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Perwez A, Wahabi K, Rizvi MA. Parkin: A targetable linchpin in human malignancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188533. [PMID: 33785381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase has been found to be deregulated in a variety of human cancers. Our current understanding is endowed with strong evidences that Parkin plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of cancer by controlling/interfering with major hallmarks of cancer delineated till today. Consistent with the idea of mitophagy, the existing studies imitates the tumor suppressive potential of Parkin, resolved by its capacity to regulate cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis, apoptosis and overall cellular survival. Dysfunction of Parkin has resulted in the loss of ubiquitination of cell cycle components followed by their accumulation leading to genomic instability, perturbed cell cycle and eventually tumor progression. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge about the critical role of Parkin in cancer development and progression and have focussed on its therapeutic implications highlighting the diagnostic and prognostic value of Parkin as a biomarker. We earnestly hope that an in-depth knowledge of Parkin will provide a linchpin to target in various cancers that will open a new door of clinical applications and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Perwez
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Khushnuma Wahabi
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Moshahid A Rizvi
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Flanagan DJ, Austin CR, Vincan E, Phesse TJ. Wnt Signalling in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040178. [PMID: 29570681 PMCID: PMC5924520 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling regulates several cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration, and is critical for embryonic development. Stem cells are defined by their ability for self-renewal and the ability to be able to give rise to differentiated progeny. Consequently, they are essential for the homeostasis of many organs including the gastrointestinal tract. This review will describe the huge advances in our understanding of how stem cell functions in the gastrointestinal tract are regulated by Wnt signalling, including how deregulated Wnt signalling can hijack these functions to transform cells and lead to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Flanagan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory and the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Chloe R Austin
- Cancer and Cell Signalling Laboratory, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory and the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Toby J Phesse
- Cancer and Cell Signalling Laboratory, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK.
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Loss of CYLD expression unleashes Wnt signaling in multiple myeloma and is associated with aggressive disease. Oncogene 2016; 36:2105-2115. [PMID: 27775078 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deletion or mutation of the gene encoding the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD is a common genomic aberration in multiple myeloma (MM). However, the functional consequence of CYLD loss and the mechanism underlying its putative role as a tumor suppressor gene in the pathogenesis of MM has not been established. Here, we show that CYLD expression is highly variable in myeloma cell lines and primary MMs and that low CYLD expression is associated with disease progression from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to MM, and with poor overall and progression free-survival of MM patients. Functional assays revealed that CYLD represses MM cell proliferation and survival. Furthermore, CYLD acts as a negative regulator of NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and loss of CYLD sensitizes MM cells to NF-κB-stimuli and Wnt ligands. Interestingly, in primary MMs, low CYLD expression strongly correlated with a proliferative and Wnt signaling-gene expression signature, but not with an NFκB target gene signature. Altogether, our findings identify CYLD as a negative regulator of NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in MM and indicate that loss of CYLD enhances MM aggressiveness through Wnt pathway activation. Thus, targeting the Wnt pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy in MM with loss of CYLD activity.
