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Ho KV, Tatum DS, Watkinson L, Carmack T, Jia F, Mascioni A, Maitz CA, Magda D, Anderson CJ. Single Chelator-Minibody Theranostic Agents for 89Zr PET Imaging and 177Lu Radiopharmaceutical Therapy of PSMA-Expressing Prostate Cancer. J Nucl Med 2024:jnumed.124.267667. [PMID: 39142831 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.124.267667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Here we describe an anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) minibody (IAB2MA) conjugated to an octadentate, macrocyclic chelator based on four 1-hydroxypyridin-2-one coordinating units (Lumi804 [L804]) labeled with 89Zr (PET imaging) and 177Lu (radiopharmaceutical therapy), with the goal of developing safer and more efficacious treatment options for prostate cancer. Methods: L804 was compared with the current gold standard chelators, DOTA and deferoxamine (DFO), conjugated to IAB2MA for radiolabeling with 177Lu and 89Zr in cell binding, preclinical biodistribution, imaging, dosimetry, and efficacy studies in the PSMA-positive PC3-PIP tumor-bearing mouse model of prostate cancer. Results: Quantitative radiolabeling (>99% radiochemical yield) of L804-IAB2MA with 177Lu or 89Zr was achieved at ambient temperature in under 30 min, comparable to 89Zr labeling of DFO-IAB2MA. In contrast, DOTA-IAB2MA was radiolabeled with 177Lu for 30 min at 37°C in approximately 90% radiochemical yield, requiring further purification. Using europium(III) as a luminescent surrogate, high binding affinity of Eu-L804-IAB2MA to PSMA was demonstrated in PC3-PIP cells (dissociation constant, 4.6 ± 0.6 nM). All 4 radiolabeled constructs showed significantly higher levels of internalization after 30 min in the PC3-PIP cells than in PSMA-negative PC3-FLU cells. The accumulation of 177Lu- and 89Zr-L804-IAB2MA in PC3-PIP tumors and all organs examined (i.e., heart, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, salivary glands, lacrimal glands, carcass, and bone) was significantly lower than that of 177Lu-DOTA-IAB2MA and 89Zr-DFO-IAB2MA at 96 and 72 h after injection, respectively. Generally, SPECT/CT and PET/CT imaging data showed no significant difference in the SUVmean of the tumors or muscle between the radiotracers. Dosimetry analysis via both organ-level and voxel-level dose calculation methods indicated significantly higher absorbed doses of 177Lu-DOTA-IAB2MA in tumors, kidney, liver, muscle, and spleen than of 177Lu-L804-IAB2MA. PC3-PIP tumor-bearing mice treated with single doses of 177Lu-L804-IAB2MA (18.4 or 22.2 MBq) exhibited significantly prolonged survival and reduced tumor volume compared with unlabeled minibody control. No significant difference in survival was observed between groups of mice treated with 177Lu-L804-IAB2MA or 177Lu-DOTA-IAB2MA (18.4 or 22.2 MBq). Treatment with 177Lu-L804-IAB2MA resulted in lower absorbed doses in tumors and less toxicity than that of 177Lu-DOTA-IAB2MA. Conclusion: 89Zr- and 177Lu-L804-IAB2MA may be a promising theranostic pair for imaging and therapy of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh-Van Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Lisa Watkinson
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Terry Carmack
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Fang Jia
- ImaginAb Inc., Inglewood, California
| | | | - Charles A Maitz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- MU Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Carolyn J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Lyashchenko SK, Tran T, Happel S, Park H, Bauer D, Jones K, Esposito TV, Pillarsetty N, Lewis JS. [ 89Zr]ZrCl 4 for direct radiolabeling of DOTA-based precursors. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 136-137:108943. [PMID: 39094425 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zirconium-89 (89Zr) is a positron emitter with several advantages over other shorter-lived positron emission tomography (PET) compatible radiometals such as gallium-68 or copper-64. These include practically unlimited availability, extremely low cost, greatly facilitated distribution logistics, positron energy fit for medical PET imaging, and sufficiently long physical half-life to enable PET imaging at later time points for patient-specific dosimetry estimations. Despite these apparent benefits, the reception of 89Zr in the nuclear medicine community has been tepid. The driving factor for the absence