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Qi C, Li Y, Zeng H, Wei Q, Tan S, Zhang Y, Li W, Tian P. Current status and progress of PD-L1 detection: guiding immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:162. [PMID: 39026109 PMCID: PMC11258158 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and represents a substantial disease burden worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy are the standard first-line therapy for advanced NSCLC without driver mutations. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is currently the only approved immunotherapy marker. PD-L1 detection methods are diverse and have developed rapidly in recent years, such as improved immunohistochemical detection methods, the application of liquid biopsy in PD-L1 detection, genetic testing, radionuclide imaging, and the use of machine learning methods to construct PD-L1 prediction models. This review focuses on the detection methods and challenges of PD-L1 from different sources, and discusses the influencing factors of PD-L1 detection and the value of combined biomarkers. Provide support for clinical screening of immunotherapy-advantage groups and formulation of personalized treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Qi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yalun Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sihan Tan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Panwen Tian
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Uher O, Hadrava Vanova K, Taïeb D, Calsina B, Robledo M, Clifton-Bligh R, Pacak K. The Immune Landscape of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Current Advances and Perspectives. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:521-552. [PMID: 38377172 PMCID: PMC11244254 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors derived from neural crest cells from adrenal medullary chromaffin tissues and extra-adrenal paraganglia, respectively. Although the current treatment for PPGLs is surgery, optimal treatment options for advanced and metastatic cases have been limited. Hence, understanding the role of the immune system in PPGL tumorigenesis can provide essential knowledge for the development of better therapeutic and tumor management strategies, especially for those with advanced and metastatic PPGLs. The first part of this review outlines the fundamental principles of the immune system and tumor microenvironment, and their role in cancer immunoediting, particularly emphasizing PPGLs. We focus on how the unique pathophysiology of PPGLs, such as their high molecular, biochemical, and imaging heterogeneity and production of several oncometabolites, creates a tumor-specific microenvironment and immunologically "cold" tumors. Thereafter, we discuss recently published studies related to the reclustering of PPGLs based on their immune signature. The second part of this review discusses future perspectives in PPGL management, including immunodiagnostic and promising immunotherapeutic approaches for converting "cold" tumors into immunologically active or "hot" tumors known for their better immunotherapy response and patient outcomes. Special emphasis is placed on potent immune-related imaging strategies and immune signatures that could be used for the reclassification, prognostication, and management of these tumors to improve patient care and prognosis. Furthermore, we introduce currently available immunotherapies and their possible combinations with other available therapies as an emerging treatment for PPGLs that targets hostile tumor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Uher
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
| | - Katerina Hadrava Vanova
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
| | - David Taïeb
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU de La Timone, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Bruna Calsina
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Familiar Cancer Clinical Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney 2065, NSW, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney 2065, NSW, Australia
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
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Wu Y, Xu D, Gu Y, Li G, Wang H, Cao M, Wei W, Wan P, Guan Y, Chen X, Xie F. Assessment of PD-L1 Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers Using [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTA-WL12 PET/CT. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400358. [PMID: 38880776 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Assessing programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly in metastatic cases, remains challenging. In this study, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-WL12 micro-PET/CT imaging are performed. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-WL12 PET/CT and [18F]FDG PET/CT are performed on a cohort of 20 patients with NSCLC. Semi-quantitative assessments include SUVmax, metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and target-to-background ratio (TBR). DOTA-WL12 exhibits robust PD-L1 binding with a KD value of 0.2 nM. Subsequent human studies reveal significant correlations between PD-L1 expression and the [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-WL12 SUVmax in primary and metastatic lesions, surpassing the [18F]FDG results (r = 0.8889, p <0.0001 vs r = 0.0469, p = 0.8127). Notably, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-WL12 imaging discerned SUVmax and TBR differences between PD-L1 TPS ≤1% and PD-L1 TPS > 1% groups (p all <0.001). In an NSCLC patient with brain metastases, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-WL12 shows a SUVmean of 0.04 in the brain background, with TBR values of 17 and 23, underscoring its potential for detecting brain metastases. The study provides initial evidence for the clinical utility of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-WL12 PET/CT for lesion detection, immunotherapy selection, and therapeutic efficacy evaluation in PD-L1-expressing NSCLC, demonstrating its potential as a valuable tool in NSCLC research and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201807, China
| | - Guanglei Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Posum Wan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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Badenhorst M, Windhorst AD, Beaino W. Navigating the landscape of PD-1/PD-L1 imaging tracers: from challenges to opportunities. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1401515. [PMID: 38915766 PMCID: PMC11195831 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1401515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeted to immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as the program cell death receptor (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, it is now well-known that PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy response is inconsistent among patients. The current challenge is to customize treatment regimens per patient, which could be possible if the PD-1/PD-L1 expression and dynamic landscape are known. With positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, it is possible to image these immune targets non-invasively and system-wide during therapy. A successful PET imaging tracer should meet specific criteria concerning target affinity, specificity, clearance rate and target-specific uptake, to name a few. The structural profile of such a tracer will define its properties and can be used to optimize tracers in development and design new ones. Currently, a range of PD-1/PD-L1-targeting PET tracers are available from different molecular categories that have shown impressive preclinical and clinical results, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This review will provide an overview of current PET tracers targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Antibody, peptide, and antibody fragment tracers will be discussed with respect to their molecular characteristics and binding properties and ways to optimize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Badenhorst
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wissam Beaino
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Huang W, Son MH, Ha LN, Kang L, Cai W. Challenges coexist with opportunities: development of a macrocyclic peptide PET radioligand for PD-L1. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:1574-1577. [PMID: 38492018 PMCID: PMC11131584 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, No.8 Xishiku Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Mai Hong Son
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital 108, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Ngoc Ha
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital 108, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, No.8 Xishiku Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, K6/562 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705-2275, USA.