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Jin YJ, Wang S, Cho J, Selim MA, Wright T, Mosialos G, Zhang JY. Epidermal CYLD inactivation sensitizes mice to the development of sebaceous and basaloid skin tumors. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27478875 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The deubiquitinase-encoding gene Cyld displays a dominant genetic linkage to a wide spectrum of skin-appendage tumors, which could be collectively designated as CYLD mutant-syndrome (CYLDm-syndrome). Despite recent advances, little is understood about the molecular mechanisms responsible for this painful and difficult-to-treat skin disease. Here, we generated a conditional mouse model with epidermis-targeted expression of a catalytically deficient CYLDm through K14-Cre-mediated deletion of exon 9 (hereafter refer to CyldEΔ9/Δ9 ). CyldEΔ9/Δ9 mice were born alive but developed hair and sebaceous gland abnormalities and dental defects at 100% and 60% penetrance, respectively. Upon topical challenge with DMBA/TPA, these animals primarily developed sebaceous and basaloid tumors resembling human CYLDm-syndrome as opposed to papilloma, which is most commonly induced in WT mice by this treatment. Molecular analysis revealed that TRAF6-K63-Ubiquitination (K63-Ub), c-Myc-K63-Ub, and phospho-c-Myc (S62) were markedly elevated in CyldEΔ9/Δ9 skin. Topical treatment with a pharmacological c-Myc inhibitor induced sebaceous and basal cell apoptosis in CyldEΔ9/Δ9 skin. Consistently, c-Myc activation was readily detected in human cylindroma and sebaceous adenoma. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that CyldEΔ9/Δ9 mice represent a disease-relevant animal model and identify TRAF6 and c-Myc as potential therapeutic targets for CYLDm-syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingai Jane Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sally Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joshua Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Angelica Selim
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tim Wright
- Dental School, University North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - George Mosialos
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jennifer Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Wnt9A Induction Linked to Suppression of Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:495. [PMID: 27049382 PMCID: PMC4848951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies of Wnt signaling in malignant tissues have focused on the canonical Wnt pathway (CWP) due to its role in stimulating cellular proliferation. The role of the non-canonical Wnt pathway (NCWP) in tissues with dysregulated Wnt signaling is not fully understood. Understanding NCWP’s role is important since these opposing pathways act in concert to maintain homeostasis in healthy tissues. Our preliminary studies demonstrated that LiCl inhibited proliferation of primary cells derived from colorectal cancer (CRC). Since LiCl stimulates cell proliferation in normal tissues and NCWP suppresses it, the present study was designed to investigate the impact of NCWP components in LiCl-mediated effects. LiCl-mediated inhibition of CRC cell proliferation (p < 0.001) and increased apoptosis (p < 0.01) coincided with 23-fold increase (p < 0.025) in the expression of the NCWP ligand, Wnt9A. LiCl also suppressed β-catenin mRNA (p < 0.03), total β-catenin protein (p < 0.025) and the active form of β-catenin. LiCl-mediated inhibition of CRC cell proliferation was partially reversed by IWP-2, and Wnt9A antibody. Recombinant Wnt9A protein emulated LiCl effects by suppressing β-catenin protein (p < 0.001), inhibiting proliferation (p < 0.001) and increasing apoptosis (p < 0.03). This is the first study to demonstrate induction of a NCWP ligand, Wnt9A as part of a mechanism for LiCl-mediated suppression of CRC cell proliferation.
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Wang F, Chang JTH, Kao CJ, Huang RS. High Expression of miR-532-5p, a Tumor Suppressor, Leads to Better Prognosis in Ovarian Cancer Both In Vivo and In Vitro. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1123-31. [PMID: 26873729 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death for gynecologic cancers, ranking fifth overall for cancer-related death among women. The identification of biomarkers and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms for improving treatment options have received extensive efforts in ovarian cancer research. miRNAs have high potential to act as both ovarian cancer biomarkers and as critical regulators of ovarian tumor behavior. We comprehensively analyzed global mRNA, miRNA expression, and survival data for ovarian cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to pinpoint miRNAs that play critical roles in ovarian cancer survival through their effect on mRNA expression. We performed miRNA overexpression and gene knockdown experiments to confirm mechanisms predicted in our bioinformatics approach. We established that overexpression of miR-532-5p in OVCAR-3 cells resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability over a 96-hour time period. In the TCGA ovarian cancer dataset, we found 67 genes whose expression levels were negatively correlated with miR-532-5p expression and correlated with patient survival, such as WNT9A, CSNK2A2, CHD4, and SH3PXD2A The potential miR-532-5p-regulated gene targets were found to be enriched in the Wnt pathway. Overexpression of miR-532-5p through miRNA mimic caused downregulation of CSNK2A2, CHD4, and SH3PXD2A in the OVCAR-3 cell line. We have discovered and validated the tumor-suppressing capabilities of miR-532-5p both in vivo through TCGA analysis and in vitro through ovarian cancer cell lines. Our work highlights the potential clinical importance of miR-532-5p expression in ovarian cancer patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 1123-31. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeremy T-H Chang