of broader adaptation is mostly routed in its final formulation - [89Zr]zirconium oxalate. While serving as a suitable precursor solution for the gold standard chelator deferoxamine (DFO), [89Zr]Zr-oxalate is inaccessible for the most commonly used chelators, such as the macrocyclic DOTA, due to its pre-chelated state. Consequently, pioneering work has been conducted by multiple research groups to create oxalate-free forms of [89Zr]Zr4+, either via chemical conversion of oxalate into other counterion forms or via direct radiochemical isolation of [89Zr]ZrCl4, showing that [89Zr]Zr-DOTA complexes are possible and stable. However, this success was accompanied by challenges, including complex and labor-intensive radiochemical processing and radiolabeling procedures as well as the relatively minuscule conversion rates. Here, we report on the direct production of [89Zr]ZrCl4 avoiding oxalate and metal contaminants to enable efficient radiolabeling of DOTA constructs. METHODS We based our direct production of [89Zr]ZrCl4 on previously reported methods and further optimized its quality by including an additional iron-removing step using the TK400 Resin. Here, we avoided using oxalic acid and effectively minimized the content of trace metal contaminants. Our two-step purification procedure was automated, and we confirmed excellent radionuclide purity, minimal trace metals content, great reactivity over time, and high specific molar activity. In addition, DOTA-based PSMA-617 and DOTAGA-based PSMA-I&T were radiolabeled to demonstrate the feasibility of direct radiolabeling and to estimate the maximum apparent specific activities. Lastly, the biodistribution of [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 was assessed in mice bearing PC3-PIP xenografts, and the results were compared to the previously published data. RESULTS A total of 18 batches, ranging from 6.9 to 20 GBq (186 to 541 mCi), were produced. The specific molar activity for [89Zr]ZrCl4 exceeded 0.96 GBq (26 mCi) per nanomole of zirconium. The radionuclidic purity was >99 %, and the trace metals content was in the <1 ppm range. The [89Zr]ZrCl4 remained in its reactive chemical form for at least five days when stored in cyclic olefin polymer (COP) vials. Batches of 11.1 GBq (300 mCi) of [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 and 14.4 GBq (390 mCi) of [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-I&T, corresponding to specific activities of 11.1 MBq/μg (0.3 mCi/μg), and 14.4 MBq/μg (0.39 mCi/μg), respectively, were produced. [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 animal PET imaging results were in agreement with the previously published data. CONCLUSION In this work, we report on a suitable application of TK400 Resin to remove iron during [89Zr]ZrCl4 radiochemical isolation. The breakthrough allows for direct radiolabeling of DOTA-based constructs with [89Zr]ZrCl4, leading to high apparent molar activities and excellent conversion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge K Lyashchenko
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probe Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Tuan Tran
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probe Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hijin Park
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probe Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Bauer
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kali Jones
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tullio V Esposito
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jason S Lewis
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probe Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Noor A, Roselt PD, McGowan ER, Poniger S, Wheatcroft MP, Donnelly PS. Automated synthesis of [ 89Zr]ZrCl 4, [ 89Zr]ZrDFOSquaramide-bisPh(PSMA) and [ 89Zr]ZrDFOSquaramide-TATE. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:39. [PMID: 38717578 PMCID: PMC11078908 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Automated [89Zr]Zr-radiolabeling processes have the potential to streamline the production of [89Zr]Zr-labelled PET imaging agents. Most radiolabeling protocols use [89Zr][Zr(ox)4]4- as the starting material and oxalate is removed after radiolabeling. In some instances, radiolabeling with [89Zr]ZrCl4 as starting material gives better radiochemical yields at lower reaction temperatures. In this work, a fully-automated process for production of [89Zr]ZrCl4 is reported and its use for the synthesis of [89Zr]ZrDFOSq-bisPhPSMA and [89Zr]ZrDFOSq-TATE. RESULTS A simple automated process for the isolation of [89Zr]ZrCl4 by trapping [89Zr][Zr(ox)4]4- on a bicarbonate-activated strong anion exchange cartridge followed by elution with 0.1 M HCl in 1 M NaCl was developed. [89Zr]ZrCl4 was routinely recovered from [89Zr][Zr(ox)4]4- in > 95% yield in mildly acidic solution of 0.1 M HCl in 1 M NaCl using a fully-automated process. The [89Zr]ZrCl4 was neutralized with sodium acetate buffer (0.25 M) removing the requirement for cumbersome manual neutralization with strong base. The mixture of [89Zr]ZrCl4 was used for direct automated radiolabeling reactions to produce [89Zr]Zr-DFOSquaramide-bisPhPSMA and [89Zr]ZrDFOSquaramide-TATE in 80-90% over all RCY in > 95% RCP. CONCLUSIONS This method for the production of [89Zr]ZrCl4 does not require removal of HCl by evaporation making this process relatively fast and efficient. The fully automated procedures for the production of [89Zr]ZrCl4 and its use in radiolabeling are well suited to support the centralized and standardized manufacture of multiple dose preparations of zirconium-89 based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Noor
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Peter D Roselt
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Imaging, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Emily R McGowan
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stan Poniger
- iPHASE Technologies Pty Ltd., Rowville, VIC, 3178, Australia
| | - Michael P Wheatcroft
- Telix Pharmaceuticals Limited, Suite 401, 55 Flemington Road, North Melbourne, VIC, 3051, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Schomäcker K, Dietlein F, Muñoz Vázquez S, Braun F, Fischer T, Krapf P, Drzezga A, Dietlein M. From Bench to Bedside: Patient-Oriented Radiopharmaceutical Development in Nuclear Medicine Based on the Example of [ 89Zr]Zr-PSMA-DFO. Molecules 2023; 29:185. [PMID: 38202768 PMCID: PMC10780766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The interdisciplinary possibilities inherent in nuclear medicine offer an opportunity for the patient-centered development of radioactive pharmaceuticals based on specific research questions. This approach provides radiopharmaceutical manufacturers with a robust scientific foundation on which to navigate the regulatory requirements for drug approval laid down by the law. A vivid illustration of this interdisciplinary cooperation has been the development of a Zr-89-labeled PSMA ligand where reliable results have been obtained across various domains, including chemistry, radiochemistry, biochemistry, and preclinical research. This comprehensive process extended to feasibility studies conducted with carefully selected patients from a single nuclear medicine clinic. The approach demonstrates how far close collaboration between different disciplines within nuclear medicine can further the move towards patient-oriented radiopharmaceutical treatments while simultaneously meeting regulatory demands. With such a strategy, innovative radiopharmaceutical solutions can be brought to the market more swiftly and efficiently, in line with the needs of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Schomäcker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (S.M.V.); (F.B.); (T.F.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Felix Dietlein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (S.M.V.); (F.B.); (T.F.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (M.D.)
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sergio Muñoz Vázquez
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (S.M.V.); (F.B.); (T.F.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Feodor Braun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (S.M.V.); (F.B.); (T.F.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (S.M.V.); (F.B.); (T.F.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Philipp Krapf
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (S.M.V.); (F.B.); (T.F.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (M.D.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (S.M.V.); (F.B.); (T.F.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (M.D.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Dietlein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (S.M.V.); (F.B.); (T.F.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (M.D.)
