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Myakishev-Rempel M, Stadler I, Polesskaya O, Motiwala AS, Nardia FB, Mintz B, Baranova A, Zavislan J, Lanzafame RJ. Red Light Modulates Ultraviolet-Induced Gene Expression in the Epidermis of Hairless Mice. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 33:498-503. [PMID: 26398729 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether low-level light therapy (LLLT) was capable of modulating expression of ultraviolet (UV) light-responsive genes in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of 670 nm light-emitting diode (LED) array irradiation were investigated in a hairless SHK-1 mouse epidermis model. Mice were given a single dose of UVA/UVB light, or three doses of red light (670 nm @ 8 mW/cm(2) x 312 sec, 2.5 J/cm(2) per session) spread over 24 h along with combinations of pre- and post-UV treatment with red light. Levels of 14 UV-responsive mRNAs were quantified 24 h after UV irradiation by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The transcription of mRNAs encoding for cluster of differentiation molecule 11b (CD11b) (p < 0.05) and interferon (IFN)-γ (p < 0.012) increased after irradiation with red light alone, whereas expression level of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (p < 0.02) was downregulated. Genes unresponsive to UV did not change their expression levels after exposure to red light either. Pretreatment with red light significantly modified response of Fos to UV exposure (p < 0.01). A synergy of UV and post-treatment with red light in reducing the transcription levels of CD11b (p < 0.05) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (p < 0.05) was observed. CONCLUSIONS This is an initial observation that in mouse red light LLLT more often than not causes opposite gene expression changes or reduces those caused by moderate UVA-UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oksana Polesskaya
- 3 University of Rochester , Microbiology and Immunology, Rochester, New York
| | - Alifiya S Motiwala
- 4 School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, Virginia
| | | | - Benjamin Mintz
- 3 University of Rochester , Microbiology and Immunology, Rochester, New York
| | - Ancha Baranova
- 4 School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, Virginia
- 5 Research Center for Medical Genetics , Moscow, Russia n Federation
- 6 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University) , Institutskii Pereulok, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - James Zavislan
- 3 University of Rochester , Microbiology and Immunology, Rochester, New York
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Dhabhar FS, Saul AN, Holmes TH, Daugherty C, Neri E, Tillie JM, Kusewitt D, Oberyszyn TM. High-anxious individuals show increased chronic stress burden, decreased protective immunity, and increased cancer progression in a mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33069. [PMID: 22558071 PMCID: PMC3338811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of widespread anecdotal and scientific evidence much remains to be understood about the long-suspected connection between psychological factors and susceptibility to cancer. The skin is the most common site of cancer, accounting for nearly half of all cancers in the US, with approximately 2-3 million cases of non-melanoma cancers occurring each year worldwide. We hypothesized that a high-anxious, stress-prone behavioral phenotype would result in a higher chronic stress burden, lower protective-immunity, and increased progression of the immuno-responsive skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma. SKH1 mice were phenotyped as high- or low-anxious at baseline, and subsequently exposed to ultraviolet-B light (1 minimal erythemal dose (MED), 3 times/week, 10-weeks). The significant strengths of this cancer model are that it uses a normal, immunocompetent, outbred strain, without surgery/injection of exogenous tumor cells/cell lines, and produces lesions that resemble human tumors. Tumors were counted weekly (primary outcome), and tissues collected during early and late phases of tumor development. Chemokine/cytokine gene-expression was quantified by PCR, tumor-infiltrating helper (Th), cytolytic (CTL), and regulatory (Treg) T cells by immunohistochemistry, lymph node T and B cells by flow cytometry, adrenal and plasma corticosterone and tissue vascular-endothelial-growth-factor (VEGF) by ELISA. High-anxious mice showed a higher tumor burden during all phases of tumor development. They also showed: higher corticosterone levels (indicating greater chronic stress burden), increased CCL22 expression and Treg infiltration (increased tumor-recruited immuno-suppression), lower CTACK/CCL27, IL-12, and IFN-γ gene-expression and lower numbers of tumor infiltrating Th and CTLs (suppressed protective immunity), and higher VEGF concentrations (increased tumor angiogenesis/invasion/metastasis). These results suggest that the deleterious effects of high trait anxiety could be: exacerbated by life-stressors, accentuated by the stress of cancer diagnosis/treatment, and mediate increased tumor progression and/or metastasis. Therefore, it may be beneficial to investigate the use of chemotherapy-compatible anxiolytic treatments immediately following cancer diagnosis, and during cancer treatment/survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdaus S Dhabhar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
