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Ginzel JD, Chapman H, Sills JE, Allen EJ, Barak LS, Cardiff RD, Borowsky AD, Lyerly HK, Rogers BW, Snyder JC. Nonlinear progression across the occult transition establishes cancer lethality. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.23.590826. [PMID: 38712192 PMCID: PMC11071403 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.23.590826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Cancer screening is based upon a linear model of growth and invasion. Yet, early dissemination during the lengthy pre-diagnostic phase suggests that nonlinearity in growth can also occur. Therefore, we quantitatively traced the invisible and visible phases of tumorigenesis in the mammary gland for more than two-thousand tumors. Dynamic mathematical models of the invisible phase revealed an occult checkpoint resulting in nonlinear progression of transformed field cells. We found that expansile fields have increased dwell time at the occult checkpoint resulting in a large reservoir of image detectable precursors prior to invasion. In contrast, slowly proliferating lesions disseminate early and then transition rapidly through an occult checkpoint in a process we term nascent lethality. Our data illustrate how nonlinear growth across an occult checkpoint can account for a paradoxical increase in early-stage cancer detection without a dramatic reduction in metastatic burden. Highlights Growth during the invisible phase of tumorigenesis is a nonlinear processField size and field growth rate are uncoupled from metastatic potentialOccult transition rates vary by genotypeNascent lethal lesions are currently undetectable.
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Zheng C, Chu Y, Zhang N, Jia T, Li Y, Jiang T, Sun J. Pan-Cancer Analysis of the LOX Family Reveals that LOX Affects Tumor Prognosis by Affecting Immune Infiltration. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2024; 34:87-100. [PMID: 38073445 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2023049049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene family encodes for a group of copper-dependent enzymes that play a crucial role in the cross-linking of collagen and elastin fibers in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Dysregulation of LOX gene expression has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer. Several studies have shown that the LOX gene family is involved in cancer progression and metastasis. The goal of this article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the LOX family's role in pan-cancer multiplexes. We utilized pan-cancer multi-omics sequencing data from TCGA to investigate the relationship between LOX family genes and tumors at four different levels: mutation, copy number variation, methylation, and gene expression. In addition, we also examined the relationship between LOX family genes and tumors at the cell line level using tumor cell line sequencing data from CCLE. Taking into account the impact of LOX family genes on lung cancer, we developed a LOX family lung cancer prognostic model to forecast the disease's prognosis. Our findings revealed that LOXL2 had the highest mutation frequency in tumors, while all four LOX family genes experienced some degree of copy number variation in diverse tumors. We observed that LOX, LOXL1 to LOXL3 were predominantly highly expressed in tumors including LUAD. The expression trends of LOX and LOXL1 to LOXL3 were consistent across tumor cell lines, but differed somewhat from LOXL4. Utilizing 25 LOX family-related genes, we constructed a LOX family prognostic model that performed well in predicting the prognosis of lung cancer. Through pan-cancer analysis, we gain further knowledge of the role of LOX family genes in different tumors, offering a novel pathway for future research into the relationship between LOX family genes and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Chu
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Siyuan University,28 Shui'an Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China
| | - Nian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Jia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Siyuan University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianyong Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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