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Wang CI, Chen YY, Yang Y, Gau SY, Huang CY, Tsai TH, Huang KH, Lee CY. Risk of herpes simplex virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: A population-based cross-sectional study. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 89:21-28. [PMID: 38042439 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an opportunistic infection antigen in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. However, this phenomenon has received limited attention from epidemiologists. Our study aims to determine the HSV infection risk in SOT recipients. METHODS This was a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study based on the National Health Insurance Research Database from 2002 to 2015. We used propensity score matching to avoid selection bias and analyzed the association between HSV infection and SOT recipients with multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS At a 3-year follow-up, SOT recipients had a higher risk of developing HSV, with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 3.28 (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.51-4.29). Moreover, at 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-ups, SOT recipients also had an increased risk of HSV than general patients with aORs of 3.85 (95% CI, 2.29-6.49), 4.27 (95% CI, 2.86-6.36), and 3.73 (95% CI, 2.74-5.08), respectively. In the subgroup analysis, lung transplant recipients (aOR = 8.01; 95% CI, 2.39-26.88) exhibited a significantly higher chance of HSV among SOT recipients, followed by kidney transplant recipients (aOR = 3.33; 95% CI, 2.11-5.25) and liver transplant recipients (aOR = 3.15; 95% CI, 2.28-4.34). CONCLUSION HSV can develop at any time after organ transplantation. SOT recipients had a higher risk of HSV infection than the general population at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after transplantation, with the highest chance at 1 year after. In addition, the patients who underwent lung transplantion were at higher risk for HSV infection than liver or kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-I Wang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Yu Chen
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yih Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Yan Gau
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yang Huang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Han Tsai
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hua Huang
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ying Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
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Arana C, Cofan F, Ruiz P, Hermida E, Fernández J, Colmenero J, Forns X, Escude L, Cucchiari D, Moreno A, Bodro M, Herrera S, Rodriguez C, Paredes D, Diekmann F. PRIMARY HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 INFECTION WITH ACUTE LIVER FAILURE IN SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION: REPORT OF THREE CASES AND REVIEW. IDCases 2022; 28:e01485. [PMID: 35392601 PMCID: PMC8980616 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes virus infections is not uncommon in solid organ transplantation patients. We report 3 cases with primary Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV1) infection with acute liver failure (ALF). This is a rare and potentially fatal entity that could be a donor-derived infection. Although the initial clinical presentation is non-specific, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in HSV-negative serology patients with liver failure and empirical treatment must be started in combination with a drastic reduction of immunosuppression. A strategy of HSV prophylaxis for pre-transplant HSV seronegative patients must be stablished in order to reduce the risk of clinical disease. HSV hepatitis is a rare and fatal entity that can be a donor-derived infection. It should be suspected in highly immunosuppressed transplant patients who develop acute liver failure. The treatment delay is associated with higher fatality. In transplant patients with negative HSV serology, prophylaxis is recommended if they are not with prophylaxis for CMV.