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Dhabhar FS, Saul AN, Daugherty C, Holmes TH, Bouley DM, Oberyszyn TM. Short-term stress enhances cellular immunity and increases early resistance to squamous cell carcinoma. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:127-37. [PMID: 19765644 PMCID: PMC2788066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to chronic/long-term stress that suppresses/dysregulates immune function, an acute/short-term fight-or-flight stress response experienced during immune activation can enhance innate and adaptive immunity. Moderate ultraviolet-B (UV) exposure provides a non-invasive system for studying the naturalistic emergence, progression and regression of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Because SCC is an immunoresponsive cancer, we hypothesized that short-term stress experienced before UV exposure would enhance protective immunity and increase resistance to SCC. Control and short-term stress groups were treated identically except that the short-term stress group was restrained (2.5h) before each of nine UV-exposure sessions (minimum erythemal dose, 3-times/week) during weeks 4-6 of the 10-week UV exposure protocol. Tumors were measured weekly, and tissue collected at weeks 7, 20, and 32. Chemokine and cytokine gene expression was quantified by real-time PCR, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Compared to controls, the short-term stress group showed greater cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine (CTACK)/CCL27, RANTES, IL-12, and IFN-gamma gene expression at weeks 7, 20, and 32, higher skin infiltrating T cell numbers (weeks 7 and 20), lower tumor incidence (weeks 11-20) and fewer tumors (weeks 11-26). These results suggest that activation of short-term stress physiology increased chemokine expression and T cell trafficking and/or function during/following UV exposure, and enhanced Type 1 cytokine-driven cell-mediated immunity that is crucial for resistance to SCC. Therefore, the physiological fight-or-flight stress response and its adjuvant-like immuno-enhancing effects, may provide a novel and important mechanism for enhancing immune system mediated tumor-detection/elimination that merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdaus S. Dhabhar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, & Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Alison N. Saul
- College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Christine Daugherty
- College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Tyson H. Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Donna M. Bouley
- Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Saul AN, Oberyszyn TM, Daugherty C, Kusewitt D, Jones S, Jewell S, Malarkey WB, Lehman A, Lemeshow S, Dhabhar FS. Chronic stress and susceptibility to skin cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:1760-7. [PMID: 16333031 PMCID: PMC3422720 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that chronic stress or UV radiation independently suppress immunity. Given their increasing prevalence, it is important to understand whether and how chronic stress and UV radiation may act together to increase susceptibility to disease. Therefore, we investigated potential mediators of a stress-induced increase in emergence and progression of UV-induced squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS SKH1 mice susceptible to UV-induced tumors were unexposed (naïve, n = 4) or exposed (n = 16) to 2240 J/m2 of UVB radiation three times a week for 10 weeks. Half of the UVB-exposed mice were left nonstressed (i.e., they remained in their home cages) and the other half were chronically stressed (i.e., restrained during weeks 4-6). UV-induced tumors were measured weekly from week 11 through week 34, blood was collected at week 34, and tissues were collected at week 35. mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-12p40, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-4, IL-10, CD3epsilon, and CCL27/CTACK, the skin T cell-homing chemokine, in dorsal skin was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. CD4+, CD8+, and CD25+ leukocytes were counted using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Stressed mice had a shorter median time to first tumor (15 versus 16.5 weeks, difference = 1.5 weeks, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -3.0 to 3.3 weeks; P = .03) and reached 50% incidence earlier than controls (15 weeks versus 21 weeks). Stressed mice also had lower IFN-gamma ( mean = 0.03 versus mean = 0.07, difference = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.004 to 0.073; P = .02), CCL27/CTACK (mean = 101 versus mean = 142, difference = 41, 95% CI = 8.1 to 74.4; P = .03), and CD3epsilon (mean = 0.18 versus mean = 0.36, difference = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.30; P = .007) gene expression and lower numbers of infiltrating CD4+ cells (mean = 9.40 versus mean = 13.7, difference = 4.3, 95% CI = 2.36 to 6.32; P = .008) than nonstressed mice. In addition, stressed mice had more regulatory/suppressor CD25+ cells infiltrating tumors and more CD4+ CD25+ cells in circulation (mean = 0.36 versus mean = 0.17, difference = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.005 to 0.38; P = .03) than nonstressed mice. CONCLUSIONS Chronic stress increased susceptibility to UV-induced squamous cell carcinoma in this mouse model by suppressing type 1 cytokines and protective T cells and increasing regulatory/suppressor T cell numbers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/blood