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Rosar F, Khreish F, Marlowe RJ, Schaefer-Schuler A, Burgard C, Maus S, Petto S, Bartholomä M, Ezziddin S. Detection efficacy of [ 89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 PET/CT in [ 68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT-negative biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:2899-2909. [PMID: 37148297 PMCID: PMC10317886 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer (BCR), preliminary data suggest that prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligand radiotracers labeled with zirconium-89 (89Zr; half-life ~ 78.41 h), which allow imaging ≥ 24 h post-injection, detect suspicious lesions that are missed when using tracers incorporating short-lived radionuclides. MATERIALS AND METHODS To confirm [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) detection efficacy regarding such lesions, and compare quality of 1-h, 24-h, and 48-h [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 scans, we retrospectively analyzed visual findings and PET variables reflecting lesional [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 uptake and lesion-to-background ratio. The cohort comprised 23 men with BCR post-prostatectomy, median (minimum-maximum) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 0.54 (0.11-2.50) ng/mL, and negative [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 scans 40 ± 28 d earlier. Primary endpoints were percentages of patients with, and classifications of, suspicious lesions. RESULTS Altogether, 18/23 patients (78%) had 36 suspicious lesions (minimum-maximum per patient: 1-4) on both 24-h and 48-h scans (n = 33 lesions) or only 48-h scans (n = 3 lesions). Only one lesion appeared on a 1-h scan. Lesions putatively represented local recurrence in 11 cases, and nodal or bone metastasis in 21 or 4 cases, respectively; 1/1 lesion was histologically confirmed as a nodal metastasis. In all 15 patients given radiotherapy based on [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 PET/CT, PSA values decreased after this treatment. Comparison of PET variables in 24-h vs 48-h scans suggested no clear superiority of either regarding radiotracer uptake, but improved lesion-to-background ratio at 48 h. CONCLUSIONS In men with BCR and low PSA, [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 PET/CT seems effective in finding prostate malignancy not seen on [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT. The higher detection rates and lesion-to-background ratios of 48-h scans versus 24-h scans suggest that imaging at the later time may be preferable. Prospective study of [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 PET/CT is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rosar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University - Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Fadi Khreish
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University - Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Schaefer-Schuler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University - Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Burgard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University - Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Maus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University - Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sven Petto
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University - Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mark Bartholomä
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University - Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Samer Ezziddin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University - Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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Melendez-Alafort L, Ferro-Flores G, De Nardo L, Ocampo-García B, Bolzati C. Zirconium immune-complexes for PET molecular imaging: Current status and prospects. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.215005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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7
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Choi PS, Lee JY, Chae JH, Wadas T, Cheng Z, Hur MG, Park JH. Theranostics through Utilizing Cherenkov Radiation of Radioisotope Zr-89 with a Nanocomposite Combination of TiO 2 and MnO 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3689-3698. [PMID: 36573583 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov radiation (CR) derived from the decay of diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides is currently being studied by the scientific community to determine if these emissions can be harnessed for cancer detection and therapy. While Cherenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) has been studied in the preclinical and clinical settings, Cherenkov radiation-induced cancer therapy (CRICT) is a relatively new area of research that harnesses the emitted photons to kill cancer cells through free radical generation and DNA damage. Nanoparticles seem well suited for developing a theranostic platform that would allow researchers to visualize therapy delivery and also generate the reactive oxygen species necessary to kill cancer cells. Herein, we report the preparation of an 89Zr-TiO2-MnO2 nanocomposite that incorporates transferrin onto the nanoparticle surface to enhance cancer cell growth inhibition. The incorporation of the positron emission tomography (PET) radioisotope 89Zr (half-life: 3.3 days) allowed for the detection of the nanoparticle using PET and for the creation of Cherenkov emissions that interacted with the nanoparticle surface to generate free radicals for therapy delivery. After preparation, these systems were observed to be stable in various media and provided excellent tumor growth control after being intratumorally injected into mice bearing CT-26 tumors. These results demonstrate that a therapeutically efficient CRICT platform can be generated using commercially available and affordable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyeong Seok Choi
