offers valuable tools to investigate disease pathophysiology and molecular pathways in humans, with the potential to capture the whole disease course starting from preclinical stages. Positron emission tomography (PET) combines the advantages of a versatile imaging technique with the ability to quantify, to nanomolar sensitivity, molecular targets in vivo. This review will discuss current research and available imaging biomarkers evaluating dysregulation of the main molecular pathways across age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The molecular pathways focused on in this review involve mitochondrial dysfunction and energy dysregulation; neuroinflammation; protein misfolding; aggregation and the concepts of pathobiology, synaptic dysfunction, neurotransmitter dysregulation and dysfunction of the glymphatic system. The use of PET imaging to dissect these molecular pathways and the potential to aid sub-phenotyping will be discussed, with a focus on novel PET biomarkers.
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Fang J, Ohba H, Hashimoto F, Tsukada H, Chen F, Liu H. Imaging mitochondrial complex I activation during a vibrotactile stimulation: A PET study using [ 18F]BCPP-EF in the conscious monkey brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2521-2532. [PMID: 31948325 PMCID: PMC7820687 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the capability of 2-tert-butyl-4-chloro-5-{6-[2-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)-ethoxy]-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy}-2H-pyridazin-3-one ([18F]BCPP-EF), a novel positron emission tomography (PET) probe for mitochondrial complex I (MC-I) activity, to assess neuronal activation, an activation PET study was conducted in the conscious monkey brain with a continuous unilateral vibrotactile stimulation. PET scans with [15O]H2O, [18F]BCPP-EF, or 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose ([18F]FDG) were conducted under: (1) resting conditions; (2) a continuous vibration stimulation; (3) a continuous vibration stimulation after 15-min pre-vibration; and (4) a continuous vibration stimulation after 30-min pre-vibration. The contralateral/ipsilateral ratio (CIR) in the somatosensory cortex showed significant increases in the uptake of [15O]H2O, [18F]BCPP-EF, and [18F]FDG with the vibration stimulation. The longer pre-vibration duration induced significantly lower CIR in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured using [15O]H2O, whereas it did not affect the CIR in [18F]BCPP-EF or the regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRglc) measured using [18F]FDG 30-60 min after the injection. These results suggest that the [18F]BCPP-EF response in the later phase of scans was not influenced by the increase in rCBF, indicating the capability of [18F]BCPP-EF to detect acute changes in MC-I activity induced by neuronal activation. However, the metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidation was not observed under the stimulation used here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwan Fang
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hiroyuki Ohba
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Hashimoto
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Feiyan Chen
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Belloli S, Morari M, Murtaj V, Valtorta S, Moresco RM, Gilardi MC. Translation Imaging in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Neuroinflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:152. [PMID: 32581765 PMCID: PMC7289967 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the appearance of α-synuclein insoluble aggregates known as Lewy bodies. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by neuroinflammation mediated by cytokines and chemokines produced by the activated microglia. Several studies demonstrated that such an inflammatory process is an early event, and contributes to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions. α-synuclein fibrillization and aggregation activate microglia and contribute to disease onset and progression. Mutations in different genes exacerbate the inflammatory phenotype in the monogenic compared to sporadic forms of PD. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) with selected radiopharmaceuticals allow in vivo imaging of molecular modifications in the brain of living subjects. Several publications showed a reduction of dopaminergic terminals and dopamine (DA) content in the basal ganglia, starting from the early stages of the disease. Moreover, non-dopaminergic neuronal pathways are also affected, as shown by in vivo studies with serotonergic and glutamatergic radiotracers. The role played by the immune system during illness progression could be investigated with PET ligands that target the microglia/macrophage Translocator protein (TSPO) receptor. These agents have been used in PD patients and rodent models, although often without attempting correlations with other molecular or functional parameters. For example, neurodegeneration and brain plasticity can be monitored using the metabolic marker 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose ([18F]-FDG), while oxidative stress can be probed using the copper-labeled diacetyl-bis(N-methyl-thiosemicarbazone) ([Cu]-ATSM) radioligand, whose striatal-specific binding ratio in PD patients seems to correlate with a disease rating scale and motor scores. Also, structural and functional modifications during disease progression may be evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), using different parameters as iron content or cerebral volume. In this review article, we propose an overview of in vivo clinical and non-clinical imaging research on neuroinflammation as an emerging marker of early PD. We also discuss how multimodal-imaging approaches could provide more insights into the role of the inflammatory process and related events in PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Belloli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Murtaj
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Valtorta
