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Ahebwa A, Hii J, Neoh KB, Leepasert T, Chareonviriyaphap T. Effects of transfluthrin-treated jute and cotton clothing against resistant and susceptible Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in a semifield system. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:181-190. [PMID: 37936536 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile pyrethroids exert a range of both lethal and behavioral effects on mosquitoes through the passive release of insecticides into the atmosphere. We investigated the protective efficacy (PE) of transfluthrin-treated jute (TI-jute) and cotton (TI-cotton) fabrics, worn at the back of a protective black vest, against laboratory-reared pyrethroid susceptible and resistant strains of Aedes aegypti (L.) in a semifield system (SFS). Each fabric (1,029 cm2) was treated with 1.79 mg/cm2 of transfluthrin as the intervention. Human landing collections were conducted by 2 collectors seated in designated treatment and control compartments of the SFS. The trials were conducted for 41 days, with 16 days partitioned into morning and evening phases. Furthermore, we examined blood feeding behavior and fecundity of the surviving mosquitoes post-exposure. Results showed that in the morning, the PE of TI-jute (49.4%) was higher than that of TI-cotton (36.8%). TI-jute demonstrated a lower PE of 9.6% against the transfluthrin-resistant strain. Remarkably, a significantly higher number of eggs were laid by the transfluthrin-resistant mosquitoes that survived the intervention (36.5 eggs/female) compared to the control group (11.8 eggs/female). These findings suggest that TI-jute can help protect against bites and alter the life traits of Ae. aegypti. The study highlights that the timing of the intervention during the day affected the efficacy of TI-jute and TI-cotton, while sublethal exposure to transfluthrin stimulated egg production in the resistant strain. These are critical challenges that warrant attention in vector control strategies. Investigating this phenomenon in mosquito reproduction necessitates future research at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ahebwa
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey Hii
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, North Queensland, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Theerachart Leepasert
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Lopez K, Irwin P, Bron GM, Paskewitz S, Bartholomay L. Ultra-low volume (ULV) adulticide treatment impacts age structure of Culex species (Diptera: Culicidae) in a West Nile virus hotspot. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1108-1116. [PMID: 37473814 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) invaded the continental United States over 20 years ago and continues to cause yearly seasonal outbreaks of human and veterinary disease. In the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, ultra-low volume (ULV) truck-mounted adulticide spraying frequently is performed to reduce populations of Culex restuans Theobald and Cx. pipiens L. mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in an effort to lower the risk of WNV transmission. The effectiveness of this control method has not been rigorously evaluated, and evidence for Culex population reduction after ULV adulticide spraying has been inconclusive. Therefore, we evaluated the results of 5 sequential weekly truck-mounted adulticide applications of Zenivex® E20 (etofenprox) in 2 paired sites located in Cook County, IL, during the summer of 2018. Mosquito population abundance, age structure, and WNV infection prevalence were monitored and compared between paired treatment and nearby control sites. Adulticide treatment did not result in consistent short-term or long-term reductions in target WNV vector Culex abundance. However, there was a significant increase in the proportion of nulliparous females in the treated sites compared to control sites and a decrease in Cx. pipiens WNV infection rates at one of the treated sites. This evidence that ULV adulticide spraying altered the age structure and WNV infection prevalence in a vector population has important implications for WNV transmission risk management. Our findings also underscore the importance of measuring these important indicators in addition to abundance metrics when evaluating the efficacy of control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lopez
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Patrick Irwin
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Northwest Mosquito Abatement District, Wheeling, IL, USA
| | - Gebienna M Bron
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Animal Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NL, USA
| | - Susan Paskewitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lyric Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Zahouli JZB, Dibo JD, Diakaridia F, Yao LVA, Souza SD, Horstmann S, Koudou BG. Semi-field evaluation of the space spray efficacy of Fludora Co-Max EW against wild insecticide-resistant Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito populations from Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:47. [PMID: 36732832 PMCID: PMC9893543 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Space spraying of insecticides is still an important means of controlling Aedes and Culex mosquitoes and arboviral diseases. This study evaluated the space spray efficacy of Fludora Co-Max EW, (water-based insecticide space spray combining flupyradifurone and transfluthrin with film forming aqueous spray technology (FFAST)), against wild