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Zhou G, Li Y, Jeang B, Wang X, Cummings RF, Zhong D, Yan G. Emerging Mosquito Resistance to Piperonyl Butoxide-Synergized Pyrethroid Insecticide and Its Mechanism. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:638-647. [PMID: 35050361 PMCID: PMC8924976 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Piperonyl butoxide (PBO)-synergized pyrethroid products are widely available for the control of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. To date, no study has examined mosquito resistance after pre-exposure to PBO and subsequent enzymatic activity when exposed to PBO-synergized insecticides. We used Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), an important vector of arboviruses and lymphatic filariasis, as a model to examine the insecticide resistance mechanisms of mosquitoes to PBO-synergized pyrethroid using modified World Health Organization tube bioassays and biochemical analysis of metabolic enzyme expressions pre- and post-PBO exposure. Mosquito eggs and larvae were collected from three cities in Orange County in July 2020 and reared in insectary, and F0 adults were used in this study. A JHB susceptible strain was used as a control. Mosquito mortalities and metabolic enzyme expressions were examined in mosquitoes with/without pre-exposure to different PBO concentrations and exposure durations. Except for malathion, wild strain Cx quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were resistant to all insecticides tested, including PBO-synergized pyrethroids (mortality range 3.7 ± 4.7% to 66.7 ± 7.7%). Wild strain mosquitoes had elevated levels of carboxylesterase (COE, 3.8-fold) and monooxygenase (P450, 2.1-fold) but not glutathione S-transferase (GST) compared to susceptible mosquitoes. When wild strain mosquitoes were pre-exposed to 4% PBO, the 50% lethal concentration of deltamethrin was reduced from 0.22% to 0.10%, compared to 0.02% for a susceptible strain. The knockdown resistance gene mutation (L1014F) rate was 62% in wild strain mosquitoes. PBO pre-exposure suppressed P450 enzyme expression levels by 25~34% and GST by 11%, but had no impact on COE enzyme expression. Even with an optimal PBO concentration (7%) and exposure duration (3h), wild strain mosquitoes had significantly higher P450 enzyme expression levels after PBO exposure compared to the susceptible laboratory strain. These results further demonstrate other studies that PBO alone may not be enough to control highly pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes due to multiple resistance mechanisms. Mosquito resistance to PBO-synergized insecticide should be closely monitored through a routine resistance management program for effective control of mosquitoes and the pathogens they transmit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yiji Li
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brook Jeang
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert F Cummings
- Orange County Mosquito and Vector Control District, Garden Grove, CA, USA
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Jiang Y, Bartz CE, Baker JK. Efficacy of Residual Pesticide-Treated Plant Saucers Against Aedes albopictus Larvae Under Semi-Field and Field Conditions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2020; 36:123-126. [PMID: 33647131 DOI: 10.2987/20-6932.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant saucers are ubiquitous, outdoor water-holding receptacles and are one of the most productive domestic mosquito habitats in the urban environment. Two kinds of commonly used plant saucers, clay and plastic, were manually treated with 3 residual insecticides, bifenthrin (Talstar® Professional), lambda-cyhalothrin (Lambda 9.7 CS), and tau-fluvalinate (Mavrik® Perimeter), at their maximum rates to assess their residual efficacy against Aedes albopictus larvae under semi-field and field conditions. Both clay and plastic saucers treated with bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin provided weeks of control of 3rd instars of Ae. albopictus, whereas tau-fluvalinate provided only 1 day of control. Results from this study show that bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin can provide good control of Ae. albopictus larvae for a considerable period of time and have great potential with regard to container mosquito management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Jiang
- Gainesville Mosquito Control Services, Gainesville, FL 32609
| | - Cason E Bartz
- Gainesville Mosquito Control Services, Gainesville, FL 32609
| | - Justin K Baker
- Gainesville Mosquito Control Services, Gainesville, FL 32609
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Clifton ME, Xamplas CP, Nasci RS, Harbison J. Gravid Culex pipiens Exhibit A Reduced Susceptibility to Ultra-Low Volume Adult Control Treatments Under Field Conditions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2019; 35:267-278. [PMID: 31922942 DOI: 10.2987/19-6848.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In July and August of 2018, a field trial was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District's operational ultra-low volume (ULV) adulticide program. Two study sites were selected in Skokie, IL, and treated by truck-based ULV with d-phenothrin and prallethrin synergized with piperonyl butoxide over the course of a month. Natural mosquito populations were sampled via Biogents (BG)-counter baited with CO2 or Alfalfa infusion. The results from this study demonstrate that host-seeking mosquitoes were reduced by 65.3% after ULV treatment while gravid mosquitoes were reduced by only 29.2%. In addition, host-seeking mosquitoes rebounded dramatically (303.1%) 3 days posttreatment while gravid mosquitoes did not (5.7%). Based on the differential effect between gravid and host-seeking mosquitoes, we concluded that the gonotrophic cycle and timing of ULV adulticide operations are important factors affecting the resistance of West Nile virus vectors to pyrethroid exposures.
