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Garraffoni A, Sørensen MV, Worsaae K, Di Domenico M, Sales LP, Santos J, Lourenço A. Geographical sampling bias on the assessment of endemism areas for marine meiobenthic fauna. Cladistics 2021; 37:571-585. [PMID: 34570934 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Species distribution patterns are constrained by historical and ecological processes in space and time, but very often the species range sizes are geographical sampling biases resulting from unequal sampling effort. One of the most common definitions of endemism is based on the "congruence of distributional areas" criterion, when two or more species have the same distributional limits. By acknowledging that available data of marine meiobenthic species are prone to geographical sampling bias and that can affect the accuracy of the biogeographical signals, the present study combines analyses of inventory incompleteness and recognition of spatial congruence of Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha, meiobenthic Annelida and Tardigrada in order to better understand the large-scale distribution of these organisms in coastal and shelf areas of the world. We used the marine bioregionalization framework for geographical operative units to quantify the inventory incompleteness effect (by modelling spatial predictions of species richness) and to recognize areas of endemism. Our models showed that the difference between observed and expected species richness in the Southern Hemisphere is much higher than in the Northern Hemisphere. Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity delimited 20 areas of endemism, most found in the Northern Hemisphere. Distribution patterns of meiobenthic species are shown to respond to events of geographical barriers and abiotic features, and their distribution is far from homogeneous throughout the world. Also, our data show that ecoregions with distinct biotas have at least some cohesion over evolutionary time. However, we found that inventory incompleteness may significantly affect the explanatory power of areas of endemism delimitation in both hemispheres. Yet, whereas future increases in sampling efforts are likely to change the spatial congruence ranges in the Southern Hemisphere, patterns for the Northern Hemisphere may prove to be relatively more resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Garraffoni
- Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin V Sørensen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Worsaae
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lilian P Sales
- Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessie Santos
- Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anete Lourenço
- Department of Biological Science, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Morek W, Surmacz B, López‐López A, Michalczyk Ł. "Everything is not everywhere": Time-calibrated phylogeography of the genus Milnesium (Tardigrada). Mol Ecol 2021; 30:3590-3609. [PMID: 33966339 PMCID: PMC8361735 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is ample evidence that macroscopic animals form geographic clusters termed as zoogeographic realms, whereas distributions of species of microscopic animals are still poorly understood. The common view has been that micrometazoans, thanks to their putatively excellent dispersal abilities, are subject to the "Everything is everywhere but environment selects" hypothesis (EiE). One of such groups, <1 mm in length, are limnoterrestrial water bears (Tardigrada), which can additionally enter cryptobiosis that should further enhance their potential for long distance dispersion (e.g., by wind). However, an increasing number of studies, including the most recent phylogeny of the eutardigrade genus Milnesium, seem to question the general applicability of the EiE hypothesis to tardigrade species. Nevertheless, all Milnesium phylogenies published to date were based on a limited number of populations, which are likely to falsely suggest limited geographic ranges. Thus, in order to test the EiE hypothesis more confidently, we considerably enlarged the Milnesium data set both taxonomically and geographically, and analysed it in tandem with climate type and reproductive mode. Additionally, we time-calibrated our phylogeny to align it with major geological events. Our results show that, although cases of long distance dispersal are present, they seem to be rare and mostly ancient. Overall, Milnesium species are restricted to single zoogeographic realms, which suggests that these tardigrades have limited dispersal abilities. Finally, our results also suggest that the breakdown of Gondwana may have influenced the evolutionary history of Milnesium. In conclusion, phylogenetic relationships within the genus seem to be determined mainly by paleogeography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Morek
- Department of Invertebrate EvolutionInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical ResearchFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Bartłomiej Surmacz
- Department of Invertebrate EvolutionInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical ResearchFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Alejandro López‐López
- Department of Invertebrate EvolutionInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical ResearchFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- Department of Invertebrate EvolutionInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical ResearchFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
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Van Steenkiste NW, Wakeman KC, Leander BS. A new record of the marine chaetonotid gastrotrich genus Diuronotus (Paucitubulatina: Muselliferidae) from the Sea of Japan. ZOOL ANZ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Balsamo M, Artois T, Smith JPS, Todaro MA, Guidi L, Leander BS, Van Steenkiste NWL. The curious and neglected soft-bodied meiofauna: Rouphozoa (Gastrotricha and Platyhelminthes). HYDROBIOLOGIA 2020; 847:2613-2644. [PMID: 33551466 PMCID: PMC7864459 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-020-04287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gastrotricha and Platyhelminthes form a clade called Rouphozoa. Representatives of both taxa are main components of meiofaunal communities, but their role in the trophic ecology of marine and freshwater communities is not sufficiently studied. Traditional collection methods for meiofauna are optimized for Ecdysozoa, and include the use of fixatives or flotation techniques that are unsuitable for the preservation and identification of soft-bodied meiofauna. As a result, rouphozoans are usually underestimated in conventional biodiversity surveys and ecological studies. Here, we give an updated outline of their diversity and taxonomy, with some phylogenetic considerations. We describe successfully tested techniques for their recovery and study, and emphasize current knowledge on the ecology, distribution and dispersal of freshwater gastrotrichs and microturbellarians. We also discuss the opportunities and pitfalls of (meta)barcoding studies as a means of overcoming the taxonomic impediment. Finally, we discuss the importance of rouphozoans in aquatic ecosystems and provide future research directions to fill in crucial gaps in the biology of these organisms needed for understanding their basic role in the ecology of benthos and their place in the trophic networks linking micro-, meio- and macrofauna of freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Balsamo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Tom Artois
