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Immunisation rates and predictors of undervaccination in infants with CHD. Cardiol Young 2023; 33:242-247. [PMID: 35411845 DOI: 10.1017/s104795112200052x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination coverage for infants with CHD is unknown, yet these patients are at high risk for morbidity and mortality associated with vaccine-preventable illnesses. We determined vaccination rates for this population and identified predictors of undervaccination. We prospectively enrolled infants with CHD born between 1 January, 2012 and 31 December, 2015, seen in a single-centre cardiology clinic between 15 February, 2016 and 28 February, 2017. We assessed vaccination during the first year of life. Subjects who by age 1 year received all routine immunisations recommended during the first 6 months of life were considered fully vaccinated. We also evaluated influenza vaccination during subjects' first eligible influenza season. We obtained immunisation histories from primary care providers and collected demographic and clinical data via a parent survey and chart review. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of undervaccination. Among 260 subjects, only 60% were fully vaccinated. Vaccination rates were lowest for influenza (64.6%), rotavirus (71.1%), and Haemophilus influenzae type b (79.3%). Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass during the first year of life was associated with undervaccination (51.5% versus 76.4% fully vaccinated, adjusted odds ratio 2.1 [95% confidence interval 1.1-3.9]). Other predictors of undervaccination were out-of-state primary care (adjusted odds ratio 2.7 [1.5-4.9]), multiple comorbidities (≥2 versus 0-1, adjusted odds ratio 2.0 [1.1-3.6]), and hospitalisation for >25% of the first year of life (>25% versus ≤25%, adjusted odds ratio 2.1 [1.1-3.9]). Targeted quality improvement initiatives focused on improving vaccination coverage for these infants, especially surrounding cardiac surgery, are needed.
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Sullivan KE. The yin and the yang of early classical pathway complement disorders. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:151-160. [PMID: 35648651 PMCID: PMC9390844 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical pathway of the complement cascade has been recognized as a key activation arm, partnering with the lectin activation arm and the alternative pathway to cleave C3 and initiate the assembly of the terminal components. While deficiencies of classical pathway components have been recognized since 1966, only recently have gain-of-function variants been described for some of these proteins. Loss-of-function variants in C1, C4, and C2 are most often associated with lupus and systemic infections with encapsulated bacteria. C3 deficiency varies slightly from this phenotypic class with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and infection as the dominant phenotypes. The gain-of-function variants recently described for C1r and C1s lead to periodontal Ehlers Danlos syndrome, a surprisingly structural phenotype. Gain-of-function in C3 and C2 are associated with endothelial manifestations including hemolytic uremic syndrome and vasculitis with C2 gain-of-function variants thus far having been reported in patients with a C3 glomerulopathy. This review will discuss the loss-of-function and gain-of-function phenotypes and place them within the larger context of complement deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Murad Y, Hung TY, Sadarangani M, Morris SK, Le Saux N, Vanderkooi OG, Kellner JD, Tyrrell GJ, Martin I, Demczuk W, Halperin SA, Bettinger JA. Clinical Presentations and Outcomes of Children in Canada With Recurrent Invasive Pneumococcal Disease From the IMPACT Surveillance Network. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:e166-e171. [PMID: 35093996 PMCID: PMC8920017 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive pneumococcal disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause mortality and severe morbidity due to sepsis, meningitis and pneumonia, particularly in young children and the elderly. Recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease is rare yet serious sequelae of invasive pneumococcal disease that is associated with the immunocompromised and leads to a high mortality rate. METHOD This retrospective study reviewed recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease cases from the Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program, ACTive (IMPACT) between 1991 and 2019, an active network for surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases and adverse events following immunization for children ages 0-16 years. Data were collected from 12 pediatric tertiary care hospitals across all 3 eras of public pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation in Canada. RESULTS The survival rate within our cohort of 180 recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease cases was 98.3%. A decrease of 26.4% in recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease due to vaccine serotypes was observed with pneumococcal vaccine introduction. There was also a 69.0% increase in the rate of vaccination in children with preexisting medical conditions compared with their healthy peers. CONCLUSION The decrease in recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease due to vaccine-covered serotypes has been offset by an increase of non-vaccine serotypes in this sample of Canadian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif Murad
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Te-Yu Hung
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Top End Health Service, Northern Territory, Australia
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shaun K. Morris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicole Le Saux
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Paediatric Infectious Disease, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Otto G. Vanderkooi
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James D. Kellner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gregory J. Tyrrell
