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Moga RA, Olteanu CD, Botez M, Buru SM. Assessment of the Maximum Amount of Orthodontic Force for PDL in Intact and Reduced Periodontium (Part I). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20031889. [PMID: 36767254 PMCID: PMC9914466 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examines 0.6 N and 1.2 N as the maximum orthodontic force for periodontal ligament (PDL) at multiple levels of periodontal breakdown, and the relationships with the ischemic, necrotic, and resorptive risks. Additionally, this study evaluates if Tresca failure criteria is more adequate for the PDL study. Eighty-one 3D models (from nine patients; nine models/patients) with the 2nd lower premolar and different degrees of bone loss (0-8 mm) where subjected to intrusion, extrusion, rotation, translation, and tipping movements. Tresca shear stress was assessed individually for each movement and bone loss level. Rotation and translation produced the highest PDL stresses, while intrusion and extrusion determined the lowest. Apical and middle third PDL stresses were lower than the cervical stress. In intact periodontium, the amount of shear stress produced by the two investigated forces was lower than the 16 KPa of the maximum physiological hydrostatic pressure (MHP). In reduced periodontium (1-8 mm tissue loss), the apical amount of PDL shear stress was lower than MHP for both applied forces, while cervically for rotation, translation and tipping movements exceeded 16 KPa. Additionally, 1.2 N could be used in intact periodontium (i.e., without risks) and for the reduced periodontium only in the apical and middle third of PDL up to 8 mm of bone loss. However, for avoiding any resorptive risks, in the cervical third of PDL, the rotation, translation, and tipping movements require less than 0.2-0.4 N of force after 4 mm of loss. Tresca seems to be more adequate for the study of PDL than other criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Andrei Moga
- Department of Cariology, Endodontics and Oral Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Motilor 33, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Doru Olteanu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Str. Avram Iancu 31, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mircea Botez
- Department of Structural Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Str. Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefan Marius Buru
- Department of Structural Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Str. Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Moga RA, Olteanu CD, Botez M, Buru SM. Assessment of the Maximum Amount of Orthodontic Force for Dental Pulp and Apical Neuro-Vascular Bundle in Intact and Reduced Periodontium on Bicuspids (Part II). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1179. [PMID: 36673936 PMCID: PMC9859427 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examines 0.6 N-4.8 N as the maximum orthodontic force to be applied to dental pulp and apical NVB on intact and 1-8 mm reduced periodontal-ligament (PDL), in connection with movement and ischemic, necrotic and resorptive risk. In addition, it examines whether the Tresca finite-element-analysis (FEA) criterion is more adequate for the examination of dental pulp and its apical NVB. Eighty-one (nine patients, with nine models for each patient) anatomically correct models of the periodontium, with the second lower-premolar reconstructed with its apical NVB and dental pulp were assembled, based on X-ray CBCT (cone-beam-computed-tomography) examinations and subjected to 0.6 N, 1.2 N, 2.4 N and 4.8 N of intrusion, extrusion, translation, rotation, and tipping. The Tresca failure criterion was applied, and the shear stress was assessed. Forces of 0.6 N, 1.2 N, and 2.4 N had negligible effects on apical NVB and dental pulp up to 8 mm of periodontal breakdown. A force of 4.8 N was safely applied to apical NVB on the intact periodontium only. Rotation and tipping seemed to be the most invasive movements for the apical NVB. For the dental pulp, only the translation and rotation movements seemed to display a particular risk of ischemia, necrosis, and internal orthodontic-resorption for both coronal (0-8 mm of loss) and radicular pulp (4-8 mm of loss), despite the amount of stress being lower than the MHP. The Tresca failure criterion seems more suitable than other criteria for apical NVB and dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Andrei Moga
- Department of Cariology, Endodontics and Oral Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Motilor 33, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Doru Olteanu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Avram Iancu 31, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mircea Botez
- Department of Structural Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Str. Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefan Marius Buru
- Department of Structural Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Str. Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Huokuna J, Loimaranta V, Laine MA, Svedström-Oristo AL. Adverse effects of orthodontic forces on dental pulp. Appearance and character. A systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand 2022; 81:267-277. [PMID: 36436210 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2022.2137232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To comprehensively assess recent data on the effects of orthodontic forces on the dental pulp and to critically evaluate, whether any of the changes are permanent. MATERIALS AND METHODS Articles published between 2/2009 and 2/2022 were searched electronically on the PubMed, EMBASE and SCOPUS databases. The initial search retrieved 780 publications and, applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 33 relevant articles were identified. Twenty articles fulfilled the requirements for high (n = 1) or moderate (n = 19) methodological quality and were included. All assessments were made independently by three researchers. RESULTS Orthodontic forces appeared to cause a reduction in pulpal blood flow and a reduction in tooth sensibility, as indicated by increased response thresholds and increased amounts of negative responses to tooth sensibility tests. In addition, there were increases in the expression or activity levels of enzymes and neuropeptides associated with hypoxia and inflammation. Fibrotic tissue formation in the pulp was also reported. CONCLUSIONS Except for some histological and morphological alterations, the observed pulpal changes were in most cases only temporary, appearing within days of initiating the treatment and usually lasting for weeks. There were no clear signs of permanent damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Huokuna
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Merja A. Laine
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Guo R, Yu Q, Lin Y, Li J, Huang Y, Li W. Pulp blood flow changes in maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth after orthodontic retraction: a prospective study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:508. [PMCID: PMC9670555 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Previous studies of pulpal blood flow (PBF) changes in anterior teeth have been limited in the early phase of orthodontic treatment; less is known about the blood supply of anterior teeth in bimaxillary protrusion patients after orthodontic retraction.