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Zhang Y, Cao M, Wu Y, Malih S, Xu D, Yang E, Younis MH, Lin W, Zhao H, Wang C, Liu Q, Engle JW, Rasaee MJ, Guan Y, Huang G, Liu J, Cai W, Xie F, Wei W. Preclinical development of novel PD-L1 tracers and first-in-human study of [ 68Ga]Ga-NOTA-RW102 in patients with lung cancers. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008794. [PMID: 38580333 PMCID: PMC11002357 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-008794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis critically facilitates cancer cells' immune evasion. Antibody therapeutics targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis have shown remarkable efficacy in various tumors. Immuno-positron emission tomography (ImmunoPET) imaging of PD-L1 expression may help reshape solid tumors' immunotherapy landscape. METHODS By immunizing an alpaca with recombinant human PD-L1, three clones of the variable domain of the heavy chain of heavy-chain only antibody (VHH) were screened, and RW102 with high binding affinity was selected for further studies. ABDRW102, a VHH derivative, was further engineered by fusing RW102 with the albumin binder ABD035. Based on the two targeting vectors, four PD-L1-specific tracers ([68Ga]Ga-NOTA-RW102, [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-ABDRW102, [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-ABDRW102, and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-ABDRW102) with different circulation times were developed. The diagnostic efficacies were thoroughly evaluated in preclinical solid tumor models, followed by a first-in-human translational investigation of [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-RW102 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). RESULTS While RW102 has a high binding affinity to PD-L1 with an excellent KD value of 15.29 pM, ABDRW102 simultaneously binds to human PD-L1 and human serum albumin with an excellent KD value of 3.71 pM and 3.38 pM, respectively. Radiotracers derived from RW102 and ABDRW102 have different in vivo circulation times. In preclinical studies, [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-RW102 immunoPET imaging allowed same-day annotation of differential PD-L1 expression with specificity, while [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-ABDRW102 and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-ABDRW102 enabled longitudinal visualization of PD-L1. More importantly, a pilot clinical trial shows the safety and diagnostic value of [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-RW102 immunoPET imaging in patients with NSCLCs and its potential to predict immune-related adverse effects following PD-L1-targeted immunotherapies. CONCLUSIONS We developed and validated a series of PD-L1-targeted tracers. Initial preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that immunoPET imaging with [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-RW102 holds promise in visualizing differential PD-L1 expression, selecting patients for PD-L1-targeted immunotherapies, and monitoring immune-related adverse effects in patients receiving PD-L1-targeted treatments. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT06165874.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sara Malih
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Erpeng Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muhsin H Younis
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wilson Lin
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiufang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mohammad J Rasaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yihui Guan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Donnelly DJ, Kim J, Tran T, Scola PM, Tenney D, Pena A, Petrone T, Zhang Y, Boy KM, Poss MA, Cole EL, Soars MG, Johnson BM, Cohen D, Batalla D, Chow PL, Shorts AO, Du S, Meanwell NA, Bonacorsi SJ. The discovery and evaluation of [ 18F]BMS-986229, a novel macrocyclic peptide PET radioligand for the measurement of PD-L1 expression and in-vivo PD-L1 target engagement. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:978-990. [PMID: 38049658 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A same-day PET imaging agent capable of measuring PD-L1 status in tumors is an important tool for optimizing PD-1 and PD-L1 treatments. Herein we describe the discovery and evaluation of a novel, fluorine-18 labeled macrocyclic peptide-based PET ligand for imaging PD-L1. METHODS [18F]BMS-986229 was synthesized via copper mediated click-chemistry to yield a PD-L1 PET ligand with picomolar affinity and was tested as an in-vivo tool for assessing PD-L1 expression. RESULTS Autoradiography showed an 8:1 binding ratio in L2987 (PD-L1 (+)) vs. HT-29 (PD-L1 (-)) tumor tissues, with >90% specific binding. Specific radioligand binding (>90%) was observed in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and cynomolgus monkey spleen tissues. Images of PD-L1 (+) tissues in primates were characterized by high signal-to-noise, with low background signal in non-expressing tissues. PET imaging enabled clear visualization of PD-L1 expression in a murine model in vivo, with 5-fold higher uptake in L2987 (PD-L1 (+)) than in control HT-29 (PD-L1 (-)) tumors. Moreover, this imaging agent was used to measure target engagement of PD-L1 inhibitors (peptide or mAb), in PD-L1 (+) tumors as high as 97%. CONCLUSION A novel 18F-labeled macrocyclic peptide radioligand was developed for PET imaging of PD-L1 expressing tissues that demonstrated several advantages within a nonhuman primate model when compared directly to adnectin- or mAb-based ligands. Clinical studies are currently evaluating [18F]BMS-986229 to measure PD-L1 expression in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Donnelly
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery-PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA.