- Accelerator Radioisotope Development Team, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, Jeollabuk Do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Accelerator Radioisotope Development Team, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, Jeollabuk Do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Chae
- Accelerator Radioisotope Development Team, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, Jeollabuk Do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Thaddeus Wadas
- Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Goo Hur
- Radiation Utilization and Facilities Management Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, Jeollabuk Do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Park
- Accelerator Radioisotope Development Team, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, Jeollabuk Do 56212, Republic of Korea
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Bubenshchikov VB, Larenkov AA. Chelating Agents for Zirconium-89 in the Synthesis of Radiopharmaceuticals: Current State and Prospects of Development. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328422110021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Liu H, de Kruijff RM, Laan AC, Beekman FJ, van den Heuvel E, Ramakers RM, Eelkema R, Denkova AG. Efficient Radiolabeling of Block Copolymer Micelles Through Radiometal Salt Precipitation for Theranostic Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15 Delft 2629 JB The Netherlands
| | - Robin M. de Kruijff
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15 Delft 2629 JB The Netherlands
| | - Adrianus C. Laan
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15 Delft 2629 JB The Netherlands
| | - Freek J. Beekman
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15 Delft 2629 JB The Netherlands
- MILabs B.V. Heidelberglaan 100 Utrecht 3584 CX The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus University Medical Center Utrecht Lundlaan Utrecht 3584 The Netherlands
| | - Eline van den Heuvel
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15 Delft 2629 JB The Netherlands
| | - Ruud M. Ramakers
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15 Delft 2629 JB The Netherlands
- MILabs B.V. Heidelberglaan 100 Utrecht 3584 CX The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus University Medical Center Utrecht Lundlaan Utrecht 3584 The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Eelkema
- Department of Chemical Engineering Delft University of Technology Delft 2629 HZ The Netherlands
| | - Antonia G. Denkova
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Delft 2629 JB The Netherlands
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Privé BM, Derks YHW, Rosar F, Franssen GM, Peters SMB, Khreish F, Bartholomä M, Maus S, Gotthardt M, Laverman P, Konijnenberg MW, Ezziddin S, Nagarajah J, Heskamp S. 89Zr-labeled PSMA ligands for pharmacokinetic PET imaging and dosimetry of PSMA-617 and PSMA-I&T: a preclinical evaluation and first in man. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:2064-2076. [PMID: 34932154 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prolonged in vivo evaluation of PSMA tracers could improve tumor imaging and patient selection for 177Lu-PSMA-617 and 177Lu-PSMA-I&T. In this study, we present the radiolabeling method of PSMA-617 and PSMA-I&T with the long-lived positron emitter 89Zr to enable PET imaging up to 7 days post-injection. We compared the biodistribution of 89Zr-PSMA-617 and 89Zr-PSMA-I&T to those of 177Lu-PSMA-617 and 177Lu-PSMA-I&T, respectively, in a PSMA+ xenograft model. Moreover, we provide the first human 89Zr-PSMA-617 images. MATERIALS AND METHODS PSMA ligands were labeled with 50-55 MBq [89Zr]ZrCl4 using a two-step labeling protocol. For biodistribution, BALB/c nude mice bearing PSMA+ and PSMA- xenografts received 0.6 µg (0.6-1 MBq) of 89Zr-PSMA-617, 89Zr-PSMA-I&T, 177Lu-PSMA-617, or 177Lu-PSMA-I&T intravenously. Ex vivo biodistribution and PET/SPECT imaging were performed up to 168 h post-injection. Dosimetry was performed from the biodistribution data. The patient received 90.5 MBq 89Zr-PSMA-617 followed by PET/CT imaging. RESULTS 89Zr-labeled PSMA ligands showed a comparable ex vivo biodistribution to its respective 177Lu-labeled counterparts with high tumor accumulation in the PSMA+ xenografts. However, using a dose estimation model for 177Lu, absorbed radiation dose in bone and kidneys differed among the 177Lu-PSMA and 89Zr-PSMA tracers. 89Zr-PSMA-617 PET in the first human patient showed high contrast of PSMA expressing tissues up to 48 h post-injection. CONCLUSION PSMA-617 and PSMA-I&T were successfully labeled with 89Zr and demonstrated high uptake in PSMA+ xenografts, which enabled PET up to 168 h post-injection. The biodistribution of 89Zr-PSMA-I&T and 89Zr-PSMA-617 resembled that of 177Lu-PSMA-I&T and 177Lu-PSMA-617, respectively. The first patient 89Zr-PSMA-617 PET images were of high quality warranting further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan M Privé
