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Dunn JA, Jefferson K, MacDonald D, Iqbal G, Bland R. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased bladder cancer risk: A systematic review and evidence of a potential mechanism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:134-140. [PMID: 30654104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of some cancers is associated with vitamin D deficiency. We suggest that reduced conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and the resulting modification of tissue specific immune responses may be key. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is highly immunoresponsive and stimulation of an inflammatory response by intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment prevents recurrence. To assess the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and bladder cancer risk we conducted a systematic review. To test our hypothesis, the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D by human bladder epithelial cell lines (T24/83 and RT4) was examined. Studies were identified from Medline, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane library (limited to English language, humans and 1990-2018). After removal of duplicates, title and abstract review 6 full papers were appraised. Low vitamin D levels were associated with bladder cancer risk in 5/6 of the studies. Both cell lines express the vitamin D receptor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (1α-OHase) and 24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) mRNA, which was induced by 1,25(OH)2D. 24-OHase mRNA was also increased by 25(OH)D indicating 1α-OHase activity. Both cell types expressed TLR1,2,4 and the TLR partners MyD88 and CD14mRNA. Cathelicidin mRNA was undetectable in both cell lines but was induced by 1,25(OH)2D and 25(OH)D in RT4 cells. The systematic review demonstrated that bladder cancer risk correlates with serum 25(OH)D levels. In addition, we have shown that transitional epithelial cells express functional vitamin D signaling and can synthesize sufficient 1,25(OH)2D to stimulate a local immune response. We suggest that in order to maintain optimal immune surveillance within the bladder adequate levels of serum 25(OH)D are required for direct synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D by bladder epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Dunn
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kieran Jefferson
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Donald MacDonald
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Gulnaz Iqbal
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Rosemary Bland
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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Wang Z, Lim YK, Lim HC, Chan YH, Ngiam N, Raman Nee Mani L, Esuvaranathan K, Ng CF, Teoh J, Chan E, Mahendran R, Chiong E. The Role of Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms in Predicting the Response to Therapy for Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Carcinoma. J Urol 2018; 200:737-742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.05.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Wang
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yew K. Lim
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry C.C. Lim
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yiong H. Chan
- Department of Biostatistics, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nerice Ngiam
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | - Chi-Fai Ng
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jeremy Teoh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eddie Chan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ratha Mahendran
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chiong
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore
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Yarnell E, Philhower M. Naturopathic Approach. Integr Cancer Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1534735404274348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret Philhower
- 6300 Ninth Ave NE, Ste 362, Seattle, WA 98115, Tel: 206-526-7026, Fax: 206-526-7058
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Golabek T, Bukowczan J, Sobczynski R, Leszczyszyn J, Chlosta PL. The role of micronutrients in the risk of urinary tract cancer. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:436-47. [PMID: 27186192 PMCID: PMC4848374 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.59271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate, bladder and kidney cancers remain the most common urological malignancies worldwide, and the prevention and treatment of these diseases pose a challenge to clinicians. In recent decades, many studies have been conducted to assess the association between supplementation with selected vitamins and elements and urinary tract tumour initiation and development. Here, we review the relationship between vitamins A, B, D, and E, in addition to calcium, selenium, and zinc, and the risk of developing prostate, kidney and bladder cancer. A relatively consistent body of evidence suggests that large daily doses of calcium (> 2,000 mg/day) increase the risk of prostate cancer. Similarly, supplementation with 400 IU/day of vitamin E carries a significant risk of prostate cancer. However, there have been many conflicting results regarding the effect of these nutrients on kidney and bladder neoplasms. Moreover, the role of other compounds in urinary tract carcinogenesis needs further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Golabek
- Department of Urology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Bukowczan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Sobczynski
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantology, The John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Piotr L Chlosta
- Department of Urology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Ide H, Miyamoto H. Steroid Hormone Receptor Signals as Prognosticators for Urothelial Tumor. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:840640. [PMID: 26770009 PMCID: PMC4685115 DOI: 10.1155/2015/840640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a substantial amount of preclinical or clinical evidence suggesting that steroid hormone receptor-mediated signals play a critical role in urothelial tumorigenesis and tumor progression. These receptors include androgen receptor, estrogen receptors, glucocorticoid receptor, progesterone receptor, vitamin D receptor, retinoid receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and others including orphan receptors. In particular, studies using urothelial cancer tissue specimens have demonstrated that elevated or reduced expression of these receptors as well as alterations of their upstream or downstream pathways correlates with patient outcomes. This review summarizes and discusses available data suggesting that steroid hormone receptors and related signals serve as biomarkers for urothelial carcinoma and are able to predict tumor recurrence or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ide