| | | | - Tritin Tran
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery-PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Paul M Scola
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yunhui Zhang
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, USA
| | - Kenneth M Boy
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, USA
| | - Michael A Poss
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, USA
| | - Erin L Cole
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery-PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Matthew G Soars
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, USA
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, USA
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Biologics and Platforms, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, USA
| | - Daniel Batalla
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery-PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | | | | | - Shuyan Du
- Imaging, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, USA
| | | | - Samuel J Bonacorsi
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery-PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
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Liu Y, Ren YN, Cui Y, Liu S, Yang Z, Zhu H, Li N. Inspired by novel radiopharmaceuticals: Rush hour of nuclear medicine. Chin J Cancer Res 2023; 35:470-482. [PMID: 37969954 PMCID: PMC10643344 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2023.05.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear medicine plays an irreplaceable role in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Radiopharmaceuticals are important components of nuclear medicine. Among the radiopharmaceuticals approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), radio-tracers targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and somatostatin receptor (SSTR) have held essential positions in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancers and neuroendocrine neoplasms, respectively. In recent years, FDA-approved serials of immune-therapy and targeted therapy drugs targeting programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and nectin cell adhesion molecule 4 (Nectin 4). How to screen patients suitable for these treatments and monitor the therapy? Nuclear medicine with specific radiopharmaceuticals can visualize the expression level of those targets in systemic lesions and evaluate the efficacy of treatment. In addition to radiopharmaceuticals, imaging equipment is also a key step for nuclear medicine. Advanced equipment including total-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) has been developed, which contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, as well as the development of new radiopharmaceuticals. Here, we conclude most recently advances of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine, and they substantially increase the "arsenal" of clinicians for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Ya-nan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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Chen Y, Guo Y, Liu Z, Hu X, Hu M. An overview of current advances of PD-L1 targeting immuno-imaging in cancers. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:866-875. [PMID: 37675710 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_88_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The programmed death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway plays a significant role in immune evasion. PD-1 or PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become a standard treatment for multiple types of cancer. To date, PD-L1 has served as a biomarker for predicting the efficacy of ICIs in several cancers. The need to establish an effective detection method that could visualize PD-L1 expression and predict the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 ICIs has promoted a search for new imaging strategies. PD-L1-targeting immuno-imaging could provide a noninvasive, real-time, repeatable, dynamic, and quantitative assessment of the characteristics of all tumor lesions in individual patients. This study analyzed the existing evidence in the literature on PD-L1-based immuno-imaging (2015-2022). Original English-language articles were searched using PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords, such as "PD-L1," "PET," "SPECT," "PET/CT," and "SPECT/CT," were used in various combinations. A total of nearly 50 preclinical and clinical studies of PD-L1-targeting immuno-imaging were selected, reviewed, and included in this study. Therefore, in this review, we conducted a study of the advances in PD-L1-targeting immuno-imaging for detecting the expression of PD-L1 and the efficacy of ICIs. We focused on the different types of PD-L1-targeting agents, including antibodies and small PD-L1-binding agents, and illustrated the strength and weakness of these probes. Furthermore, we summarized the trends in the development of PD-L1-targeting immuno-imaging, as well as the current challenges and future directions for clinical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong University Cancer Center; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yujiao Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Department of PET/CT Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaokun Hu
- Department of the Interventional Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Man Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong University Cancer Center; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Mulgaonkar A, Udayakumar D, Yang Y, Harris S, Öz OK, Ramakrishnan Geethakumari P, Sun X. Current and potential roles of immuno-PET/-SPECT in CAR T-cell therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1199146. [PMID: 37441689 PMCID: PMC10333708 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1199146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have evolved as breakthrough treatment options for the management of hematological malignancies and are also being developed as therapeutics for solid tumors. However, despite the impressive patient responses from CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapies, ~ 40%-60% of these patients' cancers eventually relapse, with variable prognosis. Such relapses may occur due to a combination of molecular resistance mechanisms, including antigen loss or mutations, T-cell exhaustion, and progression of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This class of therapeutics is also associated with certain unique toxicities, such as cytokine release syndrome, immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, and other "on-target, off-tumor" toxicities, as well as anaphylactic effects. Furthermore, manufacturing limitations and challenges associated with solid tumor infiltration have delayed extensive applications. The molecular imaging modalities of immunological positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography (immuno-PET/-SPECT) offer a target-specific and highly sensitive, quantitative, non-invasive platform for longitudinal detection of dynamic variations in target antigen expression in the body. Leveraging these imaging strategies as guidance tools for use with CAR T-cell therapies may enable the timely identification of resistance mechanisms and/or toxic events when they occur, permitting effective therapeutic interventions. In addition, the utilization of these approaches in tracking the CAR T-cell pharmacokinetics during product development and optimization may help to assess their efficacy and accordingly to predict treatment outcomes. In this review, we focus on current challenges and potential opportunities in the application of immuno-PET/-SPECT imaging strategies to address the challenges encountered with CAR T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Mulgaonkar
