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Correia PMM, Cruzeiro B, Dias J, Encarnação PMCC, Ribeiro FM, Rodrigues CA, Silva ALM. Precise positioning of gamma ray interactions in multiplexed pixelated scintillators using artificial neural networks. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:045038. [PMID: 38779912 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad4f73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction. The positioning ofγray interactions in positron emission tomography (PET) detectors is commonly made through the evaluation of the Anger logic flood histograms. machine learning techniques, leveraging features extracted from signal waveform, have demonstrated successful applications in addressing various challenges in PET instrumentation.Aim. This paper evaluates the use of artificial neural networks (NN) forγray interaction positioning in pixelated scintillators coupled to a multiplexed array of silicon photomultipliers (SiPM).Methods. An array of 16 Cerium doped Lutetium-based (LYSO) crystal pixels (cross-section 2 × 2 mm2) coupled to 16 SiPM (S13360-1350) were used for the experimental setup. Data from each of the 16 LYSO pixels was recorded, a total of 160000 events. The detectors were irradiated by 511 keV annihilationγrays from a Sodium-22 (22Na) source. Another LYSO crystal was used for electronic collimation. Features extracted from the signal waveform were used to train the model. Two models were tested: i) single multiple-class neural network (mcNN), with 16 possible outputs followed by a softmax and ii) 16 binary classification neural networks (bNN), each one specialized in identifying events occurred in each position.Results. Both NN models showed a mean positioning accuracy above 85% on the evaluation dataset, although the mcNN is faster to train.DiscussionThe method's accuracy is affected by the introduction of misclassified events that interacted in the neighbour's crystals and were misclassified during the dataset acquisition. Electronic collimation reduces this effect, however results could be improved using a more complex acquisition setup, such as a light-sharing configuration.ConclusionsThe methods comparison showed that mcNN and bNN can surpass the Anger logic, showing the feasibility of using these models in positioning procedures of future multiplexed detector systems in a linear configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M M Correia
- Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - B Cruzeiro
- Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J Dias
- Faculdade de Economia, CeBER, Universidade de Coimbra, Av. Dias da Silva, 165, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal
- INESC-Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P M C C Encarnação
- Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F M Ribeiro
- Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C A Rodrigues
- Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A L M Silva
- Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Higuchi T, Chen X, Werner RA. Navigating new horizons: Prospects of NET-targeted radiopharmaceuticals in precision medicine. Theranostics 2024; 14:3178-3192. [PMID: 38855189 PMCID: PMC11155404 DOI: 10.7150/thno.96743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In the evolving landscape of precision medicine, NET-targeted radiopharmaceuticals are emerging as pivotal tools for the diagnosis and treatment of a range of conditions, from heart failure and neurodegenerative disorders to neuroendocrine cancers. This review evaluates the advancements offered by 18F-labeled PET tracers and 211At alpha-particle therapy, juxtaposed with current 123I-MIBG SPECT and 131I-MIBG therapies. The enhanced spatial resolution and capability for quantitative analysis render 18F-labeled PET tracers potential candidates for improved detection and management of diseases. Alpha-particle therapy with 211At may offer increased specificity and tumoricidal efficacy, pointing towards a shift in therapeutic protocols. While preliminary data is promising, these innovative approaches require thorough validation against current modalities. Ongoing clinical trials are pivotal to confirm the expected clinical benefits and to address safety concerns. This review underscores the need for rigorous research to verify the clinical utility of NET-targeted radiopharmaceuticals, which may redefine precision medicine paradigms and significantly impact patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf A Werner
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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El Ouaridi A, Ait Elcadi Z, Mkimel M, Bougteb M, El Baydaoui R. The detection instrumentation and geometric design of clinical PET scanner: towards better performance and broader clinical applications. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:032002. [PMID: 38412520 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad2d61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful medical imaging modality used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and monitor various clinical diseases in patients. It is more sensitive and produces a highly quantitative mapping of the three-dimensional biodistribution of positron-emitting radiotracers inside the human body. The underlying technology is constantly evolving, and recent advances in detection instrumentation and PET scanner design have significantly improved the medical diagnosis capabilities of this imaging modality, making it more efficient and opening the way to broader, innovative, and promising clinical applications. Some significant achievements related to detection instrumentation include introducing new scintillators and photodetectors as well as developing innovative detector designs and coupling configurations. Other advances in scanner design include moving towards a cylindrical geometry, 3D acquisition mode, and the trend towards a wider axial field of view and a shorter diameter. Further research on PET camera instrumentation and design will be required to advance this technology by improving its performance and extending its clinical applications while optimising radiation dose, image acquisition time, and manufacturing cost. This article comprehensively reviews the various parameters of detection instrumentation and PET system design. Firstly, an overview of the historical innovation of the PET system has been presented, focusing on instrumental technology. Secondly, we have characterised the main performance parameters of current clinical PET and detailed recent instrumental innovations and trends that affect these performances and clinical practice. Finally, prospects for this medical imaging modality are presented and discussed. This overview of the PET system's instrumental parameters enables us to draw solid conclusions on achieving the best possible performance for the different needs of different clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah El Ouaridi
- Hassan First University of Settat, High Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Settat, Morocco
| | - Zakaria Ait Elcadi
- Hassan First University of Settat, High Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Settat, Morocco
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, 23874, Qatar
| | - Mounir Mkimel
- Hassan First University of Settat, High Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Settat, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Bougteb