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Public Health, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Walter Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Scott A. Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health, and Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Canada
| | - Julie A. Bettinger
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Malo JA, Ware RS, Lambert SB. Estimating the risk of recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 1991-2016. Vaccine 2021; 39:5748-5756. [PMID: 34483025 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who experience an initial episode of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) are at increased risk of recurrent episodes. However, the magnitude of risk has not been well-quantified in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Individuals with a previous episode of IPD are not commonly identified as a high-risk group in vaccination guidelines. METHODS Australian residents with at least one case of IPD between 1991 and 2016 were identified using routine public health surveillance data which included identified IPD risk factors. Incidence of recurrent IPD was calculated from 2001 onwards (after IPD became nationally notifiable) using time-to-event analyses with individuals contributing person-time at risk of recurrence if they survived greater than 14 days after initial episode onset. RESULTS From 1991 to 2016 there were 28,809 IPD episodes in 28,218 individuals. A total of 512 (1.8%) persons experienced 591 recurrent episodes. From 2001 to 2016 the incidence of recurrent IPD was 216.2 per 100,000 person-years, 27 times greater than the population rate of primary IPD during this period (8.0 per 100,000 population per year). Between 2011 and 2016, more than one-quarter of individuals experiencing recurrence had no IPD risk factors identified at first episode. CONCLUSIONS There is substantially increased risk of recurrent IPD after an initial episode. At least one-quarter of those with recurrent episodes have no identified risk factors at the initial episode. Given the potential preventability of future episodes, those with a previous IPD episode should be identified as a high-risk group and receive pneumococcal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Malo
- School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Robert S Ware
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- Centre for Children's Health Research, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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Chen TM, Chen HY, Hu B, Hu HL, Guo X, Guo LY, Li SY, Liu G. Characteristics of Pediatric Recurrent Bacterial Meningitis in Beijing Children's Hospital, 2006-2019. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:635-640. [PMID: 33491083 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few data on recurrent bacterial meningitis (RBM) in children are available. Here, we estimated the frequency of RBM in children and investigated the predisposing conditions, etiology, and clinical characteristics of RBM in children. METHODS Cases of RBM in the Beijing Children's Hospital medical record database between January 2006 and December 2019 were collected. RESULTS In total, 1905 children with bacterial meningitis (BM) were documented in the Beijing Children's Hospital medical record database. A total of 43 patients had RBM. The rate of RBM in children was 2.3% (43/1905). Forty (93.0%) patients had predisposing conditions, including 15 (34.9%) cases of inner ear malformations, 5 (11.6%) cases of dermal sinus tracts, 9 (20.9%) cases of head injury, 5 (11.6%) cases of congenital cranial meningocele, 3 (7.0%) cases of congenital skull base defects, 3 (7.0%) cases of immunodeficiency, and other 3 (7.0%) cases of unknown reason. Among all the 121 BM episodes, a total of 64 episodes were etiologically confirmed BM and the other 57 episodes were probable BM. Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 52) was accounted for 81.3% of confirmed BM episodes. Thirty-four of the 37 patients with congenital or acquired anatomical defects were available to follow up after surgeries, and all of them had no BM after surgeries. Three patients with antibody deficiencies got intravenous immunoglobulin therapy and they did not suffer BM anymore. CONCLUSIONS RBM is rare in children. The majority of children with RBM had predisposing conditions including congenital/acquired anatomical defects and immunodeficiency. Interventions should be implemented to solve the underlying conditions to avoid RBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ming Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - He-Ying Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Li Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Yun Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Ying Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal meningitis (PM) is a serious disease that can rarely recur at a later time after the initial episode. METHODS A retrospective multicenter case-control study was conducted with data for children 18 years of age or younger obtained from the National Observatory of Bacterial Meningitis in Children between January 2001 and September 2015. Cases were all patients with RPM. Each case was matched with 2 randomized controls with a single PM episode in the year of the first episode of PM in the case and born the same year. Case and control data were compared. RESULTS Among the 1634 PM episodes in children 18 years of age or younger, 24 (1.5%) children had RPM. RPM cases were significantly less frequent than single PM cases in winter (27% vs. 48%; P=0.03) and showed significantly less concomitant ear, nose and throat infections when considering the first episode (30% vs. 56%, P = 0.04) and all episodes (28% vs. 56%, P < 0.01). Cerebrospinal fluid leakage was frequent in RPM cases versus controls (83% vs. 10%, P < 0.01), including 25% discovered after the third PM episode. Immune deficiency was absent in cases and present in 15% of controls. Cases and controls did not differ in death rate or neurologic outcome. CONCLUSIONS RPM is rare in children. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage must be considered.
