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Arthur JD, Mullen JL, Uzal FA, Nagamine CM, Casey KM. Epizootic of enterocolitis and clostridial overgrowth in NSG and NSG-related mouse strains. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:653-663. [PMID: 38140953 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231217197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
While the immunodeficient status of NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) and NSG-related mice provides utility for numerous research models, it also results in increased susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens. Over a 9-week period, a high rate of mortality was reported in a housing room of NSG and NSG-related mice. Diagnostics were performed to determine the underlying etiopathogenesis. Mice submitted for evaluation included those found deceased (n = 2), cage mates of deceased mice with or without diarrhea (n = 17), and moribund mice (n = 8). Grossly, mice exhibited small intestinal and cecal dilation with abundant gas and/or digesta (n = 18), serosal hemorrhage and congestion (n = 6), or were grossly normal (n = 3). Histologically, there was erosive to ulcerative enterocolitis (n = 7) of the distal small and large intestine or widespread individual epithelial cell death with luminal sloughing (n = 13) and varying degrees of submucosal edema and mucosal hyperplasia. Cecal dysbiosis, a reduction in typical filamentous bacteria coupled with overgrowth of bacterial rods, was identified in 18 of 24 (75%) mice. Clostridium spp. and Paeniclostridium sordellii were identified in 13 of 23 (57%) and 7 of 23 (30%) mice, respectively. Clostridium perfringens (7 of 23, 30%) was isolated most frequently. Toxinotyping of C. perfringens positive mice (n = 2) identified C. perfringens type A. Luminal immunoreactivity to several clostridial species was identified within lesioned small intestine by immunohistochemistry. Clinicopathologic findings were thus associated with overgrowth of various clostridial species, though direct causality could not be ascribed. A diet shift preceding the mortality event may have contributed to loss of intestinal homeostasis.
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Phenotypical Identification and Toxinotyping of Clostridium perfringens Isolates from Healthy and Enteric Disease-Affected Chickens. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:2584171. [PMID: 36818644 PMCID: PMC9931463 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2584171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a ubiquitous spore-forming anaerobic pathogen that is frequently associated with enteric disease in chickens. Moreover, enterotoxin-producing C. perfringens has high zoonotic potential as well as serious public health concerns due to the emanation of food-borne intoxication. The present study was designed to isolate, identify, and toxinotype C. perfringens from both healthy and cases of necrotic or ulcerative enteritis chickens. A total of 110 samples were collected from July 2019 to February 2021. Among the samples, 38 (34.5%, 95% CI: 26.39-43.83) were positive for C. perfringens and were obtained from broiler 21 (33.3%, 95% CI: 22.91-45.67), Sonali 9 (34.6%, 95% CI: 19.31-53.88), and layer 8 (38%, 95% CI: 20.68-59.20). C. perfringens was highly prevalent (35.7%, 95% CI: 25.48-47.44) in enteritis chickens compared with healthy ones. In multiplex PCR toxinotyping, 34 (89.4%) isolates were identified as C. perfringens type A by the presence of the alpha toxin gene (cpa). Moreover, in addition to the cpa gene, 3 (14.3%, 95% CI: 4.14-35.48) broiler and 1 (11.1%, 95% CI: 0.01-45.67) Sonali isolates harbored the enterotoxin gene (cpe) and were classified as type F. However, none of the isolates carried genes encoding beta (cpb), epsilon (etx), iota (iap), or beta-2 (cpb2) toxins. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the following variables such as; "previously used litter materials" (OR 21.77, 95% CI 2.22-212.66, p ≤ 0.008); intestinal lesions, "presence of ulceration" (OR 30.01, 95% CI 3.02-297.91, p ≤ 0.004); "ballooned with gas" (OR 24.74, 95% CI 4.34-140.86, p ≤ 0.001) and "use of probiotics" (OR 5.24, 95% CI 0.74-36.75, p ≤ 0.095) act as risk factors for C. perfringens colonization in chicken gut. This is the first study of molecular toxinotyping of C. perfringens from healthy and enteric-diseased chickens in Bangladesh, which might have a potential food-borne zoonotic impact on human health.
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Prince Milton AA, Momin AG, Gandhale PN, Das S, Ghatak S, Priya GB, Firake DM, Srinivas K, Momin KM, Hussain Z, Sen A. Prevalence, toxinotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm-forming ability of Clostridium perfringens isolated from free-living rodents and shrews. Anaerobe 2022; 77:102618. [PMID: 35933078 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), is a spore-forming and toxin-producing pathogenic anaerobic Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium with immense public health/zoonotic concern. Rodents are well-known reservoirs and vectors for a large number of zoonoses and strong links have been recognized between synanthropic rodents and foodborne disease outbreaks throughout the world. To date, no study has been conducted for studying the prevalence of C. perfringens in rodents and shrews. In this study, we investigated faecal samples from free-living rodents and shrews trapped in Meghalaya, a North-eastern hill state of India for the presence of virulent and antimicrobial-resistant C. perfringens. METHODS A total of 122 animals comprising six species of rodents and one species of shrews were trapped: Mus musculus (n = 15), Mus booduga (n = 7), Rattus rattus (n = 9), Rattus norvegicus (n = 3), Bandicota indica (n = 30), Bandicota bengalensis (n = 32) and Suncus murinus (n = 26). The faecal swabs were collected and processed for the isolation of C. perfringens. Toxinotyping was done using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and biofilm forming ability testing were done using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and crystal violet assay. RESULTS C. perfringens was isolated from 27 of the 122 faecal swabs (22.1%), from six species of rodents and shrews. Five of the host species were rodents, Bandicota bengalensis (25%), Bandicota indica (16.7%), Rattus norvegicus (33.3%), Mus musculus (13.3%), Mus booduga (42.8%) and Suncus murinus (29.6%). The common toxinotype was type A (59.2%) followed by Type A with beta2 toxin (33.3%), Type C (3.7%) and Type C with beta2 toxin (3.7%). None of the isolates harboured cpe, etx, iap, and NetB genes and therefore none was typed as either B, D, E, F, or G. Nine isolates (33.3%) turned out to be multi-drug resistant (MDR), displaying resistance to three or more categories of antibiotics tested. Twenty-three out of twenty-seven isolates (85.2%) were forming biofilms. CONCLUSION Globally, this is the first study to report the prevalence of C. perfringens and its virulence profile and antimicrobial resistance in free-living rodents and shrews. The rodents and shrews can potentially contaminate the food and environment and can infect humans and livestock with multi-drug resistant/virulent Type A and Type C C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleimo G Momin
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | | | - Samir Das
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Sandeep Ghatak
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - G Bhuvana Priya
- College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Kyrdemkulai, Meghalaya, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar Madhukar Firake
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India; ICAR-Directorate of Floricultural Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kandhan Srinivas
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Kasanchi M Momin
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Zakir Hussain
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
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Lu W, Sun H, Xu ZM, Du Z, Si L, Yuan S, Jin J, Jin CH. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for Clostridium perfringens infection in postpartum dairy cows: a report of 14 cases. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2078329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wengeng Lu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Mei Xu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Du
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linqing Si
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siqi Yuan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jidong Jin
- Cofeed Feedmill (Changchun) Co., Ltd., Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hao Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
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