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - M Antonio Todaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena-Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Loretta Guidi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Brian S Leander
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Bosco I, Lourenço AP, Guidi L, Balsamo M, Hochberg R, Garraffoni AR. Integrative description of a new species of Acanthodasys Remane, 1927 (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida, Thaumastodermatidae) based on four distinct morphological techniques and molecular data. ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bartels PJ, Fontaneto D, Roszkowska M, Nelson DR, Kaczmarek Ł. Latitudinal gradients in body size in marine tardigrades. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Homeotherms and many poikilotherms display a positive relationship between body size and latitude, but this has rarely been investigated in microscopic animals. We analysed all published records of marine Tardigrada to address whether microscopic marine invertebrates have similar ecogeographical patterns to macroscopic animals. The data were analysed using spatially explicit generalized least squares models and linear models. We looked for latitudinal patterns in body size and species richness, testing for sampling bias and phylogenetic constraints. No latitudinal pattern was detected for species richness, and sampling bias was the strongest correlate of species richness. A hump-shaped increase in median body size with latitude was found, and the effect remained significant for the Northern Hemisphere but not for the Southern. The most significant effect supporting the latitudinal gradient was on minimum body size, with smaller species disappearing at higher latitudes. Our results suggest that biogeographical signals were observed for body size, albeit difficult to detect in poorly studied groups because of swamping from biased sampling effort and from low sample size. We did not find a significant correlation with the latitudinal pattern of body size and ecologically relevant net primary productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Bartels
- Department of Biology, Warren Wilson College, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Diego Fontaneto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, di Ricerca Sulle Acque CNR-IRSA, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
| | - Milena Roszkowska
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poznań, Poland
| | - Diane R Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poznań, Poland
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Campos A, Garraffoni ARS. A synopsis of knowledge, zoogeography and an online interactive map of Brazilian marine gastrotrichs. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7898. [PMID: 31637137 PMCID: PMC6802584 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Information regarding the records of Brazilian marine gastrotrichs is presented. We systematized and organized the existing information associated with approximately 23 species (belonging to the genera Aspidiophorus, Chaetonotus, Crasiella, Dactylopodola, Dendrodasys, Draculiciteria, Halichaetonotus, Heteroxenotrichula, Kryptodasys, Macrodasys, Pseudostomella, Ptychostomella, Urodasys and Xenotrichula) from the Brazilian coast (eight endemic) and their 1,581 records from 36 marine ecoregions of the world. A link is provided to an on-line interactive map where all occurrences for each species are shown, accompanied by geographic coordinates, oceans, countries, cities, granulometric characteristics and ecoregions. Furthermore, a critical analysis of the geographical distribution of Brazilian marine gastrotrichs, an estimate of the number of undescribed species, a summary of the existence and status of taxonomical collections are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Campos
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Meiofauna, Department of Animal Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Garraffoni ARS, Araújo TQ, Lourenço AP, Guidi L, Balsamo M. Integrative taxonomy of a new Redudasys species (Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida) sheds light on the invasion of fresh water habitats by macrodasyids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2067. [PMID: 30765851 PMCID: PMC6376054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha) includes over 350 marine species, and only 3 freshwater species (Marinellina flagellata, Redudasys fornerise, R. neotemperatus). Herein we describe a new freshwater species of Macrodasyida, Redudasys brasiliensis sp. nov., from Brazil through an integrative taxonomic approach. The external morphology and internal anatomy were investigated using differential interference contrast microscopy, confocal microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The systematization of the new taxon was inferred by nuclear (18S and 28S) and mitochondrial (COI) genes, and its intra-order relationships were assessed using data from most of available macrodasyids. Phylogenetic analyses yielded congruent trees, in which the new taxon is nested within the family Redudasyidae, but it was genetically distinct from the other species of the genus Redudasys. The new species shares the gross morphology and reproductive traits with other Redudasyidae and the presence of only 1 anterior adhesive tube per side with Redudasys neotemperatus, but it has a specific pattern of ventral ciliation and muscle organization. Results support the hypothesis that dispersion into fresh water habitats by Macrodasyida and Chaetonotida taxa occurred independently and that within Macrodasyida a single lineage invaded the freshwater environment only once. Furthermore, the Neotropical region seems to be peculiar for the evolution of the freshwater macrodasyid clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R S Garraffoni
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Q Araújo
- Departament of Zoology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anete P Lourenço
- Departament of Biological Science, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rod. BR-367, 39100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Loretta Guidi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico, Via Ca' le Suore, 2, 61049, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Maria Balsamo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico, Via Ca' le Suore, 2, 61049, Urbino, PU, Italy
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Garraffoni ARS, Araújo TQ. Phylogeny ofPseudostomellaSwedmark, 1956 (Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida) base on morphological data and first insights on the historical biogeography of Thaumastodermatidae. P BIOL SOC WASH 2017. [DOI: 10.2988/17-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Rinaldo Senna Garraffoni
- (ARSG) Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil,
| | - Thiago Quintão Araújo
- (TQA) Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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