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Thielemans R, Speeckaert R, Delrue C, De Bruyne S, Oyaert M, Speeckaert MM. Unveiling the Hidden Power of Uromodulin: A Promising Potential Biomarker for Kidney Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3077. [PMID: 37835820 PMCID: PMC10572911 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Uromodulin, also known as Tamm-Horsfall protein, represents the predominant urinary protein in healthy individuals. Over the years, studies have revealed compelling associations between urinary and serum concentrations of uromodulin and various parameters, encompassing kidney function, graft survival, cardiovascular disease, glucose metabolism, and overall mortality. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in uromodulin as a novel and effective biomarker with potential applications in diverse clinical settings. Reduced urinary uromodulin levels have been linked to an elevated risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery. In the context of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of different etiologies, urinary uromodulin levels tend to decrease significantly and are strongly correlated with variations in estimated glomerular filtration rate. The presence of uromodulin in the serum, attributable to basolateral epithelial cell leakage in the thick ascending limb, has been observed. This serum uromodulin level is closely associated with kidney function and histological severity, suggesting its potential as a biomarker capable of reflecting disease severity across a spectrum of kidney disorders. The UMOD gene has emerged as a prominent locus linked to kidney function parameters and CKD risk within the general population. Extensive research in multiple disciplines has underscored the biological significance of the top UMOD gene variants, which have also been associated with hypertension and kidney stones, thus highlighting the diverse and significant impact of uromodulin on kidney-related conditions. UMOD gene mutations are implicated in uromodulin-associated kidney disease, while polymorphisms in the UMOD gene show a significant association with CKD. In conclusion, uromodulin holds great promise as an informative biomarker, providing valuable insights into kidney function and disease progression in various clinical scenarios. The identification of UMOD gene variants further strengthens its relevance as a potential target for better understanding kidney-related pathologies and devising novel therapeutic strategies. Future investigations into the roles of uromodulin and regulatory mechanisms are likely to yield even more profound implications for kidney disease diagnosis, risk assessment, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raïsa Thielemans
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (R.T.); (C.D.)
| | | | - Charlotte Delrue
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (R.T.); (C.D.)
| | - Sander De Bruyne
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.D.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Matthijs Oyaert
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.D.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Marijn M. Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (R.T.); (C.D.)
- Research Foundation Flanders, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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Noonin C, Peerapen P, Yoodee S, Kapincharanon C, Kanlaya R, Thongboonkerd V. Systematic analysis of modulating activities of native human urinary Tamm-Horsfall protein on calcium oxalate crystallization, growth, aggregation, crystal-cell adhesion and invasion through extracellular matrix. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 357:109879. [PMID: 35263610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Functions of Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), the most abundant human urinary protein, have been studied for decades. However, its precise roles in kidney stone formation remain controversial. In this study, we aimed to clarify the roles of native human urinary THP in calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) kidney stone formation. THP was purified from the human urine by adsorption method using diatomaceous earth (DE). Its effects on stone formation processes, including COM crystallization, crystal growth, aggregation, crystal-cell adhesion and invasion through extracellular matrix (ECM), were examined. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting confirmed that DE adsorption yielded 84.9% purity of the native THP isolated from the human urine. Systematic analyses revealed that THP (at 0.4-40 μg/ml) concentration-dependently reduced COM crystal size but did not affect the crystal mass during initial crystallization. At later steps, THP concentration-dependently inhibited COM crystal growth and aggregation, and prevented crystal-cell adhesion only at 40 μg/ml. However, THP did not affect crystal invasion through the ECM. Sequence analysis revealed two large calcium-binding domains (residues 65-107 and 108-149) and three small oxalate-binding domains (residues 199-207, 361-368 and 601-609) in human THP. Immunofluorescence study confirmed the binding of THP to COM crystals. Analyses for calcium-affinity and/or oxalate-affinity demonstrated that THP exerted a high affinity with only calcium, not oxalate. Functional validation revealed that saturation of THP with calcium, not with oxalate, could abolish the inhibitory effects of THP on COM crystal growth, aggregation and crystal-cell adhesion. These data highlight the inhibitory roles of the native human urinary THP in COM crystal growth, aggregation and crystal-cell adhesion, which are the important processes for kidney stone formation. Such inhibitory effects of THP are most likely mediated via its high affinity with calcium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadanat Noonin
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Paleerath Peerapen
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Sunisa Yoodee