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Durga Udayakumar
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Yaxing Yang
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Shelby Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Orhan K. Öz
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Praveen Ramakrishnan Geethakumari
- Section of Hematologic Malignancies/Transplant and Cell Therapy, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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11
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Weng D, Guo R, Zhu Z, Gao Y, An R, Zhou X. Peptide-based PET imaging agent of tumor TIGIT expression. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:38. [PMID: 37129788 PMCID: PMC10154443 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-00982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating studies have demonstrated that elevated TIGIT expression in tumor microenvironment correlates with better therapeutic response to TIGIT-based immunotherapy in pre-clinical studies. Therefore, a non-invasive method to detect tumor TIGIT expression is crucial to predict the therapeutic effect. METHODS In this study, a peptide-based PET imaging agent, 68Ga-DOTA-DTBP-3, was developed to non-invasively detect TIGIT expression by micro-PET in tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. DTBP-3, a D-peptide comprising of 12 amino acids, was radiolabeled with 68Ga through a DOTA chelator. In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the affinity of 68Ga-DOTA-DTBP-3 to TIGIT and its stability in fetal bovine serum. In vivo studies were assessed by micro-PET, biodistribution, and immunohistochemistry on tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. RESULTS The in vitro studies showed the equilibrium dissociation constant of 68Ga-DOTA-DTBP-3 for TIGIT was 84.21 nM and its radiochemistry purity was 89.24 ± 1.82% in FBS at 4 h in room temperature. The results of micro-PET, biodistribution and immunohistochemistry studies indicated that 68Ga-DOTA-DTBP-3 could be specifically targeted in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, with a highest uptake at 0.5 h. CONCLUSION 68Ga-DOTA-DTBP-3 holds potential for non-invasively detect tumor TIGIT expression and for timely assessment of the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinghu Weng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Ziyang Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Rui An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuman Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), SunYat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
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Shankar LK, Schöder H, Sharon E, Wolchok J, Knopp MV, Wahl RL, Ellingson BM, Hall NC, Yaffe MJ, Towbin AJ, Farwell MD, Pryma D, Poussaint TY, Wright CL, Schwartz L, Harisinghani M, Mahmood U, Wu AM, Leung D, de Vries EGE, Tang Y, Beach G, Reeves SA. Harnessing imaging tools to guide immunotherapy trials: summary from the National Cancer Institute Cancer Imaging Steering Committee workshop. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24:e133-e143. [PMID: 36858729 PMCID: PMC10119769 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
As the immuno-oncology field continues the rapid growth witnessed over the past decade, optimising patient outcomes requires an evolution in the current response-assessment guidelines for phase 2 and 3 immunotherapy clinical trials and clinical care. Additionally, investigational tools-including image analysis of standard-of-care scans (such as CT, magnetic resonance, and PET) with analytics, such as radiomics, functional magnetic resonance agents, and novel molecular-imaging PET agents-offer promising advancements for assessment of immunotherapy. To document current challenges and opportunities and identify next steps in immunotherapy diagnostic imaging, the National Cancer Institute Clinical Imaging Steering Committee convened a meeting with diverse representation among imaging experts and oncologists to generate a comprehensive review of the state of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha K Shankar
- Clinical Trials Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Heiko Schöder
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elad Sharon
- Investigational Drug Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jedd Wolchok
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael V Knopp
- Department of Radiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard L Wahl
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin M Ellingson
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nathan C Hall
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Martin J Yaffe
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander J Towbin
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael D Farwell
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Pryma
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Umar Mahmood
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna M Wu
- Department of Immunology & Theranostics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Steven A Reeves
- Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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13
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Zhang Y, Wu J, Zhao C, Zhang S, Zhu J. Recent Advancement of PD-L1 Detection Technologies and Clinical Applications in the Era of Precision Cancer Therapy. J Cancer 2023; 14:850-873. [PMID: 37056391 PMCID: PMC10088895 DOI: 10.7150/jca.81899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 is a protein found on the surface of immune cells that can interact with its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is expressed on the plasma membrane, the surface of secreted cellular exosomes, in cell nuclei, or as a circulating soluble protein. This interaction can lead to immune escape in cancer patients. In clinical settings, PD-L1 plays an important role in tumor disease diagnosis, determining therapeutic effectiveness, and predicting patient prognosis. PD-L1 inhibitors are also essential components of tumor immunotherapy. Thus, the detection of PD-L1 levels is crucial, especially in the era of precision cancer therapy. In recent years, innovations have been made in traditional immunoassay methods and the development of new immunoassays for PD-L1 detection. This review aims to summarize recent research progress in tumor PD-L1 detection technology and highlight the clinical applications of PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Zhang
