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Salimi A, Jamali Z. Teratogenic Effects of Drugs on Primary Lymphocytes Assessed by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:231-249. [PMID: 38285342 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes as primary cells can be isolated from human, animal, fetus, and placenta. These cells are an excellent cellular model for the assessment of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction induced by drug and chemicals. Moreover, peripheral blood lymphocytes are an easily available source of primary cells appropriate for basic research and in cellular studies regarding teratogenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic effect of drugs and chemicals. Most drugs and other chemicals that produce birth defects, known as teratogenic agents, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction. It seems that there is an important mechanistic link between oxidative stress, mitochondrial damages, lysosomal integrity, and teratogenic drug-induced birth defects. One of the most sensitive periods in the embryo is transition from an important developmental event to another such as transition from proliferation to differentiation. Mitochondria, lysosomes, and cellular ROS have an important role in proliferative, differentiative, and apoptotic activities during the development. Therefore, disruption of the function of mitochondria, lysosomes, oxidative stress, and redox imbalance leads to cellular dysfunctions and subsequently poor developmental outcomes in the fetus. In this chapter, we will focus on evaluation of mitochondrial/lysosomal functions and estimation of ROS formation using flow cytometry methods in isolated lymphocytes and their isolated mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Salimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Zhaleh Jamali
- Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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2
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Mikkelsen NS, Hernandez SS, Jensen TI, Schneller JL, Bak RO. Enrichment of transgene integrations by transient CRISPR activation of a silent reporter gene. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 29:1-16. [PMID: 36922985 PMCID: PMC10009645 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas-mediated site-specific integration of transgenes by homology-directed repair (HDR) is challenging, especially in primary cells, where inferior editing efficiency may impede the development of gene- and cellular therapies. Various strategies for enrichment of cells with transgene integrations have been developed, but most strategies either generate unwanted genomic scars or rely on permanent integration and expression of a reporter gene used for selection. However, stable expression of a reporter gene may perturb cell homeostasis and function. Here we develop a broadly applicable and versatile enrichment strategy by harnessing the capability of CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) to transiently induce expression of a therapeutically relevant reporter gene used for immunomagnetic enrichment. This strategy is readily adaptable to primary human T cells and CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), where enrichment of 1.8- to 3.3-fold and 3.2- to 3.6-fold was achieved, respectively. Furthermore, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells were enriched 2.5-fold and demonstrated improved cytotoxicity over non-enriched CAR T cells. Analysis of HDR integrations showed a proportion of cells harboring deletions of the transgene cassette arising either from impartial HDR or truncated adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector genomes. Nonetheless, this novel enrichment strategy expands the possibility to enrich for transgene integrations in research settings and in gene and cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trine I Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jessica L Schneller
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,RNA and Gene Therapies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Rasmus O Bak
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Park JA, Pineda M, Peyot ML, Yargeau V. Degradation of oxytetracycline and doxycycline by ozonation: Degradation pathways and toxicity assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159076. [PMID: 36179846 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tetracyclines are one of the antibiotics widely employed worldwide and