Methods
Fifty bimaxillary protrusion patients (25 orthodontic patients ready for debonding and 25 non-orthodontic patients) were selected as study participants. The PBF of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. For orthodontic patients, the PBF was measured at 1 day (T1), 1 month (T2), and 3 months (T3) after fixed appliance removal. Non-orthodontic patient PBF was measured as a control. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations before and after orthodontic treatment were performed for orthodontic patients to measure the root resorption. The anterior teeth in orthodontic group were further divided into subgroups according to root resorption and patient age.
Results
At T1 and T3, PBF changes did not differ significantly between the orthodontic and non-orthodontic groups. Maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary central incisor, and mandibular lateral incisor PBFs at T2 were significantly higher in the orthodontic group (P = 0.048, P = 0.04, and P = 0.021). No significant difference in PBF was found between the root resorption and non-resorption subgroups at any time point. Adolescent patients showed a higher PBF in the maxillary lateral incisor at T2 (12.23 ± 3.48) relative to that at T1 (9.10 ± 3.76) and T3 (9.81 ± 2.80) with statistically significant difference (P = 0.020).
Conclusion
For bimaxillary protrusion patients with four premolars extraction, PBF in the maxillary anterior teeth increased transiently after orthodontic appliance removal and then returned to non-orthodontic levels 3 months later. This effect was more pronounced in adolescents. The PBF of anterior teeth after orthodontic retraction may not be influenced by root resorption.
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Association between Orthodontic Force and Dental Pulp Changes: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes. J Endod 2021; 48:298-311. [PMID: 34890594 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthodontic force triggers a sequence of biological responses that can affect dental pulp. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the clinical and radiographic findings of orthodontic force application on dental pulp. METHODS Two reviewers comprehensively and systematically searched 6 electronic databases (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences [LILACS], Embase, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and the gray literature (Google Scholar, OpenGrey, and ProQuest) until April 2021. According to the PICOS criteria, randomized clinical trials and observational studies that evaluated clinical or radiographic findings compatible with dental pulp changes due to orthodontic force were included. Studies in open apex or traumatized teeth, case series or reports, and laboratory-based or animal studies were excluded. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool were used to determine the risk of bias assessment. The overall certainty level was evaluated with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations tool. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included. Among the clinical findings, orthodontic force promoted an increased pulp sensibility response and decreased pulp blood flow. Changes in pulp cavity volume and increased incidence of pulp stones were the radiographic findings observed. The studies presented a moderate risk of bias for most of the domains. The certainty of the evidence was considered very low. CONCLUSIONS Orthodontic force promoted changes in the dental pulp, generating clinical and radiographic findings. It is crucial to know these changes so that orthodontic mechanics can be safely performed. The clinician has effective noninvasive methods to assess the health and possible pulp changes during orthodontic treatment.
