Developing Pedestrians' Red-light Violation Behavior Questionnaire (PRVBQ); Assessment of Content Validity and Reliability

To Be in Pain: Pain Multidimensional Questionnaire as Reliable Tool to Evaluate Multifaceted Aspects of Pain

Background/Objectives: Pain is a multidimensional experience influenced by sensory, emotional, and cognitive factors. Traditional pain assessments often fail to capture this complexity. This study aimed to develop and validate the Pain Multidimensional Questionnaire (Pa-M-QU), a new self-report tool designed to assess pain catastrophizing, sensitivity, and coping strategies. Methods: Two independent samples of Italian-speaking participants, aged 18 and above, were recruited online. The first sample (n = 392; mean age = 29.36) was used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and the second sample (n = 123; mean age = 28.0) for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Pearson's correlations and convergent validity analyses were conducted. Results: From an initial pool of 59 items identified through focus group discussions, 35 items were removed based on reliability analysis. The final 24-item Pa-M-QU features a three-factor structure: catastrophizing, pain sensitivity, and coping with pain. Conclusions: The Pa-M-QU offers a rapid, non-invasive assessment that captures the multidimensional nature of pain. It is a starting point to develop tools for both clinical and research settings, aiding in evaluating pain in healthy individuals and predicting acute and chronic pain disorders. Future research should focus on refining the Pa-M-QU for broader clinical applications and exploring its potential to complement or replace traditional pain assessments, thereby advancing pain management and research.

Development of an Instrument to Assess Health and Social Care Professionals' Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Later-Life Intimacy and Sexuality (HSCP-KALLIS): A Delphi Study

AIMS

We aimed to ascertain the content validity of an instrument to assess health and social care professionals' knowledge and attitudes towards later-life intimacy and sexuality (HSCP-KALLIS).

BACKGROUND

For older adults, intimacy and sexuality are important in maintaining their quality of life and well-being. However, addressing these needs remains challenging for health and social care professionals, particularly for nursing staff providing 24-h direct care to older people with dementia or those identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex or queer/questioning individuals. Existing instruments assessing knowledge and attitudes towards later-life intimacy and sexuality are dated and fail to adequately address dementia and sexual diversity.

DESIGN

A two-round modified Delphi study was conducted.

METHODS

Initially, 79 knowledge and attitude items were generated through an integrative review. Panellists rated each item's clarity and importance using online questionnaires. The content validity index for the individual and overall items was calculated. The panellists' written feedback-along with their knowledge level of later-life intimacy and sexuality-was obtained.

RESULTS

Panellists included health and social care professionals (n = 9); healthcare-related educators (n = 2); researchers specialising in later-life intimacy, sexuality, dementia care and sexual diversity support (n = 7); and family carers of older people with dementia (n = 2). The instrument was revised based on the feedback received. The components of dementia, LGBTIQ+ and the provision of sex worker services in healthcare settings were highlighted by the panellists. Notably, 46 knowledge and 40 attitude items fulfilled the consensus criteria for clarity and importance.

CONCLUSIONS

Acceptable content validity was established for the knowledge and attitude items. Further research is required to establish the psychometric properties of the HSCP-KALLIS. This instrument has implications for clinical practice-specifically, in nursing care-by addressing issues to improve awareness regarding later-life intimacy and sexuality in healthcare settings.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

The HSCP-KALLIS has the potential to inform the educational needs regarding knowledge and attitudes towards later-life intimacy and sexuality for health and social care professionals, specifically nursing staff. The findings of the HSCP-KALLIS can be used for the development of competencies for later-life intimacy and sexuality, establishing policies and guidelines to support older adults' intimacy and sexuality needs in health care settings.

Developing and validating a measurement tool to self-report pedestrian safety-related behavior: The Pedestrian Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ)

Objective

Pedestrians are road users vulnerable to traffic injuries and fatalities. This study aimed to develop and validate a pedestrian behavior questionnaire to be used in Iran.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, the initial questionnaire was designed based on the evaluation of previous studies conducted world-wide or in Iran. The initial pack included 127 items. After the assuring the face validity of the questionnaire, 27 experts' opinions in the field of traffic was obtained for assessing/ improving the content validity. To test the reliability of the questionnaire, the test-retest method and internal consistency assessment were used. To evaluate the structural validity, the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using the principal component and the Varimax rotation was applied.

Results

After completing the face validity and after summarizing the experts' suggestions, 12 questions were deleted. By calculating the content validity ratio and coefficient, 20 and 17 were removed. Also, the average content validity coefficient regarding relevancy, clarity and overall average were 0.86, 0.88, and 0.87, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.84. In the last stage and according to the results of the factor analysis, five factors violations, distraction, positive behaviors (group1), positive behaviors (group2) and Aggressive behaviors) were identified from the 29-items questionnaire, which explained 98% of the total variance.

Conclusion

Considering the necessity of using a verified and validated tool for planning and evaluating effective interventions for pedestrians is inevitable. The tool designed in the study was found to be valid and reliable for use to measure pedestrian's behavior and planning to modify high-risk behaviors and enhance safe pedestrian behaviors.