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Subbaiah MAM, Rautio J, Meanwell NA. Prodrugs as empowering tools in drug discovery and development: recent strategic applications of drug delivery solutions to mitigate challenges associated with lead compounds and drug candidates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2099-2210. [PMID: 38226865 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of a drug to a specific organ or tissue at an efficacious concentration is the pharmacokinetic (PK) hallmark of promoting effective pharmacological action at a target site with an acceptable safety profile. Sub-optimal pharmaceutical or ADME profiles of drug candidates, which can often be a function of inherently poor physicochemical properties, pose significant challenges to drug discovery and development teams and may contribute to high compound attrition rates. Medicinal chemists have exploited prodrugs as an informed strategy to productively enhance the profiles of new chemical entities by optimizing the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic properties as well as selectively delivering a molecule to the site of action as a means of addressing a range of limitations. While discovery scientists have traditionally employed prodrugs to improve solubility and membrane permeability, the growing sophistication of prodrug technologies has enabled a significant expansion of their scope and applications as an empowering tool to mitigate a broad range of drug delivery challenges. Prodrugs have emerged as successful solutions to resolve non-linear exposure, inadequate exposure to support toxicological studies, pH-dependent absorption, high pill burden, formulation challenges, lack of feasibility of developing solid and liquid dosage forms, first-pass metabolism, high dosing frequency translating to reduced patient compliance and poor site-specific drug delivery. During the period 2012-2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 50 prodrugs, which amounts to 13% of approved small molecule drugs, reflecting both the importance and success of implementing prodrug approaches in the pursuit of developing safe and effective drugs to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Bangalore, PIN 560099, India.
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Wang Z, Cherukupalli S, Xie M, Wang W, Jiang X, Jia R, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Kang D, Zhan P, Liu X. Contemporary Medicinal Chemistry Strategies for the Discovery and Development of Novel HIV-1 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3729-3757. [PMID: 35175760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently, HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a major component of the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimen. However, the occurrence of drug-resistant strains and adverse reactions after long-term usage have inevitably compromised the clinical application of NNRTIs. Therefore, the development of novel inhibitors with distinct anti-resistance profiles and better pharmacological properties is still an enormous challenge. Herein, we summarize state-of-the-art medicinal chemistry strategies for the discovery of potent NNRTIs, such as structure-based design strategies, contemporary computer-aided drug design, covalent-binding strategies, and the application of multi-target-directed ligands. The strategies described here will facilitate the identification of promising HIV-1 NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ruifang Jia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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de Vries R, Jacobs F, Mannens G, Snoeys J, Cuyckens F, Chien C, Ward P. Apalutamide Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion in Healthy Men, and Enzyme Reaction in Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:453-464. [PMID: 30787101 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this phase 1 study, the absolute bioavailability and absorption, metabolism, and excretion (AME) of apalutamide, a competitive inhibitor of the androgen receptor, were evaluated in 12 healthy men. Subjects received 240 mg of apalutamide orally plus a 15-minute intravenous infusion of 100 µg of apalutamide containing 9.25 kBq (250 nCi) of 14C-apalutamide (2 hours postdose) for absolute bioavailability assessment or plus one 400-µg capsule containing 37 kBq (1000 nCi) of 14C-apalutamide for AME assessment. Content of 14C and metabolite profiling for whole blood, plasma, urine, feces, and expired air samples were analyzed using accelerator mass spectrometry. Apalutamide absolute oral bioavailability was ≈100%. After oral administration, apalutamide, its N-desmethyl metabolite (M3), and an inactive carboxylic acid metabolite (M4) accounted for most 14C in plasma (45%, 44%, and 3%, respectively). Apalutamide elimination was slow, with a mean plasma half-life of 151-178 hours. The mean cumulative recovery of total 14C over 70 days postdose was 64.6% in urine and 24.3% in feces. The urinary excretion of apalutamide, M3, and M4 was 1.2%, 2.7%, and 31.1% of dose, respectively. Fecal excretion of apalutamide, M3, and M4 was 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.4% of dose, respectively. Seventeen apalutamide metabolites and six main metabolic clearance pathways were identified. In vitro studies confirmed CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 roles in apalutamide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald de Vries
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
| | - Frank Jacobs
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
| | - Geert Mannens
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
| | - Filip Cuyckens
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
| | - Caly Chien
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
| | - Peter Ward
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
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Judson PN, Long A, Murray E, Patel M. Assessing Confidence in Predictions Using Veracity and Utility - A Case Study on the Prediction of Mammalian Metabolism by Meteor Nexus. Mol Inform 2015; 34:284-91. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201400184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Chong P, Sebahar P, Youngman M, Garrido D, Zhang H, Stewart EL, Nolte RT, Wang L, Ferris RG, Edelstein M, Weaver K, Mathis A, Peat A. Rational Design of Potent Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10601-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pek Chong
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Paul Sebahar
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Michael Youngman
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Dulce Garrido
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Huichang Zhang
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Eugene L. Stewart
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Robert T. Nolte
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Liping Wang
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Robert G. Ferris
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Mark Edelstein
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kurt Weaver
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Amanda Mathis
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Andrew Peat
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Zhan P, Liu X. Novel HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a patent review (2005 – 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:717-96. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.568481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Serres MD, Bowers G, Boyle G, Beaumont C, Castellino S, Sigafoos J, Dave M, Roberts A, Shah V, Olson K, Patel D, Wagner D, Yeager R, Serabjit-Singh C. Evaluation of a chimeric (uPA+/+)/SCID mouse model with a humanized liver for prediction of human metabolism. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:464-75. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.560295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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