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Sayson LV, Campomayor NB, Ortiz DM, Lee HJ, Balataria S, Park S, Lim J, Kang H, Kim HJ, Kim M. Extracts of Prunella vulgaris Enhanced Pentobarbital-Induced Sleeping Behavior in Mice Potentially via Adenosine A2A Receptor Activity. PLANTA MEDICA 2024. [PMID: 39047773 DOI: 10.1055/a-2360-9639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of sleep dysregulation cases has prompted the search for effective and safe sleep-enhancing agents. Numerous medications used in the treatment of sleep disorders function by enhancing γ-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitter activity. Unfortunately, these substances may induce significant adverse effects in chronic users, such as dependence and motor behavior impairments. Consequently, there is a growing interest in exploring therapeutic sleep-enhancing agents derived from natural sources, with the anticipation of causing less severe side effects. Prunella vulgaris (PV), a perennial plant indigenous to South Korea, exhibits various pharmacological effects, likely attributed to its chemical composition. Rosmarinic acid, one of its components, has previously demonstrated sleep-potentiating properties, suggesting the potential for PV to exhibit similar pharmacological effects. This study aims to investigate the potential effects of repeated administration of PV extract on the sleep behavior, brainwave activity, sleep-wake cycle, and physiological behavior of mice. Findings indicate that PV extracts exhibit sleep-enhancing effects in mice, characterized by prolonged sleep duration and a reduced onset time of pentobarbital-induced sleep. However, PV extracts only reduced alpha wave powers, with minor alterations in wakefulness and rapid-eye-movement sleep duration. In contrast to diazepam, PV extracts lack adverse effects on locomotor activity, motor coordination, or anxiety in mice. Receptor-binding assay and caffeine treatment support the potential involvement of adenosine A2A receptors in the effects of PV, suggesting distinct mechanisms of action compared to diazepam, despite both exhibiting sleep-altering effects. Overall, our results suggest that PV holds promise as a potential source of sleep-aiding agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Val Sayson
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicole Bon Campomayor
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Darlene Mae Ortiz
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Lee
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sweetie Balataria
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsu Park
- Naturescience Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongin Lim
- Naturescience Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Kang
- Naturescience Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim GJ, Lee JS, Jang S, Lee S, Jeon S, Lee S, Kim JH, Lee KH. Polypharmacy and Elevated Risk of Severe Adverse Events in Older Adults Based on the Korea Institute of Drug Safety and Risk Management-Korea Adverse Event Reporting System Database. J Korean Med Sci 2024; 39:e205. [PMID: 39048300 PMCID: PMC11263767 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults are at a higher risk of severe adverse drug events (ADEs) because of multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and lower physiological function. This study aimed to determine whether polypharmacy, defined as the use of ≥ 5 active drug ingredients, was associated with severe ADEs in this population. METHODS We used ADE reports from the Korea Institute of Drug Safety and Risk Management-Korea Adverse Event Reporting System Database, a national spontaneous ADE report system, from 2012 to 2021 to examine and compare the strength of association between polypharmacy and severe ADEs in older adults (≥ 65 years) and younger adults (20-64 years) using disproportionality analysis. RESULTS We found a significant association between severe ADEs of cardiac and renal/urinary Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities System Organ Classes (MedDRA SOC) with polypharmacy in older adults. Regarding individual-level ADEs included in these MedDRA SOCs, acute cardiac arrest and renal failure were more significantly associated with polypharmacy in older adults compared with younger adults. CONCLUSION The addition of new drugs to the regimens of older adults warrants close monitoring of renal and cardiac symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Juyun Kim
- Big Data Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Sung Lee
- Clinical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujung Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Seongwoo Jeon
- College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Suehyun Lee
- Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kye Hwa Lee
- Department of Information Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea.