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yvonne H W Derks
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Rosar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gerben M Franssen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Steffie M B Peters
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fadi Khreish
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mark Bartholomä
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Maus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Laverman
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark W Konijnenberg
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samer Ezziddin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - James Nagarajah
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Chomet M, van Dongen GAMS, Vugts DJ. State of the Art in Radiolabeling of Antibodies with Common and Uncommon Radiometals for Preclinical and Clinical Immuno-PET. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1315-1330. [PMID: 33974403 PMCID: PMC8299458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
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Inert
and stable radiolabeling of monoclonal antibodies (mAb),
antibody fragments, or antibody mimetics with radiometals is a prerequisite
for immuno-PET. While radiolabeling is preferably fast, mild, efficient,
and reproducible, especially when applied for human use in a current
Good Manufacturing Practice compliant way, it is crucial that the
obtained radioimmunoconjugate is stable and shows preserved immunoreactivity
and in vivo behavior. Radiometals and chelators have
extensively been evaluated to come to the most ideal radiometal–chelator
pair for each type of antibody derivative. Although PET imaging of
antibodies is a relatively recent tool, applications with 89Zr, 64Cu, and 68Ga have greatly increased in
recent years, especially in the clinical setting, while other less
common radionuclides such as 52Mn, 86Y, 66Ga, and 44Sc, but also 18F as in [18F]AlF are emerging promising candidates for the radiolabeling
of antibodies. This review presents a state of the art overview of
the practical aspects of radiolabeling of antibodies, ranging from
fast kinetic affibodies and nanobodies to slow kinetic intact mAbs.
Herein, we focus on the most common approach which consists of first
modification of the antibody with a chelator, and after eventual storage
of the premodified molecule, radiolabeling as a second step. Other
approaches are possible but have been excluded from this review. The
review includes recent and representative examples from the literature
highlighting which radiometal–chelator–antibody combinations
are the most successful for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Chomet
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Guus A M S van Dongen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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12
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Pandya DN, Henry KE, Day CS, Graves SA, Nagle VL, Dilling TR, Sinha A, Ehrmann BM, Bhatt NB, Menda Y, Lewis JS, Wadas TJ. Polyazamacrocycle Ligands Facilitate 89Zr Radiochemistry and Yield 89Zr Complexes with Remarkable Stability. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17473-17487. [PMID: 33169605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, the chemistry of zirconium has facilitated antibody development and the clinical management of disease in the precision medicine era. Scientists have harnessed its reactivity, coordination chemistry, and nuclear chemistry to develop antibody-based radiopharmaceuticals incorporating zirconium-89 (89Zr: t1/2 = 78.4 h, β+: 22.8%, Eβ+max = 901 keV; EC: 77%, Eγ = 909 keV) to improve disease detection, identify patients for individualized therapeutic interventions. and monitor their response to those interventions. However, release of the 89Zr4+ ion from the radiopharmaceutical remains a concern, since it may confound the interpretation of clinical imaging data, negatively affect dosimetric calculations, and hinder treatment planning. In this report, we relate our novel observations involving the use of polyazamacrocycles as zirconium-89 chelators. We describe the synthesis and complete characterization of zirconium 2,2',2″,2‴-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclotridecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid (Zr-TRITA), zirconium 3,6,9,15-Tetraazabicyclo[9.3.1] pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3,6,9-triacetic acid (Zr-PCTA), and zirconium 2,2',2″-(1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triyl)triacetic acid (Zr-NOTA). In addition, we elucidate the solid-state structure of each complex using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Finally, we found that [89Zr]Zr-PCTA and [89Zr]Zr-NOTA demonstrate excellent stability in vitro and in vivo and provide a rationale for these observations. These innovative findings have the potential to guide the development of safer and more robust immuno-PET agents to improve precision medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darpan N Pandya
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kelly E Henry
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Cynthia S Day
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Stephen A Graves
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Veronica L Nagle
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Thomas R Dilling
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Akesh Sinha