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Ma Y, Yu WD, Trump DL, Johnson CS. 1,25D3 enhances antitumor activity of gemcitabine and cisplatin in human bladder cancer models. Cancer 2010; 116:3294-303. [PMID: 20564622 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) potentiates the cytotoxic effects of several common chemotherapeutic agents. The combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin is a current standard chemotherapy regimen for bladder cancer. The authors investigated whether 1,25D3 could enhance the antitumor activity of gemcitabine and cisplatin in bladder cancer model systems. METHODS Human bladder cancer T24 and UMUC3 cells were pretreated with 1,25D3 followed by gemcitabine and cisplatin. Apoptosis was assessed by annexin V staining. Caspase activation was examined by immunoblot analysis and substrate-based caspase activity assay. The cytotoxic effects were examined by using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and in vitro clonogenic assay. p73 protein levels were assessed by immunoblot analysis. Knockdown of p73 was achieved by siRNA. The in vivo antitumor activity was assessed by in vivo excision clonogenic assay and tumor regrowth delay in the T24 xenograft model. RESULTS 1,25D3 pretreatment enhanced gemcitabine and cisplatin-induced apoptosis and the activities of caspases 8, 9, and 3 in T24 and UMUC3 cells. 1,25D3 synergistically reduced gemcitabine and cisplatin-suppressed surviving fraction in T24 cells. 1,25D3, gemcitabine, or cisplatin induced p73 accumulation, which was enhanced by gemcitabine and cisplatin or 1,25D3 and gemcitabine and cisplatin. p73 expression was lower in human primary bladder tumor tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue. Knockdown of p73 increased clonogenic capacity of T24 cells treated with 1,25D3, gemcitabine and cisplatin, or 1,25D3 and gemcitabine and cisplatin. 1,25D3 and gemcitabine and cisplatin combination enhanced tumor regression compared with 1,25D3 or gemcitabine and cisplatin alone. CONCLUSIONS 1,25D3 potentiates gemcitabine and cisplatin-mediated growth inhibition in human bladder cancer models in vitro and in vivo, which involves p73 induction and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Does diabetes affect the intensity of staining of interstitial cells and neuronal tissue in the bladder, prostate and urethra of rabbits? Open Med (Wars) 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-009-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe compared the intensity of staining of interstitial cells (ICs) and neural tissue in the lower urinary tract of rabbits with diabetes with the intensity in normal subjects. Diabetes was induced by injecting alloxane (65mg/kg) in adult male rabbits. After 3 days, rabbits with a blood glucose level >300 mg/dL were considered to have diabetes. After 8 weeks, the rabbits were killed, and tissue specimens from the bladder, prostate and urethra were obtained. ICs were stained with anti-human CD117 (c-kit) rabbit polyclonal antibody, and neural tissue was stained with synaptophysin. The streptavidin-biotin method was used for immunohistochemical staining. The intensity of c-kit and synaptophysin staining were scored as negative (0), weak (+), moderate (++), and strong (+++). Staining intensity of ICs and neural tissue was assessed and compared in tissues obtained from rabbits with diabetes (n=8) and from control subjects (n=7). Although staining intensity of both ICs and neural tissue was found to be significantly decreased in the bladder tissue of rabbits with diabetes compared to that in the control group (p=0.0001 [ICs] and p=0.021 [neural tissue]), no significant differences in staining intensity of ICs and neural tissue in the urethra and in the prostate was found when rabbits with diabetes were compared to the control group. Diabetes may cause dysfunction of the lower urinary tract, particularly in the urinary bladder, as shown by the staining intensity of ICs and neural tissue.
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Konety BR, Lavelle JP, Pirtskalaishvili G, Dhir R, Meyers SA, Nguyen TS, Hershberger P, Shurin MR, Johnson CS, Trump DL, Zeidel ML, Getzenberg RH. Effects of vitamin D (calcitriol) on transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in vitro and in vivo. J Urol 2001; 165:253-8. [PMID: 11125420 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200101000-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin D (calcitriol) has significant antiproliferative effects on various tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. In the clinical situation a major impediment to systemic administration of calcitriol is the side effect of hypercalcemia. To test the potential usefulness of calcitriol for bladder cancer treatment, we studied the antiproliferative effect of vitamin D on 2 human bladder cancer cell lines, 253j and T-24, in vitro. We also examined the in vivo effects of calcitriol in an animal model of bladder cancer using intravesical administration to avoid the toxicity of systemic calcitriol therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The presence of vitamin D receptors in normal and neoplastic human bladder tissue, and tumor cells T-24 and 253j was determined by immunoblot analysis. Tumor cell proliferation in the presence or absence of calcitriol was determined using a crystal violet assay. Calcitriol induced apoptosis was determined by morphology, polyadenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase cleavage and annexin V binding. In vivo studies were performed by weekly intravesical instillation of calcitriol in female Fischer 344 rats after induction of tumors by N-methyl nitrosourea. Calcitriol administration was started 3 weeks after tumor induction for 7 doses at weekly intervals. RESULTS Normal and neoplastic human bladder tissue, and the cell lines expressed vitamin D receptors. In the 253j and T-24 cell lines proliferation was significantly inhibited by calcitriol. Progressive cleavage of full length polyadenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase was observed in calcitriol treated cells starting as early as 4 hours after exposure. Similar changes were not observed in the control cells treated with vehicle (ethanol) alone. After 24 hours of treatment with calcitriol 45.8% of 253j cells bound annexin compared to 16.5% of control cells (chi-square p <0.001). Of the control animals 66% developed bladder tumors and 55% of the animals treated with calcitriol early (3 weeks) after tumor induction developed bladder tumors. Almost all of the tumors that developed in the calcitriol group were unifocal, and only 20% were invasive compared to 50% of those in the control animals. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that calcitriol inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human bladder tumor cells in vitro, and may have therapeutic potential in bladder cancer. In vivo studies using an N-methylnitrosourea induced model of bladder cancer demonstrate that early institution of intravesical calcitriol therapy after carcinogen exposure results in fewer tumors, which are also less likely to be multifocal, high grade or invasive. With our protocol a short course of intravesical calcitriol administration did not result in any significant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Konety
- Departments of Urology, Surgery, Medicine, Pathology and Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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