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Ingels HAS, Kantsø B, Slotved HC. Serologic response to pneumococcal vaccination in children experiencing recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:366. [PMID: 30081840 PMCID: PMC6080377 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some children are prone to recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease (rIPD) and of these, some respond insufficiently to standard pneumococcal vaccination. Little is known about how to handle these children and if they benefit from additional vaccination. Here, we present results from a nationwide study of pediatric rIPD including data on serotype-specific vaccination response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination (PPV23) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV7/13). Methods A retrospective, population-based study was conducted using The National Streptococcus pneumoniae Registry, which contains laboratory-confirmed data from all cases of IPD in Denmark. From January 1980–June 2013 all children aged 0–15 years with rIPD were identified. Clinical data and data on serotype-specific pneumococcal antibody response were collected. Over the years quantification of pneumococcal antibodies varied from being presented in arbitrary units (ELISA), in μg/ml (WHO ELISA) and lately in μg/ml based on Luminex technology. Results 2482 children were diagnosed with IPD and 75 episodes of rIPD were documented in 59 children. An underlying disease was documented in 45 (76%) children. Vaccination data were available for 26 children; 11 were vaccinated solely with PPV23, 8 with a combination of PPV23 + PCV7, 5 with PCV7 and 2 with PCV13. In total, nine responded to PPV23 vaccination and ten were PPV23 non-responders. Of the 15 PCV vaccinated children, two children responded subnormal to PCV7. Among PPV23 non-responders, five responded to subsequent PCV vaccination. Conclusions In our population-based study of children with rIPD 53% of the children responded insufficiently to PPV23 vaccination. PPV23 non-responders benefitted from PCV vaccination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3267-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene A S Ingels
- Department of Pediatrics, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark. .,Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, DK, Denmark.
| | - Bjørn Kantsø
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics &Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans-Christian Slotved
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, DK, Denmark
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Oligbu G, Hsia Y, Folgori L, Collins S, Ladhani S. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine failure in children: A systematic review of the literature. Vaccine 2016; 34:6126-6132. [PMID: 27838066 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are highly effective in preventing pneumococcal invasive disease (IPD) due to serotypes included in the vaccines. The risk of vaccine-type IPD in immunised children (i.e. vaccine failure) has not been systematically assessed in countries with established PCV programmes. METHODS We undertook a systematic review of the English literature published from January 2000 to April 2016 to evaluate the vaccine schedule, risk factors, serotype distribution, clinical presentation and outcomes of vaccine failure in children vaccinated with the 7-valent (PCV7), 10-valent (PCV10), and 13-valent (PCV13) vaccines. Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library, and references within identified articles. RESULTS We identified 1742 potential studies and included 20 publications involving 7584 participants in children aged ⩽5year-olds: 5202 received 2 doses followed by a booster in 10 studies, (68.6%), 64 (0.8%) received 3 doses without a booster in 2 studies, and 2318 received a 3+1 schedule (30.6%) in 8 studies. A total of 159 vaccine failure cases were identified, representing 2.1% [95% CI: 1.8-2.4%] of the reported IPD cases. Most studies did not report clinical characteristics or outcomes. Among eight studies reporting comorbidities, 33/77 patients (42.9%) had an underlying condition. The main serotypes associated with vaccine failure were 19F (51/128 cases with known serotype; 39.8%), 6B (33/128; 25.8%), and 4 (10/128; 7.8%). Only five studies reported patient outcomes, with a crude case fatality rate of 2.4% (2/85; 95%CI: 0.3-8.5%). CONCLUSION Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines have been implemented in national immunisation programmes for more than a decade, yet there are only a few studies reporting vaccine failure. PCV failure is rare, irrespective of vaccine or schedule. Co-morbidity prevalence was high amongst vaccine failure cases but case fatality rate was relatively low. There is a need for more systematic reporting vaccine failure cases in countries with established pneumococcal vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Oligbu
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, St. George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Yingfen Hsia
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, St. George's University of London, United Kingdom.
