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Remmers JJ, Nielsen CK, Lesmeister DB. Anthropogenic and environmental influences on mammalian alpha and beta diversity in a hardwood forest landscape. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Zamuda KM, Duguid MC, Schmitz OJ. Human land‐use effects on mammalian mesopredator occupancy of a northeastern Connecticut landscape. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9015. [PMID: 35795357 PMCID: PMC9251285 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian mesopredators—mid‐sized carnivores—are ecologically, economically, and socially important. With their adaptability to a variety of habitats and diets, loss of apex predators, and forest regrowth, many of these species are increasing in number throughout the northeastern United States. However, currently the region is seeing extensive landscape alterations, with an increase in residential and industrial development, especially at the expense of existing forest and small‐scale farmland. We sought to understand how important an existing mosaic of working lands (timberland and farmland) in a forested landscape is to mesopredator species. We did this by studying mesopredator occupancy across three land uses (or habitat types): forest reserve (protected), timber harvest (shelterwood cuts), and field (both crop yielding and fallow) in and around a 3200‐ha forest in northeastern Connecticut. We examined coyote (Canis latrans), bobcat (Lynx rufus), fisher (Pekania pennanti), and raccoon (Procyon lotor) occupancy using paired camera traps across juxtaposed reserve, shelterwood, and field units from April 2018 to March 2019. We created a priori habitat variable models for each species and season, as well as analyzed the impact of habitat types on each species. Throughout the year bobcats were positively associated with foliage height diversity and had the highest use in shelterwoods and lowest use in fields. Land use utilization varied seasonally for coyotes and raccoons, with higher use of fields than reserves and shelterwoods for half the year and no difference between land uses and the other half. Both species were not strongly associated with any particular habitat variables. Reserve forest was moderate to highly used by all species for at least half the year, and highly use year‐round by fishers. Our findings reveal that a mosaic of intact forest and working lands, timber harvest, and agriculture can support mesopredator diversity.
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French JT, Silvy NJ, Campbell TA, Tomeček JM. Divergent predator activity muddies the dynamic landscape of fear. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. French
- Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Science Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Nova J. Silvy
- Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Science Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | | | - John M. Tomeček
- Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Science Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
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Silva Rochefort B, Root‐Bernstein M. History of canids in Chile and impacts on prey adaptations. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9892-9903. [PMID: 34367547 PMCID: PMC8328442 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Artiodactyl prey species of Chile, especially guanacos (Lama guanicoe), are reported to be very susceptible to predation by pack-hunting feral dogs. It has been previously suggested that guanacos and endemic South American deer may have evolved in the absence of pack-hunting cursorial predators. However, the paleoecology of canid presence in southern South America and Chile is unclear. Here, we review the literature on South American and Chilean canids, their distributions, ecologies, and hunting behavior. We consider both wild and domestic canids, including Canis familiaris breeds. We establish two known antipredator defense behaviors of guanacos: predator inspection of ambush predators, for example, Puma concolor, and rushing at and kicking smaller cursorial predators, for example, Lycalopex culpaeus. We propose that since the late Pleistocene extinction of hypercarnivorous group-hunting canids east of the Andes, there were no native species creating group-hunting predation pressures on guanacos. Endemic deer of Chile may have never experienced group-hunting selection pressure from native predators. Even hunting dogs (or other canids) used by indigenous groups in the far north and extreme south of Chile (and presumably the center as well) appear to have been used primarily within ambush hunting strategies. This may account for the susceptibility of guanacos and other prey species to feral dog attacks. We detail seven separate hypotheses that require further investigation in order to assess how best to respond to the threat posed by feral dogs to the conservation of native deer and camelids in Chile and other parts of South America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meredith Root‐Bernstein