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Gil-Peinado M, Alacreu M, Ramos H, Sendra-Lillo J, García C, García-Lluch G, Lopez de Coca T, Sala M, Moreno L. The A-to-Z factors associated with cognitive impairment. Results of the DeCo study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1152527. [PMID: 37408963 PMCID: PMC10319401 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive impairment (CI) is known to be mediated by several risk and protective factors, many of which are potentially modifiable. Therefore, it is important to have up-to-date studies that address a standard assessment of psychosocial, clinical and lifestyle variables. Materials and methods We conducted a cross-sectional observational study, with a 24-month timeframe, to estimate the relationship between risk and protective factors associated with dementia, according to the A-to-Z Dementia Knowledge. Participants were considered at CI risk if they tested positive for at least one of three validated CI screening tests: The Memory Impairment Screening, Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire, and Semantic Verbal Fluency. The A-to-Z data Collection included Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener and Geriatric Depression Scale. Results The estimated prevalence of CI was 22.6% in a sample of 709 patients with an average of 69.3±10.3 years. The risk factors gradually associated with cognitive decline were hypertension, loneliness, and depression. In contrast, the protective factors gradually associated with less cognitive decline were internet use, reading, and intellectually stimulating jobs. Finally, living alone, having diabetes, taking benzodiazepines, and sleeping more than 9 h were statistically significant associated with CI, whereas to do memory training or a family history of dementia was characteristic of patients without CI. Conclusion A joint assessment of the influence of psychosocial, clinical, and lifestyle-related factors is needed to develop dementia prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gil-Peinado
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain
- Muy Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Alacreu
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Technological Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hernán Ramos
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain
- Muy Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Sendra-Lillo
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain
- Muy Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina García
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gemma García-Lluch
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Lopez de Coca
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Sala
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucrecia Moreno
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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García C, Moreno L, Alacreu M, Muñoz FJ, Martínez LA. Addressing Psychosocial Factors in Cognitive Impairment Screening from a Holistic Perspective: The DeCo-Booklet Methodology Design and Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12911. [PMID: 36232215 PMCID: PMC9565987 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment (CI), an intermediate phase between the decline in physiological cognition and dementia, is known to be mediated by a variety of risk and protective factors, with age being the most influential of these. The multifactorial nature of CI and the worldwide phenomenon of an aging population makes decoupling old age from disease through the concept of healthy aging (HA) a matter of major interest. Focusing on psychosocial variables and psychological constructs, here we designed and piloted a data collection booklet (DeCo-B) to assess CI and HA from a holistic perspective. The DeCo-B comprises six sections: sociodemographic factors, CI, meaning in life, psychosocial factors, health problems, and lifestyle. The estimated prevalence of CI and HA in our cohort were 24.4% and 6.6%, respectively. Spearman correlations mainly identified pairwise associations between the meaning in life domains and psychosocial variables. Moreover, age, marital status, purpose in life, resilience, chronic pain, cognitive reserve, and obstructive sleep apnea were significantly associated with an increased risk of CI. Our results showed that DeCo-B is a suitable tool for researching how modifiable risk and protective factors influence cognitive status. The complex interrelationships between variables should be further investigated and, for practical reasons, the questionnaire should be optimized in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina García
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Community Pharmacist, 02161 Albacete, Spain
| | - Lucrecia Moreno
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Alacreu
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Embedded Systems and Artificial Intelligence Group, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Muñoz
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Embedded Systems and Artificial Intelligence Group, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis A. Martínez
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Community Pharmacist, 02161 Albacete, Spain
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Ramos H, Moreno L, Pérez-Tur J, Cháfer-Pericás C, García-Lluch G, Pardo J. CRIDECO Anticholinergic Load Scale: An Updated Anticholinergic Burden Scale. Comparison with the ACB Scale in Spanish Individuals with Subjective Memory Complaints. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020207. [PMID: 35207695 PMCID: PMC8876932 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in life expectancy has also been accompanied by an increase in the use of medication to treat chronic diseases. Polypharmacy is associated with medication-related problems such as the increase in the anticholinergic burden. Older people are more susceptible to anticholinergic effects on the central nervous system and this, in turn, may be related to cognitive impairment. In this paper, we develop an updated anticholinergic burden scale, the CRIDECO Anticholinergic Load Scale (CALS) via a systematic review of the literature and compare it with the currently most used Anticholinergic Burden Scale (ACB). Our new scale includes 217 different drugs with anticholinergic properties, 129 more than the ACB. Given the effect that anticholinergic medications have on cognitive performance, we then used both scales to investigate the relationship between anticholinergic burden and cognitive impairment in adult Spanish subjects with subjective memory complaint. In our population, we observed an association between cognitive impairment and the anticholinergic burden when measured by the new CALS, but not when the ACB was applied. The use of a more comprehensive and upgraded scale will allow better discrimination of the risk associated with the use of anticholinergic medications on cognitive impairment. CALS can help raise awareness among clinicians of the problems associated with the use of medications, or combinations of them, with large anticholinergic effect, and promote a better personalized pharmacological approach for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Ramos
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (H.R.); (L.M.); (J.P.-T.); (C.C.-P.); (G.G.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucrecia Moreno
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (H.R.); (L.M.); (J.P.-T.); (C.C.-P.); (G.G.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Pérez-Tur
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (H.R.); (L.M.); (J.P.-T.); (C.C.-P.); (G.G.-L.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC, CIBERNED, Unitat Mixta de Neurologia i Genetica, IIS La Fe, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Cháfer-Pericás
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (H.R.); (L.M.); (J.P.-T.); (C.C.-P.); (G.G.-L.)