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Juanjuan Wu
- Binzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong, 256600, China
| | - Chaobin Zhao
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- Binzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong, 256600, China
- ✉ Corresponding author: Pro. Jianbo Zhu, Binzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 515 Yellow River Seven Road, Binzhou, Shandong, 256600, China; ,
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14
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Liang Z, Hu X, Hu H, Wang P, Cai J. Novel small 99mTc-labeled affibody molecular probe for PD-L1 receptor imaging. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1017737. [PMID: 36387113 PMCID: PMC9643847 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1017737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The in vivo imaging of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) can monitor changes in PD-L1 expression and guide programmed death 1 (PD-1) or PD-L1-targeted immune checkpoint therapy. A 99mTc-labeled affibody molecular probe targeting the PD-L1 receptor was prepared and evaluated its tracing effect in PD-L1-overexpressing colon cancer. METHODS The PD-L1 affibody was prepared by genetic recombineering. The 99mTc labeling of the affibody was achieved by sodium glucoheptonate and an SnCl2 labeling system. The labeling rate, radiochemical purity, and stability in vitro were determined by instant thin-layer chromatography; MC38-B7H1 (PD-L1-positive) and MC38 (PD-L1-negative) colon cancer cells were used to evaluate its affinity to PD-L1 by cell-binding experiments. The biodistribution of the 99mTc-labeled affibody molecular probe was then determined in C57BL/6J mice bearing MC38-B7H1 tumors, and tumor targeting was assessed in C57BL/6J mice with MC38-B7H1, MC38 double xenografts. RESULT The nondecayed corrected yield of the 99mTc-PD-L1 affibody molecular probe was 95.95% ± 1.26%, and showed good stability both in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and fetal bovine serum within 6 h. The affinity of the 99mTc-PD-L1 affibody molecular probe for cell-binding assays was 10.02 nmol/L. Single photon emission-computed tomography imaging showed a rapid uptake of the tracer in PD-L1-positive tumors and very little tracer retention in PD-L1-negative control tumors. The tracer was significantly retained in the kidneys and bladder, suggesting that it is mainly excreted through the urinary system. Heart, liver, lung, and muscle tissue showed no significant radioactive retention. The biodistribution in vitro also showed significant renal retention, a small amount of uptake in the thyroid and gastrointestinal tract, and rapid blood clearance, and the tumor-to-blood radioactivity uptake ratio peaked 120 min after drug injection. CONCLUSION The 99mTc-PD-L1 affibody molecular probe that we prepared can effectively target to PD-L1-positive tumors imaging in vivo, and clear in blood quickly, with no obvious toxic side effects, which is expected to become a new type of tracer for detecting PD-L1 expression in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pan Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiong Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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15
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Ge S, Jia T, Li J, Zhang B, Sang S, Deng S. Molecular imaging of immune checkpoints in oncology: Current and future applications. Cancer Lett 2022; 548:215896. [PMID: 36041658 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint (IC) blockade therapy has become the first-line treatment for various cancers. However, the low response rate and acquired drug resistance severely restrict the clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Nuclide molecular imaging of ICs can provide non-invasive and whole-body visualization of in vivo IC dynamic biodistribution. Therefore, molecular imaging of ICs can predict and monitor responses to ICIs as a complementary tool to existing immunohistochemical techniques. Herein, we outlined the current status and recent advances in molecular imaging of the "first-generation" and "next-generation" ICs in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Ge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, 621099, China
| | - Tongtong Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jihui Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Shibiao Sang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Shengming Deng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, 621099, China.
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16
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Liu WL, Zhang YQ, Li LT, Zhu YY, Ming ZH, Chen WL, Yang RQ, Li RH, Chen M, Zhang GJ. Application of molecular imaging in immune checkpoints therapy: From response assessment to prognosis prediction. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 176:103746. [PMID: 35752425 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) represented by programmed cell death1 (PD-1) and its major ligands, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), has achieved significant success. Detection of PD-L1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a classic method to guide the treatment of ICT patients. However, PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment is highly complex. Thus, PD-L1 IHC is inadequate to fully understand the relevance of PD-L1 levels in the whole body and their dynamics to improve therapeutic outcomes. Intriguingly, numerous studies have revealed that molecular imaging technologies could potentially meet this need. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the preclinical and clinical application of ICT guided by molecular imaging technology, and to explore the future opportunities and practical difficulties of these innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ling Liu
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Yong-Qu Zhang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Liang-Tao Li
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Zi-He Ming
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei-Ling Chen
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui-Qin Yang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Rong-Hui Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Min Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China.
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 4221 South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China.
