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Biodegradation of Ephedrine Isomers by Arthrobacter sp. Strain TS-15: Discovery of Novel Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine Dehydrogenases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02487-19. [PMID: 31900306 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02487-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive soil bacterium Arthrobacter sp. strain TS-15 (DSM 32400), which is capable of metabolizing ephedrine as a sole source of carbon and energy, was isolated. According to 16S rRNA gene sequences and comparative genomic analysis, Arthrobacter sp. TS-15 is closely related to Arthrobacter aurescens Distinct from all known physiological paths, ephedrine metabolism by Arthrobacter sp. TS-15 is initiated by the selective oxidation of the hydroxyl function at the α-C atom, yielding methcathinone as the primary degradation product. Rational genome mining revealed a gene cluster potentially encoding the novel pathway. Two genes from the cluster, which encoded putative short-chain dehydrogenases, were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli The obtained enzymes were strictly NAD+ dependent and catalyzed the oxidation of ephedrine to methcathinone. Pseudoephedrine dehydrogenase (PseDH) selectively converted (S,S)-(+)-pseudoephedrine and (S,R)-(+)-ephedrine to (S)- and (R)-methcathinone, respectively. Ephedrine dehydrogenase (EDH) exhibited strict selectivity for the oxidation of the diastereomers (R,S)-(-)-ephedrine and (R,R)-(-)-pseudoephedrine.IMPORTANCE Arthrobacter sp. TS-15 is a newly isolated bacterium with the unique ability to degrade ephedrine isomers. The initiating steps of the novel metabolic pathway are described. Arthrobacter sp. TS-15 and its isolated ephedrine-oxidizing enzymes have potential for use in decontamination and synthetic applications.
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Matsumoto T, Kushida H, Matsushita S, Oyama Y, Suda T, Watanabe J, Kase Y, Setou M. Distribution Analysis via Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Ephedrine in the Lungs of Rats Orally Administered the Japanese Kampo Medicine Maoto. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44098. [PMID: 28272490 PMCID: PMC5341069 DOI: 10.1038/srep44098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Maoto, a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, has been used to treat various respiratory diseases, including respiratory infections and influenza. Ephedrine (EPD), the main ingredient in maoto, is also clinically used to treat respiratory diseases. However, the pharmacokinetics and distribution of EPD in the lungs after the administration of maoto have not been demonstrated. This study aimed to determine the concentrations, distribution, and pharmacokinetics of EPD and its precursor methylephedrine (MEPD) in the lungs of rats orally administered maoto (1 and 4 g/kg). We used liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry to measure the ingredient concentrations. Both ingredients were detected in maoto-treated lung homogenates. Next, we examined the distribution of both ingredients in lung sections by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging, a powerful tool for the visualization of the distribution of biological molecules. The mass spectrometry imaging analysis detected only EPD and provided the first visual demonstration that EPD is distributed in the alveoli, bronchi, and bronchioles in the lungs of rats orally administered maoto (4 g/kg, three times at 2-h intervals). These results suggest that the pharmacological efficacy of maoto for the amelioration of respiratory symptoms is related to the distribution of EPD in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsumoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura &Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kushida
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura &Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shoko Matsushita
- Department of Cellular &Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Oyama
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Junko Watanabe
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura &Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kase
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura &Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular &Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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Xu J, Yan R. Determination of the Metabolite of Ephedrine, 4-Hydroxyephedrine, by LC–MS-MS in Rat Urine and Its Application in Excretion Profiles After Oral Administration ofEphedra sinica Stapfand ProcessingEphedra sinica Stapf. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:162-165. [PMID: 27733484 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Foreign Languages, Chaohu University, Chaohu 238000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road (M), Shenyang 110036, P.R. China
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Kojima A, Nishitani Y, Sato M, Kageyama S, Dohi M, Okano M. Comparison of urine analysis and dried blood spot analysis for the detection of ephedrine and methylephedrine in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:189-98. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asami Kojima
- Anti-Doping Laboratory; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Mitsuhiko Sato
- Anti-Doping Laboratory; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinji Kageyama
- Anti-Doping Laboratory; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Michiko Dohi
- Medical Centre; Japan Institute of Sports Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masato Okano
- Anti-Doping Laboratory; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
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Abstract
The current research and case work activities of criminalistics in Japan are described. The selected forensic science disciplines are forensic osteology including specialized technology of skull identification, forensic serology, forensic DNA analysis of poisonous materials, forensic hair and fiber analysis, trace evidence analysis, document analysis, forensic psychology mainly concerned with the so-called lie-detector, forensic image analysis, voice print analysis, fire and explosion analysis, forensic engineering, firearm and toolmark analysis. The current activity of the Training Institute of Forensic Science at the National Research Institute of Police Science is also briefly described with special regard to the education and training course of forensic DNA typing analysis. Instruments for analytical and methodological use are listed according to the availability in evidence sample analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seta
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
1. The metabolism of methylephedrine was studied using rat-liver microsomes; methylephedrine N-oxide and ephedrine were isolated as metabolites. 2. The formation of methylephedrine N-oxide was inhibited by methimazole or by preincubation of microsomes, but that of ephedrine was not; whereas the formation of ephedrine was inhibited by either SKF 525-A or CO, but the formation of the N-oxide was not. 3. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital increased N-demethylation, but decreased N-oxidation. Pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene did not influence either reaction. 4. The results indicate that the formation of the N-oxide was mediated by the flavin-containing monooygenase system and that of ephedrine was mediated by the cytochrome P-450 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Tokyo, Japan
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