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Chemokine CCL27
- Chemokines, CC/analysis
- Chronic Disease
- Cytokines/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interleukin-10/blood
- Interleukin-4/blood
- Leukocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- Skin/chemistry
- Skin Neoplasms/etiology
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
- Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison N. Saul
- College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Tatiana M. Oberyszyn
- College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | - Donna Kusewitt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Susie Jones
- College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Scott Jewell
- College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William B. Malarkey
- College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Amy Lehman
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Stanley Lemeshow
- College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Firdaus S. Dhabhar
- College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Matheson MJ, Reeve VE. The effect of the antihistamine cimetidine on ultraviolet-radiation-induced tumorigenesis in the hairless mouse. Photochem Photobiol 1991; 53:639-42. [PMID: 1881962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb08491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This experiment investigated the effect on ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced tumorigenesis of feeding the histamine type 2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine, to Skh:HR mice. Cimetidine was fed to one group during a 70 day period of chronic UVR (5 days/week for 10 weeks), to a second group from the end of this period to the end of the experiment at 286 days and a third group was fed a control diet only throughout the experiment. Feeding mice cimetidine during the 70 day period of irradiation protected them against the later development of skin tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Matheson
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Reeve VE, Matheson M, Greenoak GE, Canfield PJ, Boehm-Wilcox C, Gallagher CH. Effect of dietary lipid on UV light carcinogenesis in the hairless mouse. Photochem Photobiol 1988; 48:689-96. [PMID: 3241840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Canfield PJ, Greenoak GE, Macasaet EN, Reeve VE, Gallagher CH. The characterization of squamous cell carcinoma induced by ultraviolet irradiation in hairless mice. Pathology 1988; 20:109-17. [PMID: 2463511 DOI: 10.3109/00313028809066620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) induced by ultraviolet irradiation in hairless mice were characterized according to their growth, gross appearance and light and transmission electron microscopic features. SCCs arose directly from irradiated skin (ab initio) or progressed from pre-existing epidermal tumours and lesions. SCCs could be graded using guidelines established for human tumours. SCCs comprised 60.8% of the tumours examined. Of these, 35.6% were designated as grade 1, 27.7% as grade 2, 7.9% as grade 3 and 28.7% as grade 4. Spindle cell tumours suspected of being SCCs were included in grade 4. Grades 1, 2 and 3 could not be distinguished on the basis of growth and gross appearance. Those arising ab initio presented as either red, ulcerated lesions or as raised, white, verrucose lesions. Grade 4 SCCs that arose ab initio presented as rapidly growing, red, spherical lesions. Those that arose from pre-existing tumours or lesions had no characteristic appearance, and variable growth. Light microscopically, grade 4 SCCs with an obvious point of origin from epidermis or other epidermal tumours, and putative grade 4 SCCs without such a point of origin, were characterized commonly by spindle cells, pleomorphic giant or multinucleated cells and individual cell reticular fibres. Ultrastructurally, spindle cells, although poorly differentiated, were distinct from flibroblastic proliferations and had few tonofilaments or desmosomes, and were inconsistently surrounded by basal lamina-like material. On the basis of these characteristics, and despite inconclusive positivity with immunoperoxidase staining for keratin and prekeratin, it was concluded that these spindle cell tumours were most probably of identical squamous cell origin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Canfield
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Sydney, Lidcombe Hospital
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