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Zhou H, Bao G, Wang Z, Zhang B, Li D, Chen L, Deng X, Yu B, Zhao J, Zhu X. PET imaging of an optimized anti-PD-L1 probe 68Ga-NODAGA-BMS986192 in immunocompetent mice and non-human primates. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:35. [PMID: 35695985 PMCID: PMC9192916 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adnectin is a protein family derived from the 10th type III domain of human fibronectin (10Fn3) with high-affinity targeting capabilities. Positron emission tomography (PET) probes derived from anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) Adnectins, including 18F- and 68Ga-labeled BMS-986192, are recently developed for the prediction of patient response to immune checkpoint blockade. The 68Ga-labeled BMS-986192, in particular, is an attractive probe for under-developed regions due to the broader availability of 68Ga. However, the pharmacokinetics and biocompatibility of 68Ga-labeled BMS-986192 are still unknown, especially in non-human primates, impeding its further clinical translation. Methods We developed a variant of 68Ga-labeled BMS-986192 using 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA) as the radionuclide–chelator. The resultant probe, 68Ga-NODAGA-BMS986192, was evaluated in terms of targeting specificity using a bilateral mouse tumor model inoculated with wild-type B16F10 and B16F10 transduced with human PD-L1 (hPD-L1-B16F10). The dynamic biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of this probe were also investigated in non-human primate cynomolgus. Results 68Ga-NODAGA-BMS986192 was prepared with a radiochemical purity above 99%. PET imaging with 68Ga-NODAGA-BMS986192 efficiently delineated the hPD-L1-B16F10 tumor at 1 h post-injection. The PD-L1-targeting capability of this probe was further confirmed using in vivo blocking assay and ex vivo biodistribution studies. PET dynamic imaging in both mouse and cynomolgus models revealed a rapid clearance of the probe via the renal route, which corresponded to the low background signals of the PET images. The probe also exhibited a favorable radiation dosimetry profile with a total-body effective dose of 6.34E-03 mSv/MBq in male cynomolgus. Conclusions 68Ga-NODAGA-BMS986192 was a feasible and safe tool for the visualization of human PD-L1. Our study also provided valuable information on the potential of targeted PET imaging using Adnectin-based probes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13550-022-00906-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guangfa Bao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Buchuan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lixing Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyun Deng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.,Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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18
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Ridge NA, Rajkumar-Calkins A, Dudzinski SO, Kirschner AN, Newman NB. Radiopharmaceuticals as Novel Immune System Tracers. Adv Radiat Oncol 2022; 7:100936. [PMID: 36148374 PMCID: PMC9486425 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2022.100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment paradigms for multiple cancers. However, ICI therapy often fails to generate measurable and sustained antitumor responses, and clinically meaningful benefits remain limited to a small proportion of overall patients. A major obstacle to development and effective application of novel therapeutic regimens is optimized patient selection and response assessment. Noninvasive imaging using novel immunoconjugate radiopharmaceuticals (immuno–positron emission tomography and immuno-single-photon emission computed tomography) can assess for expression of cell surface immune markers, such as programmed cell death protein ligand-1 (PD-L1), akin to a virtual biopsy. This emerging technology has the potential to provide clinicians with a quantitative, specific, real-time evaluation of immunologic responses relative to cancer burden in the body. We discuss the rationale for using noninvasive molecular imaging of the programmed cell death protein-1 and PD-L1 axis as a biomarker for immunotherapy and summarize the current status of preclinical and clinical studies examining PD-L1 immuno–positron emission tomography. The strategies described in this review provide insight for future clinical trials exploring the use of immune checkpoint imaging as a biomarker for both ICI and radiation therapy, and for the rational design of combinatorial therapeutic regimens.
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19
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Lauwerys L, Smits E, Van den Wyngaert T, Elvas F. Radionuclide Imaging of Cytotoxic Immune Cell Responses to Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051074. [PMID: 35625811 PMCID: PMC9139020 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is an evolving and promising cancer treatment that takes advantage of the body’s immune system to yield effective tumor elimination. Importantly, immunotherapy has changed the treatment landscape for many cancers, resulting in remarkable tumor responses and improvements in patient survival. However, despite impressive tumor effects and extended patient survival, only a small proportion of patients respond, and others can develop immune-related adverse events associated with these therapies, which are associated with considerable costs. Therefore, strategies to increase the proportion of patients gaining a benefit from these treatments and/or increasing the durability of immune-mediated tumor response are still urgently needed. Currently, measurement of blood or tissue biomarkers has demonstrated sampling limitations, due to intrinsic tumor heterogeneity and the latter being invasive. In addition, the unique response patterns of these therapies are not adequately captured by conventional imaging modalities. Consequently, non-invasive, sensitive, and quantitative molecular imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using specific radiotracers, have been increasingly used for longitudinal whole-body monitoring of immune responses. Immunotherapies rely on the effector function of CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells (NK) at tumor lesions; therefore, the monitoring of these cytotoxic immune cells is of value for therapy response assessment. Different immune cell targets have been investigated as surrogate markers of response to immunotherapy, which motivated the development of multiple imaging agents. In this review, the targets and radiotracers being investigated for monitoring the functional status of immune effector cells are summarized, and their use for imaging of immune-related responses are reviewed along their limitations and pitfalls, of which multiple have already been translated to the clinic. Finally, emerging effector immune cell imaging strategies and future directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lauwerys
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.L.); (T.V.d.W.)
