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Liu S, Hong Y, Wang BR, Wei ZQ, Zhao HD, Jiang T, Zhang YD, Shi JQ. The presence and clinical significance of autoantibodies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a narrative review. Neurol Sci 2024:10.1007/s10072-024-07581-x. [PMID: 38733435 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating and rapidly fatal neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by the selective loss of the upper and lower motor neurons. The pathogenesis of ALS remains to be elucidated and has been connected to genetic, environmental and immune conditions. Evidence from clinical and experimental studies has suggested that the immune system played an important role in ALS pathophysiology. Autoantibodies are essential components of the immune system. Several autoantibodies directed at antigens associated with ALS pathogenesis have been identified in the serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid of ALS patients. The aim of this review is to summarize the presence and clinical significance of autoantibodies in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China
| | - Ye Hong
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China
| | - Bian-Rong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China
| | - Zi-Qiao Wei
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, PR China
| | - Hong-Dong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China
| | - Ying-Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China
| | - Jian-Quan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China.
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Soleimanizadeh A, Dinter H, Schindowski K. Central Nervous System Delivery of Antibodies and Their Single-Domain Antibodies and Variable Fragment Derivatives with Focus on Intranasal Nose to Brain Administration. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10040047. [PMID: 34939999 PMCID: PMC8699001 DOI: 10.3390/antib10040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IgG antibodies are some of the most important biopharmaceutical molecules with a high market volume. In spite of the fact that clinical therapies with antibodies are broadly utilized in oncology, immunology and hematology, their delivery strategies and biodistribution need improvement, their limitations being due to their size and poor ability to penetrate into tissues. In view of their small size, there is a rising interest in derivatives, such as single-domain antibodies and single-chain variable fragments, for clinical diagnostic but also therapeutic applications. Smaller antibody formats combine several benefits for clinical applications and can be manufactured at reduced production costs compared with full-length IgGs. Moreover, such formats have a relevant potential for targeted drug delivery that directs drug cargo to a specific tissue or across the blood–brain barrier. In this review, we give an overview of the challenges for antibody drug delivery in general and focus on intranasal delivery to the central nervous system with antibody formats of different sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghavan Soleimanizadeh
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Science, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (A.S.); (H.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Heiko Dinter
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Science, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (A.S.); (H.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Science, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (A.S.); (H.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Alpaydın Baslo S, Erdoğan M, Balçık ZE, Öztürk O, Ataklı D. Is Hirayama a Gq1b disease? Neurol Sci 2019; 40:1743-1747. [PMID: 30798387 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sezin Alpaydın Baslo
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatric, Neurologic, and Neurosurgical Diseases, Zuhuratbaba mah. Dr. Tevfik Sağlam cad. No: 25/2 Posta Kodu: 34147 Bakırköy, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mücahid Erdoğan
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatric, Neurologic, and Neurosurgical Diseases, Zuhuratbaba mah. Dr. Tevfik Sağlam cad. No: 25/2 Posta Kodu: 34147 Bakırköy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ezgi Balçık
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatric, Neurologic, and Neurosurgical Diseases, Zuhuratbaba mah. Dr. Tevfik Sağlam cad. No: 25/2 Posta Kodu: 34147 Bakırköy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya Öztürk
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatric, Neurologic, and Neurosurgical Diseases, Zuhuratbaba mah. Dr. Tevfik Sağlam cad. No: 25/2 Posta Kodu: 34147 Bakırköy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Ataklı
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatric, Neurologic, and Neurosurgical Diseases, Zuhuratbaba mah. Dr. Tevfik Sağlam cad. No: 25/2 Posta Kodu: 34147 Bakırköy, Istanbul, Turkey
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Tüzün E, Gezen-Ak D, Tzartos J, Dursun E, Giriş M, Zisimopoulou P, Karagiorgou K, Yetimler B, Küçükali Cİ, İdrisoğlu HA. LRP4 antibody positive amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients display neuropil-reactive IgG and enhanced serum complement levels. Immunol Lett 2018; 203:54-56. [PMID: 30227179 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Tüzün
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - John Tzartos
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Tzartos NeuroDiagnostics, Athens, Greece
| | - Erdinç Dursun
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Giriş
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Berrak Yetimler
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem İsmail Küçükali
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil Atilla İdrisoğlu
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Eve DJ, Ehrhart J, Zesiewicz T, Jahan I, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Sanberg CD, Gooch C, Sanberg PR, Garbuzova-Davis S. Plasma Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Blood Modulates Mitogen-Induced Proliferation of Mononuclear Cells Isolated From the Peripheral Blood of ALS Patients. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:963-71. [PMID: 26159164 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x688579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain. This disease clinically manifests as gradual muscular weakness and atrophy leading to paralysis and death by respiratory failure. While multiple interdependent factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of ALS, increasing evidence shows the possible presence of autoimmune mechanisms that promote disease progression. The potential use of plasma derived from human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) as a therapeutic tool is currently in its infancy. The hUCB plasma is rich in cytokines and growth factors that are required for growth and survival of cells during hematopoiesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of hUCB plasma on the mitogen-induced proliferation of mononuclear cells (MNCs) isolated from the peripheral blood of ALS patients and apoptotic activity by detection of caspase 3/7 expression of the isolated MNCs in vitro. Three distinct responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced proliferation of MNCs were observed, which were independent of age, disease duration, and the ALS rating scale: Group I responded normally to PHA, Group II showed no response to PHA, while Group III showed a hyperactive response to PHA. hUCB plasma attenuated the hyperactive response (Group III) and potentiated the normal response in Group I ALS patients, but did not alter that of the nonresponders to PHA (Group II). The elevated activity of caspase 3/7 observed in the MNCs from ALS patients was significantly reduced by hUCB plasma treatment. Thus, study results showing different cell responses to mitogen suggest alteration in lymphocyte functionality in ALS patients that may be a sign of immune deficiency in the nonresponders and autoimmunity alterations in the hyperactive responders. The ability of hUCB plasma to modulate the mitogen cell response and reduce caspase activity suggests that the use of hUCB plasma alone, or with stem cells, may prove useful as a therapeutic in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Eve
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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Abstract
Our objective was to examine the strength of evidence in support of the paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS) as one cause of ALS and, if the association appears more likely than chance, determine which features of ALS imply concurrent malignancy. We reviewed the literature on concurrent ALS and neoplasia assessing the strength of evidence for the association. Most accounts of ALS and neoplasm are case reports or small uncontrolled series. In order of strength of evidence, three clinical situations that support a paraneoplastic aetiology for ALS are: 1) laboratory evidence of well-characterized onconeuronal antibodies, most often anti-Hu, anti-Yo or anti-Ri; 2) co-occurrence of ALS and a neoplasm known to cause PNS, usually lymphoma or cancer of the breast; and 3) combined ALS and a neoplasm not classically associated with PNS, without detectable onconeuronal antibodies. Clinical features that warrant evaluation of neoplasm include upper motor neuron disease in elderly females, rapid progression, non-motor signs, and young onset. In conclusion, most examples of ALS and neoplasm do not constitute a classically established PNS. Rare instances of elevated onconeuronal antibody titres or typical neoplasm, implies that, albeit rare, the PNS is one of a multitude of causes of ALS.
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Murdock BJ, Bender DE, Segal BM, Feldman EL. The dual roles of immunity in ALS: Injury overrides protection. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 77:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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