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Brandie M Ehrmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nikunj B Bhatt
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Yusuf Menda
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Thaddeus J Wadas
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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13
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Lecoq P, Morel C, Prior JO, Visvikis D, Gundacker S, Auffray E, Križan P, Turtos RM, Thers D, Charbon E, Varela J, de La Taille C, Rivetti A, Breton D, Pratte JF, Nuyts J, Surti S, Vandenberghe S, Marsden P, Parodi K, Benlloch JM, Benoit M. Roadmap toward the 10 ps time-of-flight PET challenge. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:21RM01. [PMID: 32434156 PMCID: PMC7721485 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab9500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the seventies, positron emission tomography (PET) has become an invaluable medical molecular imaging modality with an unprecedented sensitivity at the picomolar level, especially for cancer diagnosis and the monitoring of its response to therapy. More recently, its combination with x-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) has added high precision anatomic information in fused PET/CT and PET/MR images, thus compensating for the modest intrinsic spatial resolution of PET. Nevertheless, a number of medical challenges call for further improvements in PET sensitivity. These concern in particular new treatment opportunities in the context personalized (also called precision) medicine, such as the need to dynamically track a small number of cells in cancer immunotherapy or stem cells for tissue repair procedures. A better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the image would allow detecting smaller size tumours together with a better staging of the patients, thus increasing the chances of putting cancer in complete remission. Moreover, there is an increasing demand for reducing the radioactive doses injected to the patients without impairing image quality. There are three ways to improve PET scanner sensitivity: improving detector efficiency, increasing geometrical acceptance of the imaging device and pushing the timing performance of the detectors. Currently, some pre-localization of the electron-positron annihilation along a line-of-response (LOR) given by the detection of a pair of annihilation photons is provided by the detection of the time difference between the two photons, also known as the time-of-flight (TOF) difference of the photons, whose accuracy is given by the coincidence time resolution (CTR). A CTR of about 10 picoseconds FWHM will ultimately allow to obtain a direct 3D volume representation of the activity distribution of a positron emitting radiopharmaceutical, at the millimetre level, thus introducing a quantum leap in PET imaging and quantification and fostering more frequent use of 11C radiopharmaceuticals. The present roadmap article toward the advent of 10 ps TOF-PET addresses the status and current/future challenges along the development of TOF-PET with the objective to reach this mythic 10 ps frontier that will open the door to real-time volume imaging virtually without tomographic inversion. The medical impact and prospects to achieve this technological revolution from the detection and image reconstruction point-of-views, together with a few perspectives beyond the TOF-PET application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lecoq
- CERN, department EP, Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Chomet M, Schreurs M, Bolijn MJ, Verlaan M, Beaino W, Brown K, Poot AJ, Windhorst AD, Gill H, Marik J, Williams S, Cowell J, Gasser G, Mindt TL, van Dongen GAMS, Vugts DJ. Head-to-head comparison of DFO* and DFO chelators: selection of the best candidate for clinical 89Zr-immuno-PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:694-707. [PMID: 32889615 PMCID: PMC8036225 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Almost all radiolabellings of antibodies with 89Zr currently employ the hexadentate chelator desferrioxamine (DFO). However, DFO can lead to unwanted uptake of 89Zr in bones due to instability of the resulting metal complex. DFO*-NCS and the squaramide ester of DFO, DFOSq, are novel analogues that gave more stable 89Zr complexes than DFO in pilot experiments. Here, we directly compare these linker-chelator systems to identify optimal immuno-PET reagents. Methods Cetuximab, trastuzumab and B12 (non-binding control antibody) were labelled with 89Zr via DFO*-NCS, DFOSq, DFO-NCS or DFO*Sq. Stability in vitro was compared at 37 °C in serum (7 days), in formulation solution (24 h ± chelator challenges) and in vivo with N87 and A431 tumour-bearing mice. Finally, to demonstrate the practical benefit of more stable complexation for the accurate detection of bone metastases, [89Zr]Zr-DFO*-NCS and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-NCS-labelled trastuzumab and B12 were evaluated in a bone metastasis mouse model where BT-474 breast cancer cells were injected intratibially. Results [89Zr]Zr-DFO*-NCS-trastuzumab and [89Zr]Zr-DFO*Sq-trastuzumab showed excellent stability in vitro, superior to their [89Zr]Zr-DFO counterparts under all conditions. While tumour uptake was similar for all conjugates, bone uptake was lower for DFO* conjugates. Lower bone uptake for DFO* conjugates was confirmed using a second xenograft model: A431 combined with cetuximab. Finally, in the intratibial BT-474 bone metastasis model, the DFO* conjugates provided superior detection of tumour-specific signal over the DFO conjugates. Conclusion DFO*-mAb conjugates provide lower bone uptake than their DFO analogues; thus, DFO* is a superior candidate for preclinical and clinical 89Zr-immuno-PET. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-020-05002-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Chomet