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Tim Van den Wyngaert
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.L.); (T.V.d.W.)
- Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.L.); (T.V.d.W.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Sammartano A, Migliari S, Scarlattei M, Baldari G, Serreli G, Lazzara C, Garau L, Ghetti C, Ruffini L. Performance and long-term consistency of five Galliform 68Ge/68Ga generators used for clinical Ga-68 preparations over a 4 year period. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:568-576. [PMID: 35190517 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallium-68 is a positron emitter for PET applications that can be produced without cyclotron by a germanium (Ge-68) chloride/gallium (Ga-68) chloride generator. Short half-life (67.71 min) of Ga-68, matching pharmacokinetic properties of small biomolecules, facilitates isotope utilization in compounding radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging. The increasing cost of good manufacturing practice-compliant generators has strengthened the need for radionuclide efficient use by planning specific radiopharmaceutical sessions during the week, careful maintenance of the generator and achievement of high labeling yield and radiochemical purity (RCP) of the radiolabeled molecules. METHODS The aim of this study was to evaluate the annual performance of five consecutive 68Ge/68Ga generators used for small-scale preparations of 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals. To assess the long-term efficiency of isotope production we measured the weekly elution yield. To assess process efficiency we measured elution yield, labeling yield and RCP of four radiopharmaceutical preparations (68Ga-DOTATOC, 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC, 68Ga-PENTIXAFOR and 68Ga-DOTATATE). RESULTS The annual mean elution yield of the generators was 74.7%, higher than that indicated by the manufacturer, and it never went below 65%. The Ge-68 level in the final products was under the detection limits in all the produced batches (mean value 0.0000048%). The RCP of radiopharmaceuticals determined by high-performance liquid chromatography was 98 ± 0.22%. The mean yield of radiolabelling was 64.68, 68.71, 57 and 63.68% for 68Ga-DOTATOC, 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC, 68GaPENTIXAFOR and 68Ga-DOTATATE. CONCLUSION The ability to prepare in the hospital radiopharmacy high-purity and pharmaceutically acceptable 68Ga-radiolabeled probes on a routine basis facilitates patient access to precision imaging for clinical and research aims.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giulio Serreli
- Diagnostic Department, Medical Physics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Gramsci, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Caterina Ghetti
- Diagnostic Department, Medical Physics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Gramsci, Parma, Italy
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21
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Liu H, Hu M, Deng J, Zhao Y, Peng D, Feng Y, Wang L, Chen Y, Qiu L. A Novel Small Cyclic Peptide-Based 68Ga-Radiotracer for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of PD-L1 Expression in Tumors. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:138-147. [PMID: 34910492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, programmed death protein 1 and programmed death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling pathways help tumors escape the immune system. We designed a gallium-68 (68Ga)-labeled small-molecule peptide-targeting PD-L1 and used positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) to detect and dynamically monitor the expression level of PD-L1 in tumors. S-Cyclo(ETSK)-SF-NH2 (SETSKSF) is a cyclic peptide inhibitor comprising seven amino-acid residues. We connected it with the chelating agent DOTA, labeled DOTA-SETSKSF, with the short half-life nuclide Ga-68, and measured the stability of 68Ga-2,2',2″-(10-(2-((S)-1-((3S,6S,9S,18S)-18-((S)-1-((S)-1-amino-1-oxo-3-henylpropan-2-ylamino)-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamoyl)-6-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5,8,12-tetraoxo-1,4,7,13-tetraazacyclooctadecan-9-ylamino)-3-ydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triyl)triacetic acid (68Ga-DOTA-SETSKSF) in normal saline (NS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) in vitro. We conducted the 68Ga-DOTA-SETSKSF affinity test, cell-specific uptake experiments, time-combined experiments, western blotting, and laser confocal experiments to confirm the expression and localization of PD-L1 at the cell level and determine the uptake. Biodistribution and imaging experiments were performed using the H1975, B16F10, and A549 tumor models. 68Ga-DOTA-SETSKSF was successfully synthesized, and the radiochemical purity was >99% after purification. The in vitro stability of 68Ga-DOTA-SETSKSF was >95% in NS, PBS, and FBS at 37 °C after 4 h of incubation. Cell-binding experiments confirmed that 68Ga-DOTA-SETSKSF exhibited high uptake in H1975 tumors with high PD-L1 expression and low uptake in A549 tumors with low PD-L1 expression. The clear half-life (T1/2) of 68Ga-DOTA-SETSKSF from the blood was 14.48 ± 3.26 min. The percentages of the injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) for H1975 and A549 tumors were 5.29 ± 0.21 and 0.89 ± 0.10 at 1 h after injection, respectively. The H1975 tumor-to-muscle and tumor-to-blood ratios were 41.79 ± 5.81 and 4.75 ± 0.19 at 4 h, respectively. Apart from the H1975 tumor, the kidney and the bladder showed high accumulation because 68Ga-DOTA-SETSKSF was excreted through the urinary system. PET/CT images showed high accumulation of 68Ga-DOTA-SETSKSF in H1975 tumors and low uptake in A549 tumors, which was consistent with the results of biodistribution experiments. 68Ga-DOTA-SETSKSF is convenient to prepare, has high stability, can be used to monitor the expression of PD-L1, and has an extremely high clinical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Deng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengsai Peng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
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22