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Alhaija ESA, Shahin AY, Badran SA, Daher SO, Daher HO. Pulpal blood flow changes and pain scores related to using Superelastic 0.018-inch Nickel Titanium as the first orthodontic alignment archwire: a prospective clinical trial. J Appl Oral Sci 2021; 29:e20210089. [PMID: 34614121 PMCID: PMC8523093 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2021-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Optimal orthodontic force results in maximum rate of tooth movement without tissue damage. Even though starting orthodontic treatment with a thicker archwire may shorten treatment duration, the evidence on the effect of using 0.018-inch NiTi as the first alignment archwire on pulpal blood flow (PBF) status is still scarce. Objectives to record PBF changes and pain scores associated with using 0.018-inch NiTi as the first alignment archwire during fixed orthodontic treatment. Methodology Patients were selected from subjects attending postgraduate orthodontic teaching clinics at Jordan University of Science and Technology. In total, forty healthy patients who exhibited mild lower arch crowding were included. A split-mouth trial design was used. Each patient received two archwire sizes at one time joined in the midline by crimpable hook and applied in the lower arch. Patients were assigned into one of two groups based on archwire sizes used. Group 1: 0.014-inch and 0.018-inch NiTi (Six males, 14 females aged 19.4±1.33 years) and Group 2: 0.016-inch and 0.018-inch NiTi (Seven males, 13 females aged 19.6±1.45 years). The archwire size group was randomly allocated with a 1:1 allocation ratio. A Laser Doppler Flowmeter was used to measure PBF at different time intervals (T0-T5). Pain scores were recorded using a visual analogue scale (VAS). A repeated measures ANOVA and a post-hoc Bonferroni comparison tests were conducted to examine differences at the different time points before and during orthodontic alignment. Results For all studied archwire sizes, PBF decreased 20 minutes after their placement. Most PBF changes occurred within 24hours and continued to decrease until 72 hours after archwire placement where the maximum reduction was reached. Eventually, normal values were reverted within 1 month. PBF changes were similar between all alignment – groups. Conclusions Initial orthodontic alignment with 0.018-inch NiTi does not cause irreversible changes to pulpal vasculature or produces higher pain scores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Y Shahin
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive Dentistry Division of Orthodontics, Irbid-Jordan
| | - Serene A Badran
- University of Jordan, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Amman-Jordan
| | - Saba O Daher
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Irbid-Jordan
| | - Hasan O Daher
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Irbid-Jordan
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Moga RA, Buru SM, Chiorean CG. Overall stress in periodontal ligament under orthodontic movement during a periodontal breakdown. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 161:e127-e135. [PMID: 34563425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This research aimed to assess qualitatively and quantitatively the overall stress in the periodontal ligament during gradual periodontal breakdown (0-8 mm) under orthodontic movements. Correlations between the applied forces, the level of bone loss, the decrease of force magnitude, and the increase of stress were also assessed. METHODS On the basis of cone-beam computed tomography examinations (voxel size, 0.075 mm), nine 3-dimensional models of a mandibular second premolar with intact periodontium were created and then individually subjected to various levels of horizontal bone loss. Orthodontic forces (intrusion at 0.2 N; extrusion, rotation, and tipping at 0.6 N; translation at 1.2 N) were applied on the brackets. Finite elements analysis was performed, and von Mises (VM) stresses were quantitatively and qualitatively determined. RESULTS Rotation and translation induced the highest stress apically and cervically, whereas intrusion determined the lowest. Apical stress was lower than cervical stress. In intact periodontium, VM stress was under maximum hydrostatic pressure (MHP) and maximum tolerable stress (MTS). In reduced periodontium, VM stress was lower apically than MHP, whereas cervically, the rotation, translation, and tipping exceeded MHP. CONCLUSIONS A force of 1.2 N seemed safe to be used in the intact periodontium. Forces higher than 0.6 N could produce stresses exceeding MHP and MTS endangering the reduced periodontium. VM stress failure criterion (despite its limited use) seemed to be more adequate for accurate quantitative results. An overall correlation between the applied force, VM stress increase, and periodontal breakdown applicable to all 5 movements could not be established. This was possible only for individual movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu-Andrei Moga
- Department of Cariology, Endodontics and Oral Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Stefan Marius Buru
- Department of Structural Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cosmin Grula Chiorean
- Department of Structural Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Weissheimer T, Silva EJNL, Pinto KP, Só GB, Rosa RA, Só MVR. Do orthodontic tooth movements induce pulp necrosis? A systematic review. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1246-1262. [PMID: 33780015 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthodontic tooth movements are performed by applying forces on teeth, which may cause alterations within the dental pulp. Previously published systematic reviews on the subject only included a small number of studies that assessed pulp status through reliable diagnostic methods. Since then, new evidence has been published, and a further systematic review on the subject is necessary. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether there is scientific evidence to support the possibility that orthodontic tooth movements could induce pulp necrosis. METHODS A systematic search of articles published until June 2020 was performed using MeSH and free terms in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS, SciELO, Web of Science, EMBASE, Open Grey and Grey Literature databases. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), nonrandomized clinical trials (nRCTs) and longitudinal (prospective or retrospective) studies that evaluated the pulp status of teeth subjected to orthodontic movements using laser Doppler flowmetry or pulse oximetry were included. The revised Cochrane risk of bias tools for randomized trials (RoB 2) and nonrandomized interventions (ROBINS-I) were used to assess the quality of the included studies. Relevant findings were summarized and evaluated. The overall quality of evidence was assessed through the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool. RESULTS Initial screening of databases resulted in 353 studies. In total, 285 studies were excluded because they were duplicates. Of 68 eligible papers, fourteen met the inclusion criteria and were selected for full-text reading. Two studies were excluded due to the methods used to evaluate pulp status. Twelve studies (five RCTs, one nRCT and six prospective) were included. Four RCTs were classified as having an unclear risk of bias and one as having a high risk of bias. The nRCT was classified as having a low risk of bias. Two prospective studies were classified as having a moderate risk of bias and four as having a serious risk of bias. The GRADE analysis demonstrated a low to very low quality of evidence. DISCUSSION Significant limitations regarding the randomization processes within the included RCTs and a lack of control of confounders on most nonrandomized and longitudinal studies were verified. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review indicates that orthodontic movements do not induce loss of pulp vitality with low to very low certainty of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Weissheimer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - E J N L Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - K P Pinto
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G B Só
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R A Rosa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M V R Só
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Compressive stress in periodontal ligament under orthodontic movements during periodontal breakdown. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 159:e291-e299. [PMID: 33487500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This analysis aimed to assess quantitatively and qualitatively the compressive stress (S3) in periodontal ligament in a gradual periodontal breakdown (0-8 mm) under orthodontic movements. Correlations between the applied forces, the level of bone resorption, the decrease of force magnitude, and S3 increase were also conducted. METHODS On the basis of cone-beam computed tomography examinations (voxel size, 0.075 mm), nine 3-dimensional models of the second mandibular premolar with intact periodontium were created and then individually subjected to various levels of horizontal bone loss. Orthodontic forces (intrusion: 0.2 N; extrusion, rotation, tipping: 0.6 N; translation: 1.2 N) were applied on the brackets. Finite elements analysis was performed, and S3 stresses were quantitatively and qualitatively determined. RESULTS Translation and rotation induced the highest stress apically and cervically, whereas intrusion determined the lowest. Apical stress was lower than cervical stress. In intact periodontium, only intrusion and extrusion exhibited S3 stresses lower (apically and cervically) than maximum hydrostatic pressure (MHP) and maximum tolerable stress (MTS). In reduced periodontium, S3 stress (except for intrusion) exceeded MHP and MTS. CONCLUSIONS In reduced periodontium, forces of 0.2 N seems safe to be used. Forces of 0.6-1.2 N may produce stresses exceeding both MTS and MHP, endangering the periodontium. S3 failure criterion (despite its widely use) seems not to be adequate for accurate quantitative results when evaluating the stress in the periodontal ligament while remaining adequate for qualitative results. An overall correlation between the applied force, S3 increase, and periodontal breakdown applicable to all 5 movements could not be established-this was possible only for sole movements.
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Abu Alhaija ES, Taha NA. A comparative study of initial changes in pulpal blood flow between conventional and self-ligating fixed orthodontic brackets during leveling and alignment stage. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:971-981. [PMID: 32519238 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate and compare the initial changes in pulpal blood flow (PBF) between conventional and self-ligating fixed orthodontic brackets during leveling and alignment stage using 0.016 × 0.022 NiTi as alignment archwire. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two patients (16 females and 6 males) aged 19.00 ± 2.53 years who presented with mild lower arch crowding were selected to participate in the study. A split mouth study design was applied for each patient. The intervention (self-ligating brackets) was randomly allocated to the right or left side of the patient using the permuted random block size of 2 with 1:1 allocation ratio. Two different fixed appliance brackets were used in the lower arch (self-ligating brackets on one side and conventional brackets on the other side of the same patients. Two alignment archwires; 0.016″ NiTi and 0.016 × 0.022″ NiTi were used in this study. PBF was measured for the lower right and left sides using laser Doppler flowmetry at different time intervals (20 min, 24 h, 72 h, 1 week, and 1 month) RESULTS: PBF started to decrease 20 min after insertion of both archwires using both types of brackets. Maximum decrease was reached after 72 h of archwire insertion. After 1 week of force application, PBF started to increase to restore its original values after 1 month. Differences between the 2 groups were not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In both treatment groups, PBF reduced within 48 h. PBF started to increase after 1 week until it reached its original values after 1 month. Changes in PBF at the measured time intervals in the two groups were similar. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of 0.016 × 0.022″ NiTi immediately after 0.016″ NiTi for alignment does not produce any damaging effect on the teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham S Abu Alhaija
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nessrin A Taha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan.