| | - Laura Folgori
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, St. George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Collins
- Immunisation, Hepatitis, and Blood Safety Department, Public Health of England, United Kingdom
| | - Shamez Ladhani
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, St. George's University of London, United Kingdom; Immunisation, Hepatitis, and Blood Safety Department, Public Health of England, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease (rIPD) occurs mostly in children with an underlying disease, but some cases remain unexplained. Immunodeficiency has been described in children with rIPD, but the prevalence is unknown. We used a nationwide registry of all laboratory-confirmed cases of rIPD to identify cases of unexplained rIPD and examine them for immunodeficiency. METHODS Cases of rIPD in children 0-15 years of age from 1980 to 2008 were identified. Children without an obvious underlying disease were screened for complement function, T-cell, B-cell, natural killer--cell counts and concentration of immunoglobulins. B-cell function was evaluated by measuring antibody response to polysaccharide-based pneumococcal vaccination and the extent of fraction of somatic hypermutation. Toll-Like receptor (TLR) signaling function and mutations in key TLR-signaling molecules were examined. RESULTS In total, rIPD were observed in 54 children (68 cases of rIPD of 2192 IPD cases). Children with classical risk factors for IPD were excluded, and among the remaining 22 children, 15 were eligible for analysis. Of these 6 (40%) were complement C2-deficient. Impaired vaccination response was found in 6 children of whom 3 were C2 deficient. One patient had a severe TLR signaling dysfunction. No mutations in IRAK4, IKBKG or MYD88 were found. CONCLUSION Of an unselected cohort of children with rIPD at least 11% were C2 deficient. Data suggest that screening for complement deficiencies and deficient antibody response to pneumococcal vaccines in patients with more than 1 episode of IPD is warranted.
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Alsina L, Basteiro MG, de Paz HD, Iñigo M, de Sevilla MF, Triviño M, Juan M, Muñoz-Almagro C. Recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease in children: underlying clinical conditions, and immunological and microbiological characteristics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118848. [PMID: 25738983 PMCID: PMC4349703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Clinical, immunological and microbiological characteristics of recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children were evaluated, differentiating relapse from reinfection, in order to identify specific risk factors for both conditions. Methods All patients <18 years-old with recurrent IPD admitted to a tertiary-care pediatric center from January 2004 to December 2011 were evaluated. An episode of IPD was defined as the presence of clinical findings of infection together with isolation and/or pneumococcal DNA detection by Real-Time PCR in any sterile body fluid. Recurrent IPD was defined as 2 or more episodes in the same individual at least 1 month apart. Among recurrent IPD, we differentiated relapse (same pneumococcal isolate) from reinfection. Results 593 patients were diagnosed with IPD and 10 patients died. Among survivors, 23 episodes of recurrent IPD were identified in 10 patients (1.7%). Meningitis was the most frequent form of recurrent IPD (10 episodes/4 children) followed by recurrent empyema (8 episodes/4 children). Three patients with recurrent empyema caused by the same pneumococcal clone ST306 were considered relapses and showed high bacterial load in their first episode. In contrast, all other episodes of recurrent IPD were considered reinfections. Overall, the rate of relapse of IPD was 0.5% and the rate of reinfection 1.2%. Five out of 7 patients with reinfection had an underlying risk factor: cerebrospinal fluid leak (n = 3), chemotherapy treatment (n = 1) and a homozygous mutation in MyD88 gene (n = 1). No predisposing risk factors were found in the remainder. Conclusions recurrent IPD in children is a rare condition associated with an identifiable risk factor in case of reinfection in almost 80% of cases. In contrast, recurrent IPD with pleuropneumonia is usually a relapse of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Alsina
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Functional Unit of Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clinic. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria G. Basteiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hector D. de Paz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Melania Iñigo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona F. de Sevilla
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Triviño
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Juan
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clinic and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi y Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Functional Unit of Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clinic. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Brousseau N, Andrews N, Waight P, Stanford E, Newton E, Almond R, Slack MPE, Miller E, Borrow R, Ladhani SN. Antibody Concentrations Against the Infecting Serotype in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children With Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the United Kingdom, 2006–2013. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:1793-801. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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