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Dye-Braumuller KC, Haynes KF, Brown GC. Quantitative Analysis of Aedes albopictus Movement Behavior Following Sublethal Exposure To Prallethrin. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2017; 33:282-292. [PMID: 29369017 DOI: 10.2987/17-6673.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pyrethroid prallethrin, an AI in DUET™ (Clarke Mosquito Control, St. Charles, IL), is widely marketed ultra-low volume (ULV) mosquito adulticide. Volatilized prallethrin is intended to stimulate mosquito flight, increasing its adulticide effectiveness. However, field tests using volatilized prallethrin have not produced significant differences in mosquito trap catches, leading to questions regarding prallethrin's behavioral impact efficacy. Thus, we conducted laboratory tests of prallethrin's effect on flight behavior of adult female Asian tiger mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus. Mosquitoes were divided into 3 groups: untreated control, exposed to volatilized prallethrin, and exposed to a liquid spray calibrated to simulate a ULV application at label rates. After exposure, mosquito behavior in an airstream of 0.5 m/sec was recorded and analyzed using motion-tracking software. No significant differences in flight behavior were found between the control and treated mosquitoes exposed to volatilized prallethrin. The ULV-sprayed mosquitoes exhibited a significant increase in the number of flight events, the turning frequency, overall movement speed, and flight speed compared to the control-a significant difference in locomotor stimulation response that would increase exposure to a ULV spray cloud. However, our results showed that volatilization alone was insufficient to increase ULV efficacy in the field and suggested that incorporating a more volatile flight stimulant into ULV adulticides would provide a measurable improvement in mosquito control.
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Zhu L, Müller GC, Marshall JM, Arheart KL, Qualls WA, Hlaing WM, Schlein Y, Traore SF, Doumbia S, Beier JC. Is outdoor vector control needed for malaria elimination? An individual-based modelling study. Malar J 2017; 16:266. [PMID: 28673298 PMCID: PMC5496196 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Residual malaria transmission has been reported in many areas even with adequate indoor vector control coverage, such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). The increased insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes has resulted in reduced efficacy of the widely used indoor tools and has been linked with an increase in outdoor malaria transmission. There are considerations of incorporating outdoor interventions into integrated vector management (IVM) to achieve malaria elimination; however, more information on the combination of tools for effective control is needed to determine their utilization. Methods A spatial individual-based model was modified to simulate the environment and malaria transmission activities in a hypothetical, isolated African village setting. LLINs and outdoor attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) stations were used as examples of indoor and outdoor interventions, respectively. Different interventions and lengths of efficacy periods were tested. Simulations continued for 420 days, and each simulation scenario was repeated 50 times. Mosquito populations, entomologic inoculation rates (EIRs), probabilities of local mosquito extinction, and proportion of time when the annual EIR was reduced below one were compared between different intervention types and efficacy periods. Results In the village setting with clustered houses, the combinational intervention of 50% LLINs plus outdoor ATSBs significantly reduced mosquito population and EIR in short term, increased the probability of local mosquito extinction, and increased the time when annual EIR is less than one per person compared to 50% LLINs alone; outdoor ATSBs alone significantly reduced mosquito population in short term, increased the probability of mosquito extinction, and increased the time when annual EIR is less than one compared to 50% LLINs alone, but there was no significant difference in EIR in short term between 50% LLINs and outdoor ATSBs. In the village setting with dispersed houses, the combinational intervention of 50% LLINs plus outdoor ATSBs significantly reduced mosquito population in short term, increased the probability of mosquito extinction, and increased the time when annual EIR is less than one per person compared to 50% LLINs alone; outdoor ATSBs alone significantly reduced mosquito population in short term, but there were no significant difference in the probability of mosquito extinction and the time when annual EIR is less than one between 50% LLIN and outdoor ATSBs; and there was no significant difference in EIR between all three interventions. A minimum of 2 months of efficacy period is needed to bring out the best possible effect of the vector control tools, and to achieve long-term mosquito reduction, a minimum of 3 months of efficacy period is needed. Conclusions The results highlight the value of incorporating outdoor vector control into IVM as a supplement to traditional indoor practices for malaria elimination in Africa, especially in village settings of clustered houses where LLINs alone is far from sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Günter C Müller
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Bamako, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - John M Marshall
- Divisions of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kristopher L Arheart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Whitney A Qualls
- Zoonosis Control Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX, USA
| | - WayWay M Hlaing
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yosef Schlein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sekou F Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Bamako, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Bamako, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - John C Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Fulcher A, Farooq M, Richardson AG, Smith ML, Scott JM, Gaines MK, Xue RD. Characteristics and Efficacy of Three Commercial Handheld Thermal Foggers with Pyrethroid Insecticides Against Three Species of Mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2016; 32:44-50. [PMID: 27105215 DOI: 10.2987/8756-971x-32.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The field study's objectives were to compare the physical characteristics as well as efficacy with multiple insecticides for Bonide(®) Fog Rx Insect Fogger, Black Flag(®) Propane Insect Fogger, and Burgess(®) Outdoor Propane Insect Fogger. Evaluations were conducted with 7 machine chemical combinations, 3 depths of spray, and 3 species of laboratory-reared mosquitoes, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti. Combinations of these factors were analyzed in conjunction with environmental parameters. Data showed statistical significance between all machines. The Bonide machine maintained integrity and durability for the longest period of time compared with the other 2 machines. When evaluating the 3 machines with DUET™, mortality was highest with the Bonide and lowest with the Burgess machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fulcher
- 1 Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 500 Old Beach Road, St. Augustine, FL 32080
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- 2 Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, Naval Air Station PO Box 43,, Jacksonville, FL 32212
| | - Alec G Richardson
- 2 Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, Naval Air Station PO Box 43,, Jacksonville, FL 32212
| | - Michael L Smith
- 1 Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 500 Old Beach Road, St. Augustine, FL 32080
| | - Jodi M Scott
- 1 Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 500 Old Beach Road, St. Augustine, FL 32080
| | - Marcia K Gaines
- 1 Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 500 Old Beach Road, St. Augustine, FL 32080
| | - Rui-De Xue
- 1 Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 500 Old Beach Road, St. Augustine, FL 32080
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