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Siegel EM, Eschrich S, Winter K, Riggs B, Berglund A, Ajidahun A, Simko J, Moughan J, Ajani J, Magliocco A, Elahi A, Hoffe S, Shibata D. Epigenomic characterization of locally advanced anal cancer: a radiation therapy oncology group 98-11 specimen study. Dis Colon Rectum 2014; 57:941-57. [PMID: 25003289 PMCID: PMC4100249 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 98-11 clinical trial demonstrated the superiority of standard 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin-C over 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin in combination with radiation in the treatment of anal squamous cell cancer. Tumor size (>5 cm) and lymph node metastases are associated with disease progression. There may be key molecular differences (eg, DNA methylation changes) in tumors at high risk for progression. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to determine whether there are differences in DNA methylation at individual CpG sites and within genes among locally advanced anal cancers, with large tumor size and/or nodal involvement, compared with those that are less advanced. DESIGN This was a case-case study among 121 patients defined as high risk (tumor size >5 cm and/or nodal involvement; n = 59) or low risk (≤5 cm, node negative; n = 62) within the mitomycin-C arm of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 98-11 trial. DNA methylation was measured using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 Array. SETTINGS The study was conducted in a tertiary care cancer center in collaboration with a national clinical trials cooperative group. PATIENTS The patients consisted of 74 women and 47 men with a median age of 54 years (range, 25-79 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES DNA methylation differences at individual CpG sites and within genes between low- and high-risk patients were compared using the Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.001). RESULTS A total of 16 CpG loci were differentially methylated (14 increased and 2 decreased) in high- versus low-risk cases. Genes harboring differentially methylated CpG sites included known tumor suppressor genes and novel targets. LIMITATIONS This study only included patients in the mitomycin-C arm with tumor tissue; however, this sample was representative of the trial. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to apply genome-wide methylation analysis to anal cancer. Biologically relevant differences in methylated targets were found to discriminate locally advanced from early anal cancer. Epigenetic events likely play a significant role in the progression of anal cancer and may serve as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Siegel
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Steven Eschrich
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Kathryn Winter
- Department of Statistics, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, Philadelphia, PA and San Francisco, CA
| | - Bridget Riggs
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Anders Berglund
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Abidemi Ajidahun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Jeff Simko
- Department of Biospecimen Resource, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, Philadelphia, PA and San Francisco, CA
| | - Jennifer Moughan
- Department of Statistics, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, Philadelphia, PA and San Francisco, CA
| | - Jaffer Ajani
- Department of Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Abul Elahi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Sarah Hoffe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - David Shibata
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL,Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
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Bhattacharyya S, Feferman L, Tobacman JK. Increased expression of colonic Wnt9A through Sp1-mediated transcriptional effects involving arylsulfatase B, chondroitin 4-sulfate, and galectin-3. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17564-75. [PMID: 24778176 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.561589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In cultured human colonic epithelial cells and mouse colonic tissue, exposure to the common food additive carrageenan leads to inflammation, activation of Wnt signaling, increased Wnt9A expression, and decline in the activity of the enzyme arylsulfatase B (ARSB; N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase). In this study, the novel transcriptional mechanism by which carrageenan and decline in ARSB increase Wnt9A expression in NCM460 and HT-29 human colonic epithelial cells and in mouse colon is presented. Increased expression of Wnt9A has been associated with multiple malignancies, including colon carcinoma, and with ectodermal and mesoendodermal morphogenesis. When ARSB activity was reduced by siRNA or by exposure to carrageenan (1 μg/ml for 24 h), degradation of chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) was inhibited, leading to accumulation of more highly sulfated C4S, which binds less galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding protein. Nuclear galectin-3 increased and mediated increased binding of Sp1 to the Sp1 consensus sequence in the Wnt9A promoter, shown by oligonucleotide-binding assay and by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. When galectin-3 was silenced, the increases in Sp1 binding to the Wnt9A promoter and in Wnt9A expression, which followed carrageenan or ARSB silencing, were inhibited. Mithramycin A, a specific inhibitor of Sp1 oligonucleotide binding, and Sp1 siRNA blocked the carrageenan- and ARSB siRNA-induced increases in Wnt9A expression. These studies reveal how carrageenan exposure can lead to transcriptional events in colonic epithelial cells through decline in arylsulfatase B activity, with subsequent impact on C4S, galectin-3, Sp1, and Wnt9A and can exert significant effects on Wnt-initiated signaling and related vital cell processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhattacharyya
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60612 and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Leo Feferman
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60612 and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Joanne K Tobacman
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60612 and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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