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Pietrucha-Dilanchian P, Tanawuttiwat T, Abbo L, Regatieri A, Chaparro S, Ruiz P, Morris M. Fatal herpes simplex virus type 2 hepatitis in a heart transplant recipient: a case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2013; 15:E87-96. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Tanawuttiwat
- Division of Cardiology; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami; Florida; USA
| | - L. Abbo
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Jackson Memorial Hospital/University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami; Florida; USA
| | - A. Regatieri
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Jackson Memorial Hospital/University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami; Florida; USA
| | - S. Chaparro
- Division of Cardiology; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami; Florida; USA
| | - P. Ruiz
- Division of Transplantation; Department of Surgery; University of Miami; Miami; Florida; USA
| | - M.I. Morris
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Jackson Memorial Hospital/University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami; Florida; USA
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Norvell JP, Blei AT, Jovanovic BD, Levitsky J. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis: an analysis of the published literature and institutional cases. Liver Transpl 2007; 13:1428-34. [PMID: 17902129 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis is a rare complication of herpes simplex virus (HSV), often leading to acute liver failure (ALF), liver transplantation (LT), and/or death. Our aim was to identify variables associated with either survival or progression (death/LT), based on an analysis of cases in the literature and our institution. A total of 137 cases (132 literature, 5 institutional) of HSV hepatitis were identified. The main features at clinical presentation were fever (98%), coagulopathy (84%), and encephalopathy (80%). Rash was seen in less than half of patients. Most cases (58%) were first diagnosed at autopsy and the diagnosis was suspected clinically prior to tissue confirmation in only 23%. Overall, 74% of cases progressed to death or LT, with 51% in acyclovir-treated patients as compared to 88% in the untreated subjects (P=0.03). Variables on presentation associated with death or need for LT compared to spontaneous survival: male gender, age>40 yr, immunocompromised state, ALT>5,000 U/L, platelet count<75x10(3)/L, coagulopathy, encephalopathy, and absence of antiviral therapy. In conclusion, HSV hepatitis has a high mortality and is often clinically unsuspected. Patients who are male, older, immunocompromised, and/or presenting with significant liver dysfunction are more likely to progress to death and should thus be evaluated for LT early. Based on the frequent delay in HSV diagnosis, low risk-benefit ratio, and significantly improved outcomes, empiric acyclovir therapy for patients presenting with ALF of unknown etiology is recommended until HSV hepatitis is excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Norvell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Duckro AN, Sha BE, Jakate S, Hayden MK, Simon DM, Saltzberg SN, Arai S, Kessler HA. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis: expanding the spectrum of disease. Transpl Infect Dis 2006; 8:171-6. [PMID: 16913977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2006.00133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe 2 transplant patients with herpes simplex virus (HSV) hepatitis who were minimally symptomatic throughout their illness. The spectrum of disease caused by HSV hepatitis is more variable than previously reported in this population. HSV hepatitis should be considered in immunocompromised hosts with elevated transaminases without evidence of fulminant hepatic necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Duckro
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S. Paulina, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Tan G, Frankel WL, Suster S. Pathologic quiz case: multiple foci of necrosis in the liver in a patient with T-cell lymphoma. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127:1049-50. [PMID: 12873187 DOI: 10.5858/2003-127-1049-pqcmfo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Tan
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus 43210-1228, USA
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Nikkels AF, Pièrard GE. Treatment of mucocutaneous presentations of herpes simplex virus infections. Am J Clin Dermatol 2002; 3:475-87. [PMID: 12180895 DOI: 10.2165/00128071-200203070-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infections by herpes simplex virus (HSV) types I and II are diverse and quite frequent. After primary infection, the virus establishes a life-long latency in the sensory ganglia and recrudescences may occur at an unpredictable rate. Recurrent labial and genital herpes infections represent the majority of clinical manifestations of HSV infections. Their management is currently well established using evidence-based medicine data. Primary labial herpes is generally not treated with antivirals in otherwise healthy children, although intravenous aciclovir may be offered in severe primary infections, particularly in the immunocompromised patient. The decision whether or not to treat recurrent labial herpes should be evaluated individually and depends on the frequency and severity of relapses, the impairment of the quality of life, and the cost of therapy. Patients with mild disease may benefit from topical therapy, and those with severe and frequent recurrences may be considered for intermittent or long-term oral antiviral therapy. Primary genital herpes is treated with oral or intravenous antivirals, depending on the severity