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Arumugam G, Saravu K, Kotthapalli P, Nallapati VT, Bhat P, Achari M, Kulal N, Ananganallur Nagarajan S, S L H, Kumar A. Mosquito prevalence, resting habitat preference, and Plasmodium infection status of anophelines in coastal Karnataka during the declining phase of malaria-an exploratory study. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:308. [PMID: 39172181 PMCID: PMC11341726 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Malaria has a historical presence in the Dakshina Kannada (D.K.) and Udupi districts of Karnataka, India. To understand the potential involvement of anopheline fauna in malaria transmission, we conducted an exploratory entomological survey. The study is crucial given the decreasing malaria incidence in these districts in recent years. From September 2022 to August 2023, we collected indoor resting mosquitoes using a manual aspirator at 27 randomly chosen sites within three distinct resting habitats (human dwellings, cattle sheds, and construction sites) in the urban areas of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts. Mosquitoes were morphologically identified, and anopheline specimens were tested for the presence of malarial parasite by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. We collected a total of 1810 mosquitoes, comprising 21 species distributed across five genera. Culex emerged as the predominant genus, constituting 84.4% of the collected specimens, while Anopheles accounted for 5.4%. Among the observed species, Culex quinquefasciatus was predominant, comprising 77.9% of the mosquito specimens collected in this study. Two malaria vectors, An. stephensi and An. subpictus complex, constituted 16.3% and 1.0% of the total anophelines collected, respectively. None of the 96 female anophelines was tested positive for Plasmodium infection. Our findings suggest that Anopheles mosquitoes prefer resting in cattle sheds over human dwellings. While our study identified two malaria vectors, they were present at low densities. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of these vector mosquitoes, it is essential to conduct long-term surveillance to monitor their prevalence and role in malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowthami Arumugam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Kavitha Saravu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104.
| | - Prashanth Kotthapalli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Vishnu Teja Nallapati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Prashanth Bhat
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Karnataka, Udupi District, India
| | - Muktha Achari
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Karnataka, Udupi District, India
| | - Naveenchandra Kulal
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Karnataka, Dakshina Kannada District, India
| | | | - Hoti S L
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
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Obi OA, Adebote DA, Nock IH, Josiah JG. Ecology of Aedes vittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in rock pools across agroecosystem in Northern Savanna, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 2022; 59:265-274. [PMID: 36511044 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.342395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES This study focuses on modulating dexterity of some ecological variables of Aedes vittatus classically breeding in rocky habitats. The study provides a useful insight into ecological variables that underpin or hinder profuse breeding of Ae. vittatus in rock pools and its probable role in disease transmission. METHODS HANNA HI98129 pH/EC/TDS/TEMP meter was used in situ while standard protocols were used to determine other hydro-chemical variables. Aedes vittatus larvae were obtained with soup ladle and modified ladle dippers. D-frame net was used to capture macroinvertebrates while plankton net was used to obtain samples of microalgae. Tadpoles and water turtles were collected with fine mesh invertebrate net. Macrophytes were uprooted and identified at the Herbarium Unit, Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The influence of physicochemical variables was correlated with distribution of Ae. vittatus using Principal Component Analysis. Regression and ANOVA were used to test for association between predictor variables and mosquito abundance and for the difference amongst inselbergs. RESULTS Linear larval density of Ae. vittatus in rock pools which tapered across Guinea savanna were obtained from twenty-one sites with average density of 139.6 in Sudan savanna. Guinea savanna had an average larval density of 75.5 with lower subsets of moving average densities compared to Sudan savanna. One hundred and sixty-one aquatic insects belonging to four insect orders cohabited rock pools with Ae. vittatus. Toads and frogs' tadpoles were of Bufonidae and Pyxicephalidae families while water turtles belong to Emydidae. pH, TDS (ppm), EC (μs/cm) and alkalinity (mg/l) differed significantly (p<0.05) with the abundance of Ae. vittatus in rock pools. Temperature, depth, water hardness and total suspended solid had direct influence on the distribution of Ae. vittatus in rock pools across sites. Significant positive correlation exists between aquatic insects and abundance of Ae. vittatus. Hydroperiod length, concentration of nitrate and pH were determinants that leverage profuse breeding of Ae. vittatus and survival of rock pool biota. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Results revealed that the bearing influence of rock pool variables is inevitable for breeding of Ae. vittatus. A well defined measure of efficacy incorporating indigenous communities for sustained vector control on inselbergs will go a long way in decimating population of Ae. vittatus and limit the risk of spread of yellow fever hitherto areas not thriving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okechukwu A Obi
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - David A Adebote
- Department of Zoology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Ishaya H Nock
- Department of Zoology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - James G Josiah
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Mewar International University, Masaka, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
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Rajavel AR, Natarajan R. Mosquitoes of the mangrove forests of India: part 7--an overview. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2008; 24:478-488. [PMID: 19181053 DOI: 10.2987/08-5762.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Parts 1 to 6 of this series on the mosquitoes of the mangrove forests of India dealt with the mosquito species recorded in the mangroves of Bhitarkanika, Sundarbans, Andaman and Nicobar islands, Coringa, Chorao and Vikhroli, and Kundapur and Kannur. This concluding part provides an overview of the distribution of the mosquito species in different mangrove forests, including the mangroves of Muthupet in Tamilnadu and the mangroves of Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Kambhat in Gujarat, species collected as larvae, species in relation to the salinity of the larval habitats, species landing on humans for feeding in the mangroves, and the impact of habitat degradation on species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rajavel
- Division of Vector Biology and Control, Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Pondicherry 605 006, India
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