insecticide-resistant Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, compared with K-Othrine EC (deltamethrin-only product), in small-scale field trials. METHODS Wild Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae were collected in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire from August to December 2020. Mosquito larvae were reared in the laboratory until the adult stage. Fludora Co-Max EW and K-Othrine EC were tested against emerged adult females (F0 generation) using ultra-low volume cold fogging (ULV) and thermal fogging (TF) delivery technology, both outdoors and indoors in Agboville, Côte d'Ivoire. Specifically, cages containing 20 mosquitoes each were placed at distances of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 m from the spraying line for outdoor spraying, and at ceiling, mid-height and floor levels for indoor house spraying. Knockdown and mortality were recorded at each checkpoint and compared by treatments. RESULTS Overall, Fludora Co-Max EW induced significantly higher knockdown and mortality effects in the wild insecticide-resistant Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus compared with K-Othrine EC. In both species, mortality rates with Fludora Co-Max EW were > 80% (up to 100%) with the ULV spray outdoors at each distance checkpoint (i.e. 10-100 m), and 100% with the ULV and TF sprays indoors at all checkpoints (i.e. ceiling, mid-height and floor). K-Othrine EC induced high mortality indoors (97.9-100%), whereas mortality outdoors rapidly declined in Ae. aegypti from 96.7% (10 m) to 36.7% (100 m) with the ULV spray, and from 85.0% (10 m) to 38.3% (100 m) with the TF spray. Fludora Co-Max EW spray applied as ULV spray outdoors had higher knockdown and higher killing effects on Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus than when applied as TF spray. Fludora Co-Max EW performed better against Cx. quinquefasciatus than against Ae. aegypti. CONCLUSIONS Fludora Co-Max EW induced high mortality and knockdown effects against wild insecticide-resistant Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus Abidjan strains and performed better than K-Othrine EC. The presence of flupyradifurone and transfluthrin (with new and independent modes of action) and FFAST technology in the current Fludora Co-Max EW formulation appears to have broadened its killing capacity. Fludora Co-Max EW is thus an effective adulticide and may be a useful tool for Aedes and Culex mosquito and arbovirus control in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Z. B. Zahouli
- grid.462846.a0000 0001 0697 1172Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire ,grid.449926.40000 0001 0118 0881Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jean-Denis Dibo
- grid.462846.a0000 0001 0697 1172Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire ,grid.452889.a0000 0004 0450 4820Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui-Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Fofana Diakaridia
- grid.512166.70000 0004 0382 3934Institut National d’Hygiène Publique, Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Laurence V. A. Yao
- grid.462846.a0000 0001 0697 1172Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Sarah D. Souza
- Envu, 2022 Environmental Science FR S.A.S., France, Lyon, France
| | | | - Benjamin G. Koudou
- grid.462846.a0000 0001 0697 1172Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire ,grid.452889.a0000 0004 0450 4820Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui-Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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Saadatian-Elahi M, Alexander N, Möhlmann T, Langlois-Jacques C, Suer R, Ahmad NW, Mudin RN, Ariffin FD, Baur F, Schmitt F, Richardson JH, Rabilloud M, Hamid NA. Measuring the effectiveness of integrated vector management with targeted outdoor residual spraying and autodissemination devices on the incidence of dengue in urban Malaysia in the iDEM trial (intervention for Dengue Epidemiology in Malaysia): study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:374. [PMID: 34053466 PMCID: PMC8166066 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In common with many South East Asian countries, Malaysia is endemic for dengue. Dengue control in Malaysia is currently based on reactive vector management within 24 h of a dengue case being reported. Preventive rather than reactive vector control approaches, with combined interventions, are expected to improve the cost-effectiveness of dengue control programs. The principal objective of this cluster randomized controlled trial is to quantify the effectiveness of a preventive integrated vector management (IVM) strategy on the incidence of dengue as compared to routine vector control efforts. Methods The trial is conducted in randomly allocated clusters of low- and medium-cost housing located in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. The IVM approach combines: targeted outdoor residual spraying with K-Othrine Polyzone, deployment of mosquito traps as auto-dissemination devices, and community engagement activities. The trial includes 300 clusters randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio. The clusters receive either the preventive IVM in addition to the routine vector control activities or the routine vector control activities only. Epidemiological data from monthly confirmed dengue cases during the study period will be obtained from the Vector Borne Disease Sector, Malaysian Ministry of Health e-Dengue surveillance system. Entomological surveillance data will be collected in 12 clusters randomly selected from each arm. To measure the effectiveness of the IVM approach