- Hassan First University of Settat, High Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Settat, Morocco
| | - Redouane El Baydaoui
- Hassan First University of Settat, High Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Settat, Morocco
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Gonzalez AJ, Gonzalez-Montoro A. Developments in Dedicated Prostate PET Instrumentation. PET Clin 2024; 19:49-57. [PMID: 37778967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes the evolution of dedicated prostate PET instrumentation. It starts by introducing prostate cancer, as well as the most common diagnostic and staging methods that are used in the clinics. Then, it describes the key aspects of PET detectors and their assembly in full PET scanners highlighting the most suitable geometries for prostate examination, and a review on the existing prostate dedicated PET. Finally, the next steps for extending the use of PET in the daily diagnose, staging, and image-guided biopsy of patients with prostate cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Gonzalez
- Instituto de Instrumentación para Imagen Molecular (I3M), Centro Mixto CSIC - Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Andrea Gonzalez-Montoro
- Instituto de Instrumentación para Imagen Molecular (I3M), Centro Mixto CSIC - Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
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Pan D, Xu Y, Wang X, Wang L, Yan J, Shi D, Yang M, Chen M. Evaluation the in vivo behaviors of PM 2.5 in rats using noninvasive PET imaging with mimic particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139663. [PMID: 37506893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled PM2.5 particles is harmful to human health. However, real-time tracking of PM2.5 particles and dynamic evaluation of the pharmacokinetic behaviors in vivo are still challenging. Here, PET imaging is utilized to noninvasively monitor the in vivo behavior of PM2.5 particles in rats. To mimic aerosol PM2.5 particles suspended in ambient air, 89Zr-labeled melanin nanoparticles (89Zr-MNP) are nebulized into microscopic liquid particles with a mean size of 2.5 μm. Then, the 89Zr-labeled PM2.5 mimic particles (89Zr-PM2.5) are administrated into rats via inhalation. PET imaging showed that 89Zr-PM2.5 mainly accumulated in the lungs for up to 384 h after administration. Besides, we also observe that a small amount of 89Zr-PM2.5 can penetrate the brain through the inhalation. Further PET imaging showed that enhanced uptakes of 18F-FDG and 18F-DPA-714 were found in the brain of rats upon PM2.5 mimic particle exposure, which revealed that pulmonary exposure to PM2.5 could cause potential damages to the brain. Note that abnormal glucose metabolism was reversed, but the neuroinflammation was permanent and could not be alleviated after ceasing PM2.5 exposure. Our results demonstrate that PET is a sensitive and feasible tool for evaluating the in vivo behaviors of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, National Health Commission, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, National Health Commission, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, National Health Commission, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, National Health Commission, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, National Health Commission, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Dongjian Shi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, National Health Commission, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China.
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Li Y, Zeng X, Goldan AH. Decision Tree-Based Demultiplexing for Prism-PET. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2023; 70:1425-1430. [PMID: 38680514 PMCID: PMC11044823 DOI: 10.1109/tns.2023.3282831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Signal multiplexing is necessary to reduce a large number of readout channels in positron emission tomography (PET) scanners to minimize cost and achieve lower power consumption. However, the conventional weighted average energy method cannot localize the multiplexed events and more sophisticated approaches are necessary for accurate demultiplexing. The purpose of this paper is to propose a non-parametric decision tree model for demultiplexing signals in prismatoid PET (Prism-PET) detector module that consisted of 16 × 16 lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) scintillation crystal array coupled to 8 × 8 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) pixels with 64:16 multiplexed readout. A total of 64 regression trees were trained individually to demultiplex the encoded readouts for each SiPM pixel. The Center of Gravity (CoG) and Truncated Center of Gravity (TCoG) methods were utilized for crystal identification based on the demultiplexed pixels. The flood histogram, energy resolution, and depth-of-interaction (DOI) resolution were measured for comparison using with and without multiplexed readouts. In conclusion, our proposed decision tree model achieved accurate results for signal demultiplexing, and thus maintained the Prism-PET detector module's high spatial and DOI resolution performance while using our unique light-sharing-based multiplexed readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, US
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, NY 10021, US
| | - Xinjie Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, US
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, NY 10021, US
| | - Amir H Goldan
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, NY 10021, US
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Singh MK, Mohan P, Mahajan H, Kaushik C. Technical and clinical assessment of latest technology SiPM integrated digital PETCT scanner. Radiography (Lond) 2023; 29:705-711. [PMID: 37187068 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to conduct a technical and clinical evaluation of a Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) integrated digital Positron Emission Tomography - Computed Tomography (PETCT) Scanner using National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU 2- 2018 standards. METHODS System sensitivity was measured by using a NEMA sensitivity phantom. Scatter fraction, count-rate performance, accuracy of count loss, and timing resolution were all computed. Clinical images were acquired and image quality was assessed and compared with published studies. RESULTS At 1 cm, tangential, radial, and axial spatial resolutions were 3.02 mm, 3.02 mm, and 2.73 mm at full width half maximum (FWHM), respectively. Sensitivity at centre and 10 cm was 10.359 cps/kBq and 9.741 cps/kBq, respectively. The timing resolution was measured at 372 ps. CONCLUSION The digital PETCT exhibits a high-spatial resolution and a superior timing resolution, which advances the diagnostic ability to detect small lesions and boosts the diagnostic confidence. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Increases clinical relevance by improving the ability to detect and differentiate tiny or low-contrast lesions without compromising radiopharmaceutical dose or overall scan time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Singh
- Medikabazaar, Technopolis Knowledge Park, Mumbai, 400093, India
| | - P Mohan
- Mahajan Imaging, Hauz Khas Enclave, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - H Mahajan
- Mahajan Imaging, Hauz Khas Enclave, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - C Kaushik
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, United Kingdom.