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Chompunoot Kapincharanon
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Rattiyaporn Kanlaya
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Pérez-López L, Boronat M, Melián C, Brito-Casillas Y, Wägner AM. Animal Models and Renal Biomarkers of Diabetic Nephropathy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1307:521-551. [PMID: 32329028 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the first cause of end stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). Animal models of the disease can shed light on the pathogenesis of the diabetic nephropathy (DN) and novel and earlier biomarkers of the condition may help to improve diagnosis and prognosis. This review summarizes the most important features of animal models used in the study of DN and updates the most recent progress in biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez-López
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mauro Boronat
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Carlos Melián
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Yeray Brito-Casillas
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana M Wägner
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide a brief summary about the current state of knowledge regarding the circadian rhythm in the regulation of normal renal function. RECENT FINDINGS There is a lack of information regarding how the circadian clock mechanisms may contribute to the development of diabetic kidney disease. We discuss recent findings regarding mechanisms that are established in diabetic kidney disease and are known to be linked to the circadian clock as possible connections between these two areas. Here, we hypothesize various mechanisms that may provide a link between the clock mechanism and kidney disease in diabetes based on available data from humans and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olanrewaju A Olaoye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Box 100224, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sarah H Masten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Box 100224, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Rajesh Mohandas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Box 100224, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Box 100224, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Bjornstad P, Wiromrat P, Johnson RJ, Sippl R, Cherney DZI, Wong R, Rewers MJ, Snell-Bergeon JK. Serum Uromodulin Predicts Less Coronary Artery Calcification and Diabetic Kidney Disease Over 12 Years in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: The CACTI Study. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:297-302. [PMID: 30482755 PMCID: PMC6341281 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Novel biomarkers are needed to better predict coronary artery calcification (CAC), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in type 1 diabetes. We evaluated the associations between serum uromodulin (SUMOD [a biomarker associated with anti-inflammatory and renal protective properties]), CAC progression, and DKD development over 12 years. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants (n = 527, 53% females) in the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) study were examined during 2002-2004, at a mean age of 39.6 ± 9.0 years and a median duration of diabetes of 24.8 years. Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) determined by the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) creatinine equation were measured at baseline and after a mean follow-up period of 12.1 ± 1.5 years. Elevated albumin excretion was defined as ACR ≥30 mg/g, rapid GFR decline (>3 mL/min/1.73 m2/year), and impaired GFR as eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. SUMOD was measured on stored baseline plasma samples (Meso Scale Discovery). CAC was measured using electron beam computed tomography. CAC progression was defined as a change in the square root-transformed CAC volume of ≥2.5. RESULTS Higher baseline SUMOD level conferred lower odds of CAC progression (odds ratio 0.68; 95% CI 0.48-0.97), incident elevated albumin excretion (0.37; 0.16-0.86), rapid GFR decline (0.56; 0.35-0.91), and impaired GFR (0.44; 0.24-0.83) per 1 SD increase in SUMOD (68.44 ng/mL) after adjustment for baseline age, sex, systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and albuminuria/GFR. The addition of SUMOD to models with traditional risk factors also significantly improved the prediction performance for CAC progression and incident DKD. CONCLUSIONS Higher baseline SUMOD level predicted lower odds of both CAC progression and incident DKD over 12 years in adults with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Bjornstad
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO .,Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Pattara Wiromrat
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Rachel Sippl
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - David Z I Cherney
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Randy Wong
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
