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Ansu Baidoo VY, Cara KC, Dickinson SL, Brown AW, Wallace TC, Chung M, Gletsu-Miller N. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis to Estimate a Reference Range for Circulating Ionized Magnesium Concentrations in Adult Populations. J Nutr 2023; 153:3458-3471. [PMID: 37844840 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of consensus on a reference range for ionized magnesium (iMg2+) in blood as a measure of the status of circulating iMg2+ for the screening of populations. OBJECTIVES We estimated the reference range of iMg2+ levels for healthy adult populations and the ranges for populations with cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and renal disease. We also estimated 95% ranges for circulating magnesium (Mg) in healthy and those with cardiometabolic diseases. METHODS We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase through 24 July, 2020 to identify articles. We included English, peer-reviewed, randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies that measured iMg2+ in blood or circulating Mg at baseline. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020216100). Estimated ranges were calculated by employing a frequentist random-effects model using extracted (or calculated) means and SDs from each included study. We determined the 95% confidence interval of the pooled mean. RESULTS A total of 95 articles were included with 53 studies having data for healthy participants and 42 studies having data for participants with cardiometabolic diseases. The estimated reference range for iMg2+ for healthy populations was 0.40-0.68 mmol/L, 0.38-0.64 mmol/L for CVD, 0.34-0.66 mmol/L for type 2 diabetes, 0.39-1.04 mmol/L for hypertension, and 0.40-0.76 mmol/L for renal disease. For circulating Mg, the estimated range was 0.72-1.0 mmol/L for healthy adults, 0.56-1.05 mmol/L for CVD, 0.58-1.14 mmol/L for type 2 diabetes, 0.60-1.08 mmol/L for hypertension, and 0.59-1.26 mmol/L for renal disease. CONCLUSIONS Estimated reference ranges for cardiometabolic disease states for both iMg2+ and circulating Mg were broad and overlapped with the estimated range for healthy populations (0.40-0.68 mmol/L). Further studies should evaluate whether iMg2+ can be used as a biomarker of cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly C Cara
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stephanie L Dickinson
- School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Andrew W Brown
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Taylor C Wallace
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Think Healthy Group, Inc., Washington, DC, United States; Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, HI, United States
| | - Mei Chung
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nana Gletsu-Miller
- School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
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Trefz FM, Constable PD, Sauter-Louis C, Lorch A, Knubben-Schweizer G, Lorenz I. Hyperkalemia in neonatal diarrheic calves depends on the degree of dehydration and the cause of the metabolic acidosis but does not require the presence of acidemia. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7234-7244. [PMID: 24011947 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperkalemia is a clinically important electrolyte imbalance in neonatal diarrheic calves that has previously been associated with skeletal muscle weakness and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. The aim of the present retrospective analysis was to identify risk factors for hyperkalemia in a convenience sample of 832 calves (≤ 21 d of age) with a clinical diagnosis of diarrhea admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital. Plasma potassium concentrations were most closely associated with parameters of dehydration and renal function such as serum creatinine [Spearman correlation (rs) = 0.61], urea (rs = 0.51), and inorganic phosphorus concentrations (rs = 0.64). Plasma potassium concentrations were weakly associated with venous blood pH (rs = -0.21). Although venous blood pH was not predictive in a multivariate linear regression analysis, the odds of having hyperkalemia (>5.8 mmol/L) in acidemic calves was found to be 8.6 times as high as in nonacidemic calves [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.8-15.4]. However, the presence of hyperkalemia depended on the nature of an existing acidosis, and the odds for the presence of hyperkalemia in acidemic calves with hyper-D-lactatemia (>3.96 mmol/L) were only 0.15 times as high as in acidemic calves with normal D-lactate concentrations (95% CI, 0.11-0.22). Acidemia in hyperkalemic diarrheic calves was associated with hyponatremia and increased concentrations of inorganic phosphorus, L-lactate, and unidentified strong anions that presumably included uremic anions such as sulfate. We conclude that hyper-D-lactatemia in neonatal diarrheic calves is not usually associated with elevated plasma potassium concentrations. Application of the simplified strong ion acid-base model indicated that dehydration is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of hyperkalemia and acidemia in neonatal calves with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Trefz
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstraße 16, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - P D Constable
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - C Sauter-Louis
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstraße 16, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - A Lorch
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstraße 16, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - G Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstraße 16, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - I Lorenz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Effect of antioxidant in an acute lung injury animal model. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-012-0041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Effectiveness of antioxidant and membrane oxygenator in acute respiratory distress syndrome by endotoxin. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-012-0042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dimeski G, Badrick T, John AS. Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs) and interferences--a review. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 411:309-17. [PMID: 20004654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs) are used to measure some of the most critical analytes on clinical laboratory and point-of-care analysers. These analytes which include Na(+), K(+), Cl(-), Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and Li(+) are used for rapid patient care decisions. Although the electrodes are very selective, they are not free of interferences. It is important for laboratories to have an understanding of the type and extent of interferences in order to avoid incorrect clinical decisions and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goce Dimeski
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, 4102, Australia.