- Center of Applied Ecology and SustainabilitySantiagoChile
- Institute of Ecology and BiodiversitySantiagoChile
- UMR CESCOCNRSMusée National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
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Abstract
Natural disturbances are an integral part of forested ecosystem function and successional pathways. In many forested ecosystems, wildfires are critical to shaping composition and structure, which, in turn, has major implications for wildlife usage and behavior. In July 2018, a wildfire burned 225 ha of the Altona Flat Rock pine barrens in northern New York. This event presented the opportunity to study how wildlife respond to the immediate effects of disturbance in this unique habitat but also how that response would change through time as regeneration progressed. Game cameras were deployed from September 2018 to September 2020 at two reference (unburned) and two disturbed (burned) sites within the pine barrens. We analyzed total and seasonal occurrences, to determine how usage differed between disturbed and reference conditions, and with time since disturbance. Additionally, for coyote (Canis latrans, Say), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus, Zimmermann), and snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus, Erxleben), we evaluated daily activity patterns and overlap to determine how predator–prey relationships differed between conditions, and with time since disturbance. Over 730 days, a total of 1048 wildlife occurrences were captured across 23 wildlife species. Fifty-seven percent of all occurrences were at reference sites with over 100 more occurrences than at disturbed sites; however, differences were most pronounced immediately following the fire and overall occurrences have grown more similar between the sites over time. Specifically, deer and hare were found more often at reference sites immediately following the fire, but shifted to using both conditions equally by the first growing season. Habitat overlap among sympatric prey (deer, hare) can be explained by understory regeneration increasing foraging opportunities and concealment cover in the disturbed condition, while predators (coyotes) tracked prey availability regardless of the habitat condition. This study provides wildlife management guidance on habitat use and response to disturbance for these unique sandstone pavement barrens.
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Ellington EH, Muntz EM, Gehrt SD. Seasonal and daily shifts in behavior and resource selection: how a carnivore navigates costly landscapes. Oecologia 2020; 194:87-100. [PMID: 32939575 PMCID: PMC7561532 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic environmental conditions in highly seasonal systems likely have a strong influence on how species use the landscape. Animals must balance seasonal and daily changes to landscape risk with the underlying resources provided by that landscape. One way to balance the seasonal and daily changes in the costs and benefits of a landscape is through behaviorally-explicit resource selection and temporal partitioning. Here, we test whether resource selection of coyotes (Canis latrans) in Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Nova Scotia, Canada is behaviorally-explicit and responsive to the daily and seasonal variation to presumed costs and benefits of moving on the landscape. We used GPS data and local convex hulls to estimate space use and Hidden Markov Models to estimate three types of movement behavior: encamped, foraging, and traveling. We then used integrated step-selection analysis to investigate behaviorally explicit resource selection across times of day (diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal) and season (snow-free and snow). We found that throughout the day and seasonally coyotes shifted foraging behavior and altered behavior and resource choices to avoid moving across what we could be a challenging landscape. These changes in behavior suggest that coyotes have a complex response to land cover, terrain, and linear corridors that are not only scale dependent but also vary by behavior, diel period, and season. By examining the resource selection across three axes (behavior, time of day, and season), we have a more nuanced understanding of how a predator balances the cost and benefits of a stochastic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hance Ellington
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, 210 Kottman Hall, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 3401 Experiment Station Road, Ona, FL, 33865, USA.