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime Schreurs
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J. Bolijn
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Verlaan
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wissam Beaino
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kari Brown
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Poot
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Gill
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Jan Marik
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Simon Williams
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Joseph Cowell
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Thomas L. Mindt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria
| | - Guus A. M. S van Dongen
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Pandya DN, Sinha A, Yuan H, Mutkus L, Stumpf K, Marini FC, Wadas TJ. Imaging of Fibroblast Activation Protein Alpha Expression in a Preclinical Mouse Model of Glioma Using Positron Emission Tomography. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163672. [PMID: 32806623 PMCID: PMC7464128 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive glioma of the primary central nervous system. Due to the lack of effective treatment options, the prognosis for patients remains bleak. Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP), a 170 kDa type II transmembrane serine protease was observed to be expressed on glioma cells and within the glioma tumor microenvironment. To understand the utility of targeting FAP in this tumor type, the immuno-PET radiopharmaceutical [89Zr]Zr-Df-Bz-F19 mAb was prepared and Lindmo analysis was used for its in vitro evaluation using the U87MG cell line, which expresses FAP endogenously. Lindmo analysis revealed an association constant (Ka) of 10-8 M-1 and an immunoreactivity of 52%. Biodistribution studies in U87MG tumor-bearing mice revealed increasing radiotracer retention in tumors over time, leading to average tumor-to-muscle ratios of 3.1, 7.3, 7.2, and 8.3 at 2, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Small animal PET corroborated the biodistribution studies; tumor-to-muscle ratios at 2, 24, 48, and 72 h were 2.0, 5.0, 6.1 and 7.8, respectively. Autoradiography demonstrated accumulated activity throughout the interior of FAP+ tumors, while sequential tumor sections stained positively for FAP expression. Conversely, FAP- tissues retained minimal radioactivity and were negative for FAP expression by immunohistochemistry. These results demonstrate FAP as a promising biomarker that may be exploited to diagnose and potentially treat GBM and other neuroepithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darpan N. Pandya
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (D.N.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Akesh Sinha
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (D.N.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Lysette Mutkus
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.M.); (K.S.); (F.C.M.)
| | - Kristina Stumpf
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.M.); (K.S.); (F.C.M.)
| | - Frank C. Marini
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.M.); (K.S.); (F.C.M.)
| | - Thaddeus J. Wadas
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (D.N.P.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-319-335-5009
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16
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Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a paradigm-shifting molecular imaging modality combining the superior targeting specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the inherent sensitivity of PET technique. A variety of radionuclides and mAbs have been exploited to develop immunoPET probes, which has been driven by the development and optimization of radiochemistry and conjugation strategies. In addition, tumor-targeting vectors with a short circulation time (e.g., Nanobody) or with an enhanced binding affinity (e.g., bispecific antibody) are being used to design novel immunoPET probes. Accordingly, several immunoPET probes, such as 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and 89Zr-atezolizumab, have been successfully translated for clinical use. By noninvasively and dynamically revealing the expression of heterogeneous tumor antigens, immunoPET imaging is gradually changing the theranostic landscape of several types of malignancies. ImmunoPET is the method of choice for imaging specific tumor markers, immune cells, immune checkpoints, and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the integration of immunoPET imaging in antibody drug development is of substantial significance because it provides pivotal information regarding antibody targeting abilities and distribution profiles. Herein, we present the latest immunoPET imaging strategies and their preclinical and clinical applications. We also emphasize current conjugation strategies that can be leveraged to develop next-generation immunoPET probes. Lastly, we discuss practical considerations to tune the development and translation of immunoPET imaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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