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Wu TH, Li KJ, Yu CL, Tsai CY. Tamm-Horsfall Protein is a Potent Immunomodulatory Molecule and a Disease Biomarker in the Urinary System. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010200. [PMID: 29361765 PMCID: PMC6017547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP), or uromodulin (UMOD), is an 80–90-kDa phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein produced exclusively by the renal tubular cells in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Physiologically, THP is implicated in renal countercurrent gradient formation, sodium homeostasis, blood pressure regulation, and a defense molecule against infections in the urinary system. Investigations have also revealed that THP is an effective binding ligand for serum albumin, immunoglobulin G light chains, complement components C1 and C1q, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon-γ through its carbohydrate side chains for maintaining circulatory and renal immune homeostasis. Thus, THP can be regarded as part of the innate immune system. UMOD mutations play crucial roles in congenital urolithiasis, hereditary hyperuricemia/gout, and medullary cystic kidney diseases. Recent investigations have focused on the immunomodulatory effects of THP on immune cells and on THP as a disease biomarker of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Our studies have suggested that normal urinary THP, through its epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, binds to the surface-expressed EGF-like receptors, cathepsin G, or lactoferrin to enhance polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis, proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocyte proliferation by activating the Rho family and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Furthermore, our data support both an intact protein core structure and carbohydrate side chains are important for the different protein-binding capacities of THP. Prospectively, parts of the whole THP molecule may be used for anti-TNF-α therapy in inflammatory diseases, autoantibody-depleting therapy in autoimmune disorders, and immune intensification in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hung Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Ko-Jen Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Li Yu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Youh Tsai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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Lou NJ, Ni YH, Jia HY, Deng JT, Jiang L, Zheng FJ, Sun AL. Urinary Microvesicle-Bound Uromodulin: A Potential Molecular Biomarker in Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:3918681. [PMID: 28182086 PMCID: PMC5274657 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3918681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the changes of urinary microvesicle-bound uromodulin and total urinary uromodulin levels in human urine and the correlations with the severity of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). 31 healthy subjects without diabetes and 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were included in this study. The patients with T2DM were divided into three groups based on the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR): normoalbuminuria group (DM, n = 46); microalbuminuria group (DN1, n = 32); and macroalbuminuria group (DN2, n = 22). We use a specific monoclonal antibody AD-1 to capture the urinary microvesicles. Urinary microvesicle-bound uromodulin and total urinary uromodulin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results showed that the levels of urinary microvesicle-bound uromodulin in DN1 and DN2 groups were significantly higher than those in control group and DM group (P < 0.01). Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that UACR was independent determinant for urinary microvesicle-bound uromodulin (P < 0.05) but not for total urinary uromodulin. These findings suggest that the levels of urinary microvesicle-bound uromodulin are associated with the severity of DKD. The uromodulin in urinary microvesicles may be a specific marker of DKD and potentially may be used to predict the onset and/or monitor the progression of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng-jun Lou
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Yi-hong Ni
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Hong-ying Jia
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Jing-ti Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Feng-jie Zheng
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Ai-li Sun
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, China
- *Ai-li Sun:
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Bleyer AJ, Kmoch S. Tamm Horsfall Glycoprotein and Uromodulin: It Is All about the Tubules! Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 11:6-8. [PMID: 26683889 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.12201115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Bleyer
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Petzold K, Poster D, Krauer F, Spanaus K, Andreisek G, Nguyen-Kim TDL, Pavik I, Ho TA, Serra AL, Rotar L. Urinary biomarkers at early ADPKD disease stage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123555. [PMID: 25875363 PMCID: PMC4395321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by a decline in renal function at late disease stage when the majority of functional renal parenchyma is replaced by cystic tissue. Thus, kidney function, assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) does not well represent disease burden in early disease. Here, we investigated various urinary markers for tubular injury and their association with disease burden in ADPKD patients at early disease course. Methods ADPKD patients between 18 and 40 years with an eGFR greater or equal to 70 ml per min per 1.73m2 were eligible for this cross-sectional study. Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1), and Uromodulin (UMOD) were investigated by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Clara Cell Protein 16 (CC16) was investigated by Latex Immuno Assay. Cryoscopy was performed to assess urine osmolality and Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (UACR) was calculated. The association and the predictive properties of the markers on eGFR and height adjusted total kidney volume (htTKV) was evaluated using multiple regression analysis, incorporating different control variables for adjustment. Internal bootstrapping validated the obtained results. Results In 139 ADPKD patients (age 31 ±7 years, mean eGFR of 93 ± 19 ml per min per 1.73 m2) the total kidney volume was negatively correlated with eGFR and UMOD and positive associated with age, UACR, KIM-1 and urine osmolality after adjustment for possible confounders. Urine osmolality and htTKV were also associated with eGFR, whereas no association of CC16, NGAL and UMOD with eGFR or htTKV was found. Conclusion UACR and urinary KIM-1 are independently associated with kidney size but not with renal function in our study population. Urine osmolality was associated with eGFR and kidney volume following adjustment for multiple confounders. Despite statistical significance, the clinical value of our results is not yet conceivable. Further studies are needed to evaluate the property of the aforementioned biomarkers to assess disease state at early ADPKD stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Petzold