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Abu Alhaija ES, Al-Abdallah SY, Taha NA. A comparative study of initial changes in pulpal blood flow between clear aligners and fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019; 156:603-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Moga RA, Cosgarea R, Buru SM, Chiorean CG. Finite element analysis of the dental pulp under orthodontic forces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019; 155:543-551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ersahan S, Sabuncuoglu FA. Effect of age on pulpal blood flow in human teeth during orthodontic movement. J Oral Sci 2018; 60:446-452. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyda Ersahan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University
| | - Fidan A. Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Orthodontics, Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, Health Sciences University
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Thote AM, Uddanwadiker RV, Sharma K, Shrivastava S. Optimum force system for intrusion and extrusion of maxillary central incisor in labial and lingual orthodontics. Comput Biol Med 2016; 69:112-9. [PMID: 26764877 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the present study was to specify an optimum force system for intrusion and extrusion of maxillary central incisor and to compare the effects of bracket positioning at different heights from the incisal edge in Labial Orthodontics (LaO) and Lingual Orthodontics (LiO). METHODS A mathematical model of maxillary central incisor with normal inclination was developed. Four cases of heights of bracket slot from incisal edge were considered both in LaO and LiO viz. 3mm, 4mm, 5mm and 6mm. Based on a mathematical model, an optimum force system consisting of an intrusive or extrusive force (F) and a moment (M) was devised and moment (M) to force (F) ratio (M:F ratio) was estimated in each case. Then, three-dimensional Computer Aided Design (CAD) models of incisor and surrounding structures were prepared. To validate an optimum force system, finite element analysis was carried out and force system with derived M:F ratio was applied in each case. RESULTS In finite element analysis, results were shown in the form of vector graph of nodal displacements along with undeformed and deformed models. The desired intrusion or extrusion of incisor was observed. Thus, force system devised from a mathematical model was validated with finite element analysis in each case. CONCLUSION To achieve intrusion or extrusion, M:F ratios required in LaO were same i.e. 8:1 for aforementioned heights of bracket slot from incisal edge but different in LiO i.e. 0:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 for the heights of 3mm, 4mm, 5mm and 6mm respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek M Thote
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rashmi V Uddanwadiker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Krishna Sharma
- Department of Orthodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunita Shrivastava
- Department of Orthodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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Sensory Neuropeptides and Endogenous Opioids Expression in Human Dental Pulp with Asymptomatic Inflammation: In Vivo Study. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:879126. [PMID: 26538838 PMCID: PMC4619975 DOI: 10.1155/2015/879126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. This study quantified the expression of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), β-endorphins (β-End), and methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk) in human dental pulp following orthodontic intrusion. Methods. Eight patients were selected according to preestablished inclusion criteria. From each patient, two premolars (indicated for extraction due to orthodontic reasons) were randomly assigned to two different groups: the asymptomatic inflammation group (EXPg), which would undergo controlled intrusive force for seven days, and the control group (CTRg), which was used to determine the basal levels of each substance. Once extracted, dental pulp tissue was prepared to determine the expression levels of both neuropeptides and endogenous opioids by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results. All samples from the CTRg exhibited basal levels of both neuropeptides and endogenous opioids. By day seven, all patients were asymptomatic, even when all orthodontic-intrusive devices were still active. In the EXPg, the SP and CGRP exhibited statistically significant different levels. Although none of the endogenous opioids showed statistically significant differences, they all expressed increasing trends in the EXPg. Conclusions. SP and CGRP were identified in dental pulp after seven days of controlled orthodontic intrusion movement, even in the absence of pain.
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Ersahan S, Sabuncuoglu FA. Effects of magnitude of intrusive force on pulpal blood flow in maxillary molars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015; 148:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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