| | - Erich M Muntz
- Cape Breton Highlands National Park, PO Box 158, Chéticamp, NS, B0E1H0, Canada
| | - Stanley D Gehrt
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, 210 Kottman Hall, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Hardesty-Moore M, Orr D, McCauley DJ. Invasive plant Arundo donax alters habitat use by carnivores. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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8
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Franklin CMA, Macdonald SE, Nielsen SE. Can retention harvests help conserve wildlife? Evidence for vertebrates in the boreal forest. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. A. Franklin
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta 751 General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - S. Ellen Macdonald
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta 751 General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Scott E. Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta 751 General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
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Hinton JW, Heppenheimer E, West KM, Caudill D, Karlin ML, Kilgo JC, Mayer JJ, Miller KV, Walch M, vonHoldt B, Chamberlain MJ. Geographic patterns in morphometric and genetic variation for coyote populations with emphasis on southeastern coyotes. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3389-3404. [PMID: 30962900 PMCID: PMC6434562 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to 1900, coyotes (Canis latrans) were restricted to the western and central regions of North America, but by the early 2000s, coyotes became ubiquitous throughout the eastern United States. Information regarding morphological and genetic structure of coyote populations in the southeastern United States is limited, and where data exist, they are rarely compared to those from other regions of North America. We assessed geographic patterns in morphology and genetics of coyotes with special consideration of coyotes in the southeastern United States. Mean body mass of coyote populations increased along a west-to-east gradient, with southeastern coyotes being intermediate to western and northeastern coyotes. Similarly, principal component analysis of body mass and linear body measurements suggested that southeastern coyotes were intermediate to western and northeastern coyotes in body size but exhibited shorter tails and ears from other populations. Genetic analyses indicated that southeastern coyotes represented a distinct genetic cluster that differentiated strongly from western and northeastern coyotes. We postulate that southeastern coyotes experienced lower immigration from western populations than did northeastern coyotes, and over time, genetically diverged from both western and northeastern populations. Coyotes colonizing eastern North America experienced different selective pressures than did stable populations in the core range, and we offer that the larger body size of eastern coyotes reflects an adaptation that improved dispersal capabilities of individuals in the expanding range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Hinton
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
| | | | | | - Danny Caudill
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation CommissionGainesvilleFlorida
- Present address:
Alaska Department of Fish and GameFairbanksAlaska
| | - Melissa L. Karlin
- Department of Physics and Environmental SciencesSt. Mary's UniversitySan AntonioTexas
| | - John C. Kilgo
- United States Department of AgricultureForest Service Southern Research StationNew EllentonSouth Carolina
| | - John Joseph Mayer
- United States Department of Energy, Environmental Sciences, and BiotechnologySavannah River National LaboratoryAikenSouth Carolina
| | - Karl V. Miller
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
| | | | - Bridgett vonHoldt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey
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Thomas JP, Reid ML, Barclay RM, Jung TS. Salvage logging after an insect outbreak reduces occupancy by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and their primary predators. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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11
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Home range size, vegetation density, and season influences prey use by coyotes (Canis latrans). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203703. [PMID: 30303970 PMCID: PMC6179196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure reproductive success, Canis species establish contiguous mosaics of territories in suitable habitats to partition space and defend limiting resources. Consequently, Canis species can exert strong effects on prey populations locally because of their year-round maintenance of territories. We assessed prey use by coyotes (Canis latrans) by sampling scats from within known territories in southeastern Alabama and the Savannah River area of Georgia and South Carolina. We accounted for the size and habitat composition of coyote home ranges to investigate the influence of space use, vegetation density, and habitat type on coyote diets. Coyote use of prey was influenced by a combination of mean monthly temperature, home range size, vegetation density, and hardwood forests. For example, coyote use of adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was associated with cooler months and smaller home ranges, whereas use of rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.) was associated with cooler months, larger home ranges, and less vegetation density. Coyotes in our study relied primarily on nutritionally superior mammalian prey and supplemented their diet with fruit when available, as their use of mammalian prey did not appreciably decrease with increasing use of fruit. We suggest that differential use of prey by coyotes is influenced by habitat heterogeneity within their home ranges, and prey-switching behaviors may stabilize local interactions between coyotes and their food resources to permit stable year-round territories. Given that habitat composition affects coyote prey use, future studies should also incorporate effects of habitat composition on coyote distribution and abundance to further identify coyote influences on prey communities.
