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He L, Kang Q, Zhang Y, Chen M, Wang Z, Wu Y, Gao H, Zhong Z, Tan W. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma: The popular occurrence of herbal medicine applied in classical prescriptions. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 37196671 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is a well-known herbal medicine with a wide range of pharmacological functions that has been used throughout Chinese history. This review presents a comprehensive introduction to this herb and its classical prescriptions. The article discusses the resources and distribution of species, methods of authentication and determination chemical composition, quality control of the original plants and herbal medicines, dosages use, common classical prescriptions, indications, and relevant mechanisms of the active content. Pharmacokinetic parameters, toxicity tests, clinical trials, and patent applications are discussed. The review will provide a good starting point for the research and development of classical prescriptions to develop herbal medicines for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying He
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qianming Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Man Chen
- Oncology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zefei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hetong Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Xia H. Extensive metabolism of flavonoids relevant to their potential efficacy on Alzheimer's disease. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:563-591. [PMID: 34491868 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1977316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, the incidence of which is climbing with ever-growing aged population, but no cure is hitherto available. The epidemiological studies unveiled that chronic intake of flavonoids was negatively associated with AD risk. Flavonoids, a family of natural polyphenols widely distributed in human daily diets, were readily conjugated by phase II drug metabolizing enzymes after absorption in vivo, and glucuronidation could occur in 1 min following intravenous administration. Recently, as many as 191 metabolites were obtained after intragastric administration of a single flavonoid, indicating that other bioactive metabolites, besides conjugates, might be formed and account for the contradiction between efficacy of flavonoids in human or animal models and low systematic exposure of flavonoid glycosides or aglycones. In this review, metabolism of complete 68 flavonoid monomers potential for AD treatment, grouped in flavonoid O-glycosides, flavonoid aglycones, flavonoid C-glycosides, flavonoid dimers, flavonolignans and prenylated flavonoids according to their common structural elements, respectively, has been systematically retrospected, summarized and discussed, including their unequivocally identified metabolites, metabolic interconversions, metabolic locations, metabolic sites (regio- or stereo-selectivity), primarily involved metabolic enzymes or intestinal bacteria, and interspecies correlations or differences in metabolism, and their bioactive metabolites and the underlying mechanism to reverse AD pathology were also reviewed, providing whole perspective about advances on extensive metabolism of diverse potent flavonoids in vivo and in vitro up to date and aiming at elucidation of mechanism of actions of flavonoids on AD or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Xia
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Ha Y, Wang T, Li J, Li J, Lu R, Li J, Chen L, Gan P. Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Licorice Extract and Paclitaxel: A Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 45:257-264. [PMID: 31820303 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Licorice is the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch (Leguminosae), which is often used with paclitaxel to alleviate paclitaxel-induced pain in clinics. However, the herb-drug interaction between licorice and paclitaxel is still unknown. Our study evaluates the effects of oral licorice on the paclitaxel in rats via pharmacokinetic studies. METHODS A simple and rapid ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine paclitaxel in rat. SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each as follows: two groups of rats that were pretreated with a daily gavage of licorice (3 g/kg) for 1 or 14 successive days; Control group that was administered distilled water. All rats were then intravenously administered with paclitaxel (3 mg/kg). RESULTS The results showed that 14 days pretreatment of licorice could decrease the area under the curve (AUC0-t) (from 7483.08 ± 528.78 to 6679.12 ± 266.56 mg/L × h) (P < 0.01), and increase the total clearance (CL) (from 0.36 ± 0.02 to 0.39 ± 0.02 L/h/kg) of paclitaxel (P < 0.01). However, a single co-administration of licorice did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of paclitaxel, such as AUC0-t (from 7483.08 ± 528.78 to 7201.24 ± 292.76 mg/L × h) (P > 0.05) and CL (from 0.36 ± 0.02 to 0.36 ± 0.01 L/h/kg) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results will contribute to better use of licorice in the adjunctive therapy and provide information to study the interaction between herbs and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuer Ha
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Tingrui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Central Hospital, Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, 251700, China
| | - Jianhuang Li
- Department of Oncology,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 of Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Urumchi Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ruohuang Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of New Drug R&D, JS InnoPharm(Shanghai) Ltd., Shanghai, 201319, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Pingping Gan
- Department of Oncology,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 of Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Liu T, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Hou J, Fang D, Sun H, Li Q, Xie S. Sulfation disposition of liquiritigenin in SULT1A3 overexpressing HEK293 cells: The role of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) in sulfate efflux of liquiritigenin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 124:228-239. [PMID: 30176366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the cellular disposition of liquiritigenin via the sulfonation pathway and the role of efflux transporters in liquiritigenin sulfate excretion. The sulfonation disposition of liquiritigenin was investigated using SULT1A3 overexpressed HEK293 cells (HEK-SULT1A3 cells). Liquiritigenin generated one mono-sulfate metabolite (7-O-sulfate) in HEK-SULT1A3 cell lysate. And the sulfonation followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetic (Vmax = 0.84 nmol/min/mg and Km = 7.12 μM). Expectedly, recombinant SULT1A3 (hSULT1A3) showed a highly similar kinetic profile with cell lysate. Furthermore, 7-O-sulfate was rapidly generated and excreted in HEK-SULT1A3 cells. Ko143 (a BCRP-selective inhibitor) at 20 μM significantly decreased the excretion rate of liquiritigenin sulfate (>42.5%, p < 0.001). Moreover, the pan-MRPs inhibitor MK-571 at 20 μM essentially abolished the liquiritigenin sulfate effluxion, resulting in the marked reduction of excretion rate (>97.4%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, knockdown of BCRP led to moderate reduction in sulfate excretion (15.9%-16.9%, p < 0.05). Silencing of MRP4 caused significant decreased in sulfate excretion (20.2%-32.5%, p < 0.01). In conclusion, one sulfate metabolite was generated from liquiritigenin in HEK-SULT1A3 cells. BCRP and MRP4 should be the key factors for the cellular excretion of liquiritigenin sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Jiuzhou Hou
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Dong Fang
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Hua Sun
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Qin Li
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Songqiang Xie
- Institute of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
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