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Naunheim S, Kuhl Y, Solf T, Schug D, Schulz V, Mueller F. Analysis of a convex time skew calibration for light sharing-based PET detectors. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68. [PMID: 36595338 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aca872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Positron emission tomography (PET) detectors providing attractive coincidence time resolutions (CTRs) offer time-of-flight information, resulting in an improved signal-to-noise ratio of the PET image. In applications with photosensor arrays that employ timestampers for individual channels, timestamps typically are not time synchronized, introducing time skews due to different signal pathways. The scintillator topology and transportation of the scintillation light might provoke further skews. If not accounted for these effects, the achievable CTR deteriorates. We studied a convex timing calibration based on a matrix equation. In this work, we extended the calibration concept to arbitrary structures targeting different aspects of the time skews and focusing on optimizing the CTR performance for detector characterization. The radiation source distribution, the stability of the estimations, and the energy dependence of calibration data are subject to the analysis.Approach.A coincidence setup, equipped with a semi-monolithic detector comprising 8 LYSO slabs, each 3.9 mm × 31.9 mm × 19.0 mm, and a one-to-one coupled detector with 8 × 8 LYSO segments of 3.9 mm × 3.9 mm × 19.0 mm volume is used. Both scintillators utilize a dSiPM (DPC3200-22-44, Philips Digital Photon Counting) operated in first photon trigger. The calibration was also conducted with solely one-to-one coupled detectors and extrapolated for a slab-only setup.Main results.All analyzed hyperparameters show a strong influence on the calibration. Using multiple radiation positions improved the skew estimation. The statistical significance of the calibration dataset and the utilized energy window was of great importance. Compared to a one-to-one coupled detector pair achieving CTRs of 224 ps the slab detector configuration reached CTRs down to 222 ps, demonstrating that slabs can compete with a clinically used segmented detector design.Significance.This is the first work that systematically studies the influence of hyperparameters on skew estimation and proposes an extension to arbitrary calibration structures (e.g. scintillator volumes) of a known calibration technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Naunheim
- Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging Systems (PMI), Institute for Experimental Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Yannick Kuhl
- Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging Systems (PMI), Institute for Experimental Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Torsten Solf
- Philips Digital Photon Counting, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Schug
- Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging Systems (PMI), Institute for Experimental Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.,Hyperion Hybrid Imaging Systems GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Volkmar Schulz
- Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging Systems (PMI), Institute for Experimental Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.,Hyperion Hybrid Imaging Systems GmbH, Aachen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Aachen, Germany.,Physics Institute III B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Mueller
- Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging Systems (PMI), Institute for Experimental Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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A new brain dedicated PET scanner with 4D detector information. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/bioal-2022-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this article, we present the geometrical design and preliminary results of a high sensitivity organ-specific Positron Emission Tomography (PET) system dedicated to the study of the human brain. The system, called 4D-PET, will allow accurate imaging of brain studies due to its expected high sensitivity, high 3D spatial resolution and, by including precise photon time of flight (TOF) information, a boosted signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
The 4D-PET system incorporates an innovative detector design based on crystal slabs (semi-monolithic) that enables accurate 3D photon impact positioning (including photon Depth of Interaction (DOI) measurement), while providing a precise determination of the photon arrival time to the detector. The detector includes a novel readout system that reduces the number of detector signals in a ratio of 4:1 thus, alleviating complexity and cost. The analog output signals are fed to the TOFPET2 ASIC (PETsys) for scalability purposes.
The present manuscript reports the evaluation of the 4D-PET detector, achieving best values 3D resolution values of <1.6 mm (pixelated axis), 2.7±0.5 mm (monolithic axis) and 3.4±1.1 (DOI axis) mm; 359 ± 7 ps coincidence time resolution (CTR); 10.2±1.5 % energy resolution; and sensitivity of 16.2% at the center of the scanner (simulated). Moreover, a comprehensive description of the 4D-PET architecture (that includes 320 detectors), some pictures of its mechanical assembly, and simulations on the expected image quality are provided.
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