- Alzheimer Disease Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gemma García-Lluch
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (H.R.); (L.M.); (J.P.-T.); (C.C.-P.); (G.G.-L.)
- Alzheimer Disease Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Pardo
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (H.R.); (L.M.); (J.P.-T.); (C.C.-P.); (G.G.-L.)
- Embedded Systems and Artificial Intelligence Group, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Ramos H, Moreno L, Gil M, García-Lluch G, Sendra-Lillo J, Alacreu M. Pharmacists' Knowledge of Factors Associated with Dementia: The A-to-Z Dementia Knowledge List. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9934. [PMID: 34639242 PMCID: PMC8508463 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18199934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a neurodegenerative disease with no cure that can begin up to 20 years before its diagnosis. A key priority in patients with dementia is the identification of early modifiable factors that can slow the progression of the disease. Community pharmacies are suitable points for cognitive-impairment screening because of their proximity to patients. Therefore, the continuous training of professionals working in pharmacies directly impacts the public health of the population. The main purpose of this study was to assess community pharmacists' knowledge of dementia-related factors. Thus, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 361 pharmacists via an online questionnaire that quizzed their knowledge of a list of dementia-related factors, which we later arranged into the A-to-Z Dementia Knowledge List. We found that younger participants had a better knowledge of risk factors associated with dementia. The risk factors most often identified were a family history of dementia followed by social isolation. More than 40% of the respondents did not identify herpes labialis, sleep more than 9 h per day, and poor hearing as risk factors. A higher percentage of respondents were better able to identify protective factors than risk factors. The least known protective factors were internet use, avoidance of pollution, and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. Pharmacists' knowledge of dementia-related factors should be renewed with the aim of enhancing their unique placement to easily implement cognitive-impairment screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Ramos
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (H.R.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (G.G.-L.); (J.S.-L.)
- Muy Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos, 46003 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucrecia Moreno
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (H.R.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (G.G.-L.); (J.S.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Gil
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (H.R.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (G.G.-L.); (J.S.-L.)
- Muy Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos, 46003 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gemma García-Lluch
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (H.R.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (G.G.-L.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - José Sendra-Lillo
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (H.R.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (G.G.-L.); (J.S.-L.)
- Muy Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos, 46003 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Alacreu
- Cátedra DeCo MICOF-CEU UCH, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (H.R.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (G.G.-L.); (J.S.-L.)
- Embedded Systems and Artificial Intelligence Group, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain
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Wu B, Hu Q, Tian F, Wu F, Li Y, Xu T. A pharmacovigilance study of association between proton pump inhibitor and dementia event based on FDA adverse event reporting system data. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10709. [PMID: 34021217 PMCID: PMC8139970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) was widely used around the world. Studies suggested conflicting results between PPI treatment and dementia event. This study examined the association between six PPI agents and dementia event by mining the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from 2004 to 2020. We employed proportional reporting ratio (PRR) and information element (IC) methods to detect the signals of dementia relevant to PPI. We also analyzed characteristics of PPI and positive control reports, compared dementia event between long- and short-duration of PPI treatment. Finally, we identified 2396 dementia cases with PPI treatment. We did not detect significant signal between PPI and dementia event: PRR = 0.98, 95%CI 0.94 to 1.02, IC = −0.03, 95%CI − 0.17 to 0.10, even in gastroesophageal reflux disease cases: PRR = 0.65, 95%CI 0.59 to 0.72, IC = −0.62, 95%CI − 0.97 to − 0.27. No significant differences of dementia event were detected between long- and short- duration groups, the OR (95%CI) of the 3 years, 5 years and 10 years comparison were 0.70 (0.48 to 1.02), 0.72 (0.45 to 1.15) and 1.65 (0.75 to 3.63), respectively. Based on the current FAERS data mining, we discovered no association between PPI use and dementia event, even in long-term PPI therapy case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiaozhi Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fangyuan Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengbo Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. .,West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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