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Examining spatial patterns of selection and use for an altered predator guild. Oecologia 2017; 185:725-735. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pozzanghera C, Sivy K, Lindberg M, Prugh L. Variable effects of snow conditions across boreal mesocarnivore species. CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesocarnivores are increasingly recognized as key drivers of community dynamics, but the effects of bottom-up and abiotic factors on mesocarnivore populations remain poorly understood. We evaluated the effects of snow conditions, prey abundance, and habitat type on the distribution of five sympatric mesocarnivore species in interior Alaska using repeated snow-track surveys and occupancy modelling. Snow depth and snow compaction were the best predictors of mesocarnivore occupancy, with differential effects across species. Coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)) occurred in areas of shallow, compact snow; Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792) occurred in areas of shallow, fluffy snow; and wolverines (Gulo gulo (L., 1758)) and marten (Martes americana (Turton, 1806)) occurred in areas of deep, fluffy snow. These findings indicate that altered snow conditions due to climate change may have strong direct effects on the distribution of northern mesocarnivores, with divergent effects across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.B. Pozzanghera
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Biology and Wildlife, P.O. Box 756100, Fairbanks, Alaska; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, AK 99775-7000, USA
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Biology and Wildlife, P.O. Box 756100, Fairbanks, Alaska; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, AK 99775-7000, USA
| | - K.J. Sivy
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Biology and Wildlife, P.O. Box 756100, Fairbanks, Alaska; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, AK 99775-7000, USA
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Biology and Wildlife, P.O. Box 756100, Fairbanks, Alaska; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, AK 99775-7000, USA
| | - M.S. Lindberg
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Biology and Wildlife, P.O. Box 756100, Fairbanks, Alaska; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, AK 99775-7000, USA
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Biology and Wildlife, P.O. Box 756100, Fairbanks, Alaska; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, AK 99775-7000, USA
| | - L.R. Prugh
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Biology and Wildlife, P.O. Box 756100, Fairbanks, Alaska; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, AK 99775-7000, USA
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Biology and Wildlife, P.O. Box 756100, Fairbanks, Alaska; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, AK 99775-7000, USA
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Godbout G, Ouellet JP. Fine-scale habitat selection of American marten at the southern fringe of the boreal forest. ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/17-2-3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lesmeister DB, Nielsen CK, Schauber EM, Hellgren EC. Spatial and temporal structure of a mesocarnivore guild in midwestern north America. WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damon B. Lesmeister
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology; Center for Ecology; Southern Illinois University; 251 Life Science II Carbondale IL 62901 USA
| | - Clayton K. Nielsen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology; Center for Ecology; Southern Illinois University; 251 Life Science II Carbondale IL 62901 USA
| | - Eric M. Schauber
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology; Center for Ecology; Southern Illinois University; 251 Life Science II Carbondale IL 62901 USA
| | - Eric C. Hellgren
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology; Center for Ecology; Southern Illinois University; 251 Life Science II Carbondale IL 62901 USA
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Bowler B, Krebs C, O'Donoghue M, Hone J. Climatic amplification of the numerical response of a predator population to its prey. Ecology 2014; 95:1153-61. [PMID: 25000747 DOI: 10.1890/13-0848.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated evidence of an effect of climate on the numerical response of a coyote (Canis latrans) population to their keystone prey, snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), in a Canadian boreal forest. Six a priori hypotheses of the coyote numerical response were developed that postulated linear, nonlinear, additive, and interactive effects of prey and climate. Model selection procedures showed the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) had the strongest effect on the coyote numerical response via its interaction with snowshoe hare density, while other large-scale climate indices had very weak effects. For a given snowshoe hare density, a negative value of the NAO amplified the abundance of coyote and a positive NAO decreased coyote abundance. We hypothesize that the coyote numerical response is ultimately determined by the coyote functional response influenced by winter conditions determined by the NAO.
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Winter space use of coyotes in high-elevation environments: behavioral adaptations to deep-snow landscapes. J ETHOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-013-0390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Group hunting within the Carnivora: physiological, cognitive and environmental influences on strategy and cooperation. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-012-1423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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GORINI L, LINNELL JDC, MAY R, PANZACCHI M, BOITANI L, ODDEN M, NILSEN EB. Habitat heterogeneity and mammalian predator-prey interactions. Mamm Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mabille G, Descamps S, Berteaux D. Predation as a probable mechanism relating winter weather to population dynamics in a North American porcupine population. POPUL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-010-0198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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