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Leung D, Bonacorsi S, Smith RA, Weber W, Hayes W. Molecular Imaging and the PD-L1 Pathway: From Bench to Clinic. Front Oncol 2021; 11:698425. [PMID: 34497758 PMCID: PMC8420047 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.698425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors target the important molecular interplay between PD-1 and PD-L1, a key pathway contributing to immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Long-term clinical benefit has been observed in patients receiving PD-(L)1 inhibitors, alone and in combination with other treatments, across multiple tumor types. PD-L1 expression has been associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, and treatment strategies are often guided by immunohistochemistry-based diagnostic tests assessing expression of PD-L1. However, challenges related to the implementation, interpretation, and clinical utility of PD-L1 diagnostic tests have led to an increasing number of preclinical and clinical studies exploring interrogation of the TME by real-time imaging of PD-(L)1 expression by positron emission tomography (PET). PET imaging utilizes radiolabeled molecules to non-invasively assess PD-(L)1 expression spatially and temporally. Several PD-(L)1 PET tracers have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies, with clinical trials in progress to assess their use in a number of cancer types. This review will showcase the development of PD-(L)1 PET tracers from preclinical studies through to clinical use, and will explore the opportunities in drug development and possible future clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Leung
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Samuel Bonacorsi
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Ralph Adam Smith
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Wolfgang Weber
- Technische Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wendy Hayes
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
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23
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Lv G, Miao Y, Chen Y, Lu C, Wang X, Xie M, Qiu L, Lin J. Promising potential of a 18F-labelled small-molecular radiotracer to evaluate PD-L1 expression in tumors by PET imaging. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105294. [PMID: 34426150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression level is a reproducible biomarker for guiding stratification of patients to immunotherapy. However, the most widely used immunohistochemistry method is incompetent to fully understand the PD-L1 expression level in the whole body because of the highly complex PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment. In this work, a novel small-molecular radiotracer [18F]LG-1 based on the biphenyl active structure was developed to evaluate PD-L1 expression in tumors. [18F]LG-1 was obtained by conjugating and radiolabeling with [18F]FDG with high radiochemical purity (>98.0%) and high molar activity (37.2 ± 2.9 MBq/nmol). In vitro experimental results showed that [18F]LG-1 could target PD-L1 in tumor cells and the cellular uptake in A375-hPD-L1 cells (PD-L1 + ) was clearly higher than that in A375 cells (PD-L1-). In vivo dynamic PET images of [18F]LG-1 provided clear visualization of A375-hPD-L1 tumor with high tumor-to-background contrast, and the tumor uptake was determined to be 3.98 ± 0.21 %ID/g at 60 min, which was 2.6-fold higher than that of A375 tumor. These results suggested that [18F]LG-1 had great potential as a promising PD-L1 radiotracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochao Lv
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China; Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yinxing Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China; Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yinfei Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China; Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chunmei Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Xiuting Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Minhao Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China; Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China; Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Jianguo Lin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China; Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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24
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Kamalinia G, Grindel BJ, Takahashi TT, Millward SW, Roberts RW. Directing evolution of novel ligands by mRNA display. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9055-9103. [PMID: 34165126 PMCID: PMC8725378 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00160d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
mRNA display is a powerful biological display platform for the directed evolution of proteins and peptides. mRNA display libraries covalently link the displayed peptide or protein (phenotype) with the encoding genetic information (genotype) through the biochemical activity of the small molecule puromycin. Selection for peptide/protein function is followed by amplification of the linked genetic material and generation of a library enriched in functional sequences. Iterative selection cycles are then performed until the desired level of function is achieved, at which time the identity of candidate peptides can be obtained by sequencing the genetic material. The purpose of this review is to discuss the development of mRNA display technology since its inception in 1997 and to comprehensively review its use in the selection of novel peptides and proteins. We begin with an overview of the biochemical mechanism of mRNA display and its variants with a particular focus on its advantages and disadvantages relative to other biological display technologies. We then discuss the importance of scaffold choice in mRNA display selections and review the results of selection experiments with biological (e.g., fibronectin) and linear peptide library architectures. We then explore recent progress in the development of "drug-like" peptides by mRNA display through the post-translational covalent macrocyclization and incorporation of non-proteogenic functionalities. We conclude with an examination of enabling technologies that increase the speed of selection experiments, enhance the information obtained in post-selection sequence analysis, and facilitate high-throughput characterization of lead compounds. We hope to provide the reader with a comprehensive view of current state and future trajectory of mRNA display and its broad utility as a peptide and protein design tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Kamalinia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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