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Berlin D, Aroch I. Concentrations of ionized and total magnesium and calcium in healthy horses: Effects of age, pregnancy, lactation, pH and sample type. Vet J 2009; 181:305-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Unterer S, Lutz H, Gerber B, Glaus TM, Hässig M, Reusch CE. Evaluation of an electrolyte analyzer for measurement of ionized calcium and magnesium concentrations in blood, plasma, and serum of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:183-7. [PMID: 14974576 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate an electrolyte analyzer for measurement of ionized calcium (Ca(i)) and magnesium (Mg(i)) concentrations in blood, plasma, and serum; investigate the effect of various factors on measured values; and establish reference ranges for Ca(i) and Mg(i) in dogs. ANIMALS 30 healthy adult dogs of various breeds. PROCEDURE Precision in a measurement series, day-to-day precision, and linearity were used to evaluate the analyzer. The effects of exposure of serum samples to air, type of specimen (blood, plasma, or serum), and storage temperature on sample stability were assessed. Reference ranges were established with anaerobically handled serum. RESULTS The coefficient of variation for precision in a measurement series was < or = 1.5% for both electrolytes at various concentrations. The Ca(i) and Mg(i) concentrations were significantly lower in aerobically handled serum samples, compared with anaerobically handled samples. The Ca(i) and Mg(i) concentrations differed significantly among blood, plasma, and serum samples. In anaerobically handled serum, Ca(i) was stable for 24 hours at 22 degrees C, 48 hours at 4 degrees C, and 11 weeks at -20 degrees C; Mg(i) was stable for 8 hours at 22 degrees C, < 24 hours at 4 degrees C, and < 1 week at -20 degrees C. In anaerobically handled serum, reference ranges were 1.20 to 1.35 mmol/L for Ca(i) and 0.42 to 0.58 mmol/L for Mg(i). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The electrolyte analyzer was suitable for determination of Ca(i) and Mg(i) concentrations in dogs. Accurate results were obtained in anaerobically handled serum samples analyzed within 8 hours and kept at 22 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Unterer
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Wang S, McDonnell EH, Sedor FA, Toffaletti JG. pH effects on measurements of ionized calcium and ionized magnesium in blood. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002; 126:947-50. [PMID: 12171493 DOI: 10.5858/2002-126-0947-peomoi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT It is well known that the concentration of ionized calcium in blood is affected by the pH of the specimen, since hydrogen ions compete with calcium for binding sites on albumin and other proteins. However, the relationship between pH and ionized magnesium concentration is not as well characterized. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of pH on ionized magnesium concentration over a wide range of pH values in serum or plasma. DESIGN Both ionized calcium and ionized magnesium concentrations were measured in 3 sets of samples. (1) Pools of serum or whole blood at different pH values (7.20-7.60) achieved by adding a constant volume of acid or base (diluted solutions of either hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide) plus saline. These pools consisted of 2 serum and 3 heparinized whole blood pools collected from leftover blood remaining in clinical specimens in the Clinical Chemistry and Blood Gas Laboratories, respectively, at Duke University Medical Center. (2) Five whole blood specimens obtained from apparently healthy individual donors. (3) Twenty-six whole blood specimens obtained from individual patients (leftover blood from the Blood Gas Laboratory) in which pH was varied by in vitro loss or gain of carbon dioxide. RESULTS Both ionized calcium and ionized magnesium concentrations decreased as the pH in the specimen increased, indicating the stronger binding of these ions with proteins in the more alkaline environment. CONCLUSION We conclude that the rate of change of ionized magnesium concentration with pH change (0.12 mmol/L per pH unit) is significantly less than that of ionized calcium (0.36 mmol/L per pH unit). Furthermore, our findings indicate that if adjustment to pH 7.40 is necessary, the ionized magnesium test results need to be adjusted when pH is markedly abnormal, as is sometimes done for ionized calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihe Wang
- Department of Pathology/Clinical Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Gow IF. Measurement of ionised magnesium in HEPES-buffered serum samples. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bühlmann P, Pretsch E, Bakker E. Carrier-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes and Bulk Optodes. 2. Ionophores for Potentiometric and Optical Sensors. Chem Rev 1998; 98:1593-1688. [PMID: 11848943 DOI: 10.1021/cr970113+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1264] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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Huskens J, Main M, Malloy CR, Sherry AD. The determination of magnesium in human blood plasma by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy using a macrocyclic reporter ligand. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1336:434-44. [PMID: 9367171 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(97)00054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The ligand 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-tris(methylene methylphosphinic acid), NOTMP, was used to measure free MgII levels in blood plasma by 31P MRS. Separate resonances were observed for the free ligand and the MgII complex and the ratio of their resonance areas was used to evaluate the free, ionized MgII concentration, [Mg]free. The CaII and the ZnII complexes gave rise to separate resonances in the 31P spectrum in an aqueous sample. In human blood plasma samples, however, these resonances were never observed thus excluding the interference of these metal ions. Heparin, up to 150 units/ml, had no influence on the Mg-NOTMP equilibrium. The 31P MRS methodology was applied to twenty human blood plasma samples. Total MgII ([Mg]total), as measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy, averaged 0.85 +/- 0.12 mM while free ionized MgII ([Mg]free) measured by 31P MRS was 0.66 +/- 0.09 mM. The 31P MRS method gave inherently larger values for free ionized MgII than that reported by ion-selective electrodes (ISE). This was traced to a redistribution of existing plasma MgII species after the addition of about 2 mM of NOTMP. Calculations using existing thermodynamic data show that the ionized MgII concentration (iMg) and the concentration of MgII weakly complexed to small anions (Mg(comp)) both drop after the addition of NOTMP, with Mg(comp) dropping to negligible levels. Thus, the 31P MRS method appears to be less sensitive to variations in the concentration of weakly binding anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride, lactate, phosphate, etc.) than the ISE method. Our data indicates that the difference between Mg(total), as measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and Mg(free), as measured by 31P MRS, provides an direct estimate of the protein bound MgII fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huskens
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Chemistry, Richardson 75083-0688, USA
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