of the infection and associated symptoms. Recurrent genital herpes can be managed with episodic short courses of oral antivirals in patients whose recurrences are moderate to severe and rare, and have a clear prodrome. Patients with >5 episodes/year, severe recurrences or unrecognisable prodromes may be best managed with long-term suppressive antiviral prophylaxis. HSV is also responsible for a variety of other clinical manifestations, including herpetic whitlow, neonatal infection, disseminated and atypical cutaneous infections, traumatic herpes, eczema herpeticum, and HSV-associated erythema multiforme. HSV infection may also represent a complication following cosmetic procedures of the oro-facial region, surgical and dental interventions, sun exposure and burns. Precise treatment guidelines for these HSV infections are not firmly established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen F Nikkels
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Medical Center of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
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Chung AB, Fas N. Successful Acyclovir Treatment of Herpes Simplex Type 2 Hepatitis in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report and Meta Analysis. Am J Med Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9629(15)40453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Chung AB, Fas N. Successful acyclovir treatment of herpes simplex type 2 hepatitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report and meta analysis. Am J Med Sci 1998; 316:404-7. [PMID: 9856697 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199812000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) hepatitis is a rare complication of HSV infection with a high reported mortality rate in untreated patients. The authors present a case of HSV hepatitis in a 26-year-old female with focal proliferative lupus nephropathy who was status post one cycle of pulse high-dose (1 gm/ m2) cyclophosphamide. Treatment with parenteral acyclovir was successful. A meta analysis of well-documented cases of HSV hepatitis treated with acyclovir, excluding those that omit initial serum concentrations of hepatic transaminases, suggests that the early administration of parenteral acyclovir may have been instrumental in the achievement of a successful outcome, and that a patient's serum levels of hepatic transaminases at the time of treatment initiation may predict outcome. This is the first reported case of successful parenteral acyclovir treatment of HSV hepatitis in a patient with lupus nephritis who has recently undergone cyclophosphamide immunosuppression, and includes a meta analysis to examine the hypothesis that initial markers of hepatic injury may predict outcome of acyclovir treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Chung
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Takebe N, Yokoyama A, Akasaka Y, Ishii H, Miyaguchi S, Sata T, Hibi T, Oda M, Hata J, Tsuchiya M. Fatal herpes simplex hepatitis type 2 in a post-thymectomized adult. GASTROENTEROLOGIA JAPONICA 1993; 28:304-11. [PMID: 8486219 DOI: 10.1007/bf02779235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The authors report an unusual case of herpes simplex type 2 (HSV) hepatitis which presented as part of a systemic HSV infection accompanied by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The patient was a 49-year-old Japanese male who three months prior to admission underwent surgical resection of his thymus for an invasive thymoma. Postoperatively, he received a course of chemotherapy which included prednisone, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and pinorubicin. After discharge from the hospital, he was put on a maintenance dosage of prednisone and cyclophosphamide. Two weeks prior to this admission, the patient developed rhinorrhea, chills and general fatigue. Routine follow-up laboratory tests revealed markedly elevated liver enzymes which led to his immediate hospitalization. The tentative diagnosis on admission was fulminant hepatitis with DIC. The patient's condition steadily worsened during his hospitalization and acyclovir was initiated on the 4th hospital day due to the possibility of HSV hepatitis. He died on the same day. Histopathology performed on the liver at autopsy revealed hepatic inclusion bodies of HSV with positive immunohistochemical detection of the HSV type 2 antigen. Our case is the first report of HSV hepatitis associated with the removal of the thymus secondary to thymoma. It supports previous observations of disseminated HSV infection being prevalent in those patients with disorders of cell mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takebe
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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McMinn PC, Lim IS, McKenzie PE, van Deth AG, Simmons A. Disseminated herpes simplex virus infection in an apparently immunocompetent woman. Med J Aust 1989; 151:588-90, 592, 594. [PMID: 2687652 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb101292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A young, previously healthy woman developed bilateral exudative tonsillitis that was associated with severe systemic symptoms. This was followed by evidence of multisystem disease with acute abdominal pain, raised liver enzyme levels, respiratory difficulty, increasing drowsiness and multiple vesicular skin lesions. Herpes simplex virus type-1 was isolated from skin lesions and a throat swab and herpes simplex virus type-1 antigen was detected in a liver biopsy sample. She recovered rapidly without any sequelae after treatment with intravenously administered acyclovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C McMinn
- Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, SA
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