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gilardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Wilson H, Pagano G, de Natale ER, Mansur A, Caminiti SP, Polychronis S, Middleton LT, Price G, Schmidt KF, Gunn RN, Rabiner EA, Politis M. Mitochondrial Complex 1, Sigma 1, and Synaptic Vesicle 2A in Early Drug-Naive Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1416-1427. [PMID: 32347983 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of mitochondrial energy generation may contribute to neurodegeneration, leading to synaptic loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). The objective of this study was to find cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in PET markers of synaptic vesicle protein 2A, sigma 1 receptor, and mitochondrial complex 1 in drug-naive PD patients. METHODS Twelve early drug-naive PD patients and 16 healthy controls underwent a 3-Tesla MRI and PET imaging to quantify volume of distribution of [11 C]UCB-J, [11 C]SA-4503, and [18 F]BCPP-EF for synaptic vesicle protein 2A, sigma 1 receptor, and mitochondrial complex 1, respectively. Nine PD patients completed approximately 1-year follow-up assessments. RESULTS Reduced [11 C]UCB-J volume of distribution in the caudate, putamen, thalamus, brain stem, and dorsal raphe and across cortical regions was observed in drug-naive PD patients compared with healthy controls. [11 C]UCB-J volume of distribution was reduced in the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra but did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were found in [11 C]SA-4503 and [18 F]BCPP-EF volume of distribution in PD compared with healthy controls. Lower brain stem [11 C]UCB-J volume of distribution correlated with Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III and total scores. No significant longitudinal changes were identified in PD patients at follow-up compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS Our findings represent the first in vivo evidence of mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, and synaptic dysfunction in drug-naive PD patients. Synaptic dysfunction likely occurs early in disease pathophysiology and has relevance to symptomatology. Mitochondrial complex 1 and sigma 1 receptor pathology warrants further investigations in PD. Studies in larger cohorts with longer follow-up will determine the validity of these PET markers to track disease progression. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, University of Exeter Medical School, London, UK.,Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Gennaro Pagano
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Edoardo Rosario de Natale
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, University of Exeter Medical School, London, UK.,Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Ayla Mansur
- Invicro, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Silvia Paola Caminiti
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Sotirios Polychronis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Lefkos T Middleton
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK.,Public Health Directorate, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK.,MINDMAPS Consortium, London, UK
| | - Geraint Price
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK.,MINDMAPS Consortium, London, UK
| | | | - Roger N Gunn
- Invicro, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.,MINDMAPS Consortium, London, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.,MINDMAPS Consortium, London, UK.,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, University of Exeter Medical School, London, UK.,Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,MINDMAPS Consortium, London, UK
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Kazami S, Nishiyama S, Kimura Y, Itoh H, Tsukada H. BCPP compounds, PET probes for early therapeutic evaluations, specifically bind to mitochondrial complex I. Mitochondrion 2019; 46:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Laurencé C, Zeghbib N, Rivard M, Lehri-Boufala S, Lachaise I, Barau C, Le Corvoisier P, Martens T, Garrigue-Antar L, Morin C. A new human pyridinium metabolite of furosemide, inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, is a candidate inducer of neurodegeneration. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 160:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Mosconi L, Berti V, Quinn C, McHugh P, Petrongolo G, Osorio RS, Connaughty C, Pupi A, Vallabhajosula S, Isaacson RS, de Leon MJ, Swerdlow RH, Brinton RD. Perimenopause and emergence of an Alzheimer's bioenergetic phenotype in brain and periphery. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185926. [PMID: 29016679 PMCID: PMC5634623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After advanced age, female sex is the major risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The biological mechanisms underlying the increased AD risk in women remain largely undetermined. Preclinical studies identified the perimenopause to menopause transition, a neuroendocrine transition state unique to the female, as a sex-specific risk factor for AD. In animals, estrogenic regulation of cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRglc) falters during perimenopause. This is evident in glucose hypometabolism and decline in mitochondrial efficiency which is sustained thereafter. This study bridges basic to clinical science to characterize brain bioenergetics in a cohort of forty-three, 40–60 year-old clinically and cognitively normal women at different endocrine transition stages including premenopause (controls, CNT, n = 15), perimenopause (PERI, n = 14) and postmenopause (MENO, n = 14). All participants received clinical, laboratory and neuropsychological examinations, 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG)-Positron Emission Tomography (PET) FDG-PET scans to estimate CMRglc, and platelet mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity measures. Statistical parametric mapping and multiple regression models were used to examine clinical, CMRglc and COX data across groups. As expected, the MENO group was older than PERI and controls. Groups were otherwise comparable for clinical measures and distribution of APOE4 genotype. Both MENO and PERI groups exhibited reduced CMRglc in AD-vulnerable regions which was correlated with decline in mitochondrial COX activity compared to CNT (p’s<0.001). A gradient in biomarker abnormalities was most pronounced in MENO, intermediate in PERI, and lowest in CNT (p<0.001). Biomarkers correlated with immediate and delayed memory scores (Pearson’s 0.26≤r≤0.32, p≤0.05). These findings validate earlier preclinical findings and indicate emergence of bioenergetic deficits in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, suggesting that the optimal window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention in women is early in the endocrine aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mosconi
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Valentina Berti
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Crystal Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Pauline McHugh
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gabriella Petrongolo
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Ricardo S Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Christopher Connaughty
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Alberto Pupi
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Shankar Vallabhajosula
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Richard S Isaacson
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mony J de Leon
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, United States of America
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
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