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
- EuroCYST Initiative, Coordination Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diane Poster
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Krauer
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Spanaus
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Andreisek
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thi Dan Linh Nguyen-Kim
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivana Pavik
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thien Anh Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain Medical School, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andreas L. Serra
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- EuroCYST Initiative, Coordination Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Trancyst FP7-PEOPLE-MCA-ITN no. 317246, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Rotar
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- EuroCYST Initiative, Coordination Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Trancyst FP7-PEOPLE-MCA-ITN no. 317246, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Interstitial calcinosis in renal papillae of genetically engineered mouse models: relation to Randall's plaques. Urolithiasis 2014; 43 Suppl 1:65-76. [PMID: 25096800 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-014-0699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have been highly instrumental in elucidating gene functions and molecular pathogenesis of human diseases, although their use in studying kidney stone formation or nephrolithiasis remains relatively limited. This review intends to provide an overview of several knockout mouse models that develop interstitial calcinosis in the renal papillae. Included herein are mice deficient for Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP; also named uromodulin), osteopontin (OPN), both THP and OPN, Na(+)-phosphate cotransporter Type II (Npt2a) and Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF-1). The baseline information of each protein is summarized, along with key morphological features of the interstitial calcium deposits in mice lacking these proteins. Attempts are made to correlate the papillary interstitial deposits found in GEMMs with Randall's plaques, the latter considered precursors of idiopathic calcium stones in patients. The pathophysiology that underlies the renal calcinosis in the knockout mice is also discussed wherever information is available. Not all the knockout models are allocated equal space because some are more extensively characterized than others. Despite the inroads already made, the exact physiological underpinning, origin, evolution and fate of the papillary interstitial calcinosis in the GEMMs remain incompletely defined. Greater investigative efforts are warranted to pin down the precise role of the papillary interstitial calcinosis in nephrolithiasis using the existing models. Additionally, more sophisticated, second-generation GEMMs that allow gene inactivation in a time-controlled manner and "compound mice" that bear several genetic alterations are urgently needed, in light of mounting evidence that nephrolithiasis is a multifactorial, multi-stage and polygenic disease.
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Qu Y, Du E, Zhang Y, Li S, Han R, Qiu M. Changes in the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 and tamm- horsfall protein in the early stages of diabetic nephropathy. Nephrourol Mon 2012; 4:466-9. [PMID: 23573468 PMCID: PMC3614272 DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) has been suggested to play a protective role against kidney injury in chronic kidney disease. OBJECTIVES To identify the critical molecular regulators in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy, we studied the expression of BMP7 and 2 important kidney-specific markers, podocin and Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP). MATERIALS AND METHODS A diabetic nephropathy model was established by intraperitoneally injecting streptozotocin (STZ) in male Kunming mice. Kidney weight index was used as an indicator of early renal injury. Kidney tissue from the diabetic model mice was obtained at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and total protein was extracted to assess the expression of BMP7, podocin, and THP by western blot analysis. RESULTS Diabetic model mice were successfully established, and the kidney weight index of the model animals increased significantly. The expression of BMP7 was significantly downregulated, while the expression of THP was increased in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy. However, the expression of podocin did not change. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggested that down-regulation of BMP7 expression and up-regulation of THP expression were early events that occur prior to podocyte injury with the structure protein, podocin spoiled, which further confirmed that BMP7 is a key molecular regulator in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Corresponding author: Yanchun Qu, Tianjin Institute of Urology, 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China. Tel.: +86-2288326390, Fax: +86-2288326188, E-mail:
| | - E Du
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengzhi Li
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruifa Han
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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