on dengue incidence, a negative binomial regression model will be used to compare the incidence between control and intervention clusters. To quantify the effect of the interventions on the main entomological outcome, ovitrap index, a modified ordinary least squares regression model using a robust standard error estimator will be used. Discussion Considering the ongoing expansion of dengue burden in Malaysia, setting up proactive control strategies is critical. Despite some limitations of the trial such as the use of passive surveillance to identify cases, the results will be informative for a better understanding of effectiveness of proactive IVM approach in the control of dengue. Evidence from this trial may help justify investment in preventive IVM approaches as preferred to reactive case management strategies. Trial registration ISRCTN ISRCTN81915073. Retrospectively registered on 17 April 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05298-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Saadatian-Elahi
- Service Hygiène, Epidémiologie, Infection, Vigilance et Prévention, Centre Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France. .,CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Equipe Laboratoire des Pathogènes Emergents), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Neal Alexander
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Tim Möhlmann
- In2Care B.V., Marijkeweg 22, 6709PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carole Langlois-Jacques
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle Santé Publique, Service de Biostatistique et Bioinformatique, F-69003, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Équipe Biostatistique-Santé, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Remco Suer
- In2Care B.V., Marijkeweg 22, 6709PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nazni Wasi Ahmad
- Medical Entomology Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, National Institutes of Health, Block C, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Rose Nani Mudin
- Vector Borne Disease Sector, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Level 4, Block E10, Complex E, Federal Government Administrative Center, 62590, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Farah Diana Ariffin
- Medical Entomology Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, National Institutes of Health, Block C, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Frederic Baur
- Bayer S.A.S, Environnemental Science, Crop Science Division, 16 rue Jean Marie Leclair, 69266, Lyon, Cedex 09, France
| | - Frederic Schmitt
- Bayer S.A.S, Environnemental Science, Crop Science Division, 16 rue Jean Marie Leclair, 69266, Lyon, Cedex 09, France
| | - Jason H Richardson
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Muriel Rabilloud
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle Santé Publique, Service de Biostatistique et Bioinformatique, F-69003, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Équipe Biostatistique-Santé, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nurulhusna Ab Hamid
- Medical Entomology Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, National Institutes of Health, Block C, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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Farooq M, Cilek JE, Sumners E, Briley AKC, Weston J, Richardson AG, Lindroth EJ. Potential of Outdoor Ultra-Low-Volume Aerosol and Thermal Fog to Suppress the Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti, Inside Dwellings. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2020; 36:189-196. [PMID: 33600591 DOI: 10.2987/20-6922.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A field study investigated penetration of outdoor ground ultra-low-volume (ULV) aerosol and thermal fog adulticide applications into a dwelling to control the dengue vector Aedes aegypti (L). Four applications of Kontrol 4-4 (4.6% permethrin active ingredient [AI], 4.6% piperonyl butoxide) at the maximum label rate were made at 25-30 m in front of a house at Camp Blanding Joint Training Center, Starke, FL, during summer 2016. The ULV sprayer and thermal fogger nozzles were oriented horizontally, and vehicle travel speeds were 16 and 24 km/h, respectively. All doors and windows of the house were left open. Spray efficacy was assessed using caged female mosquitoes positioned 30 cm above ground, outside and inside of the house. Interior cages were placed in open areas and cryptic sites (i.e., in a closet or cardboard box). A spinner holding 2 rods sized 3 mm × 75 mm was deployed next to each cage (except cryptic sites) to sample droplets and to quantify AI deposition. Thirty minutes after application, cages were removed, slides collected, and mosquitoes transferred to clean cages in the laboratory where mortality was assessed at 24 h posttreatment. The ULV application to the south side of the house produced 100% mortality in outdoor and indoor cages and 24% mortality at cryptic sites. Similarly applied thermal fog resulted in 85% mortality outdoors, 34% indoors, and only 4% in cages at cryptic sites. Application of either method from the west resulted in 19-61% mortality outdoors and 0.5-6.5% indoors. Droplet volume median diameter (Dv0.5) on rods from the ULV application was significantly larger compared with the thermal fogger outdoors, but similar indoors. Outdoors and indoors, the AI deposition from ULV was significantly higher than from thermal fog. Our results show the potential for controlling dengue vectors inside houses with outdoor ground ULV applications in areas where doors and windows are left open for ventilation.
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Hustedt JC, Boyce R, Bradley J, Hii J, Alexander N. Use of pyriproxyfen in control of Aedes mosquitoes: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008205. [PMID: 32530915 PMCID: PMC7314096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is the most rapidly spreading arboviral disease in the world. The current lack of fully protective vaccines and clinical therapeutics creates an urgent need to identify more effective means of controlling Aedes mosquitos, principally Aedes aegypti, as the main vector of dengue. Pyriproxyfen (PPF) is an increasingly used hormone analogue that prevents juvenile Aedes mosquitoes from becoming adults and being incapable of transmitting dengue. The objectives of the review were to (1) Determine the effect of PPF on endpoints including percentage inhibition of emergence to adulthood, larval mortality, and resistance ratios; and (2) Determine the different uses, strengths, and limitations of PPF in control of Aedes. A systematic search was applied to Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS, Global Health, and the Cochrane database of Systematic Reviews. Out of 1,369 records, 90 studies met the inclusion criteria. Nearly all fit in one of the following four categories 1) Efficacy of granules, 2) Auto-dissemination/horizontal transfer, 3) use of ultra-low volume thermal fogging (ULV), thermal fogging (TF), or fumigant technologies, and 4) assessing mosquito resistance. PPF granules had consistently efficacious results of 90-100% inhibition of emergence for up to 90 days. The evidence is less robust but promising regarding PPF dust for auto-dissemination and the use of PPF in ULV, TF and fumigants. Several studies also found that while mosquito populations were still susceptible to PPF, the lethal concentrations increased among temephos-resistant mosquitoes compared to reference strains. The evidence is strong that PPF does increase immature mortality and adult inhibition in settings represented in the included studies, however future research should focus on areas where there is less evidence (e.g. auto-dissemination, sprays) and new use cases for PPF. A better understanding of the biological mechanisms of cross-resistance between PPF, temephos, and other insecticides will allow control programs to make better informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Christian Hustedt
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Epidemiology Department, Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Boyce
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John Bradley
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Hii
- Epidemiology Department, Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neal Alexander
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Ishak H, Aisyah AS, Mallongi A, Astuti RDP. Risk factors and fogging effectiveness of dengue hemorrhagic fever incidence in the Pontap Public Health Center area in Palopo City, Indonesia. ENFERMERIA CLINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Britch SC, Linthicum KJ, Aldridge RL, Breidenbaugh MS, Latham MD, Connelly PH, Rush MJE, Remmers JL, Kerce JD, Silcox CA. Aerial ULV control of Aedes aegypti with naled (Dibrom) inside simulated rural village and urban cryptic habitats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191555. [PMID: 29352307 PMCID: PMC5774805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted aerial fixed wing ultra low volume (ULV) spray trials with naled to investigate penetration of exposed and simulated cryptic habitat within opened buildings, partially sealed buildings, and outdoor locations targeting sentinel adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in north central Florida. Mortality was observed in open and closed buildings and outdoors, even in mosquitoes placed in cryptic habitats. Observations on the impact of building type, mosquito exposure method such as placement in cryptic habitat, and spray nozzle size on mosquito mortality are described and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth C. Britch
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, & Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J. Linthicum
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, & Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Aldridge
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, & Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Breidenbaugh
- 910 Airlift Wing, 757 Airlift Squadron, Aerial Spray Branch, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Latham
- Manatee County Mosquito Control District, West Palmetto, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter H. Connelly
- AMVAC Environmental Products, Newport Beach, California, United States of America
| | - Mattie J. E. Rush
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, & Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Remmers
- 910 Airlift Wing, 757 Airlift Squadron, Aerial Spray Branch, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jerry D. Kerce
- Camp Blanding Joint Training Center, Starke, Florida, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Silcox
- AMVAC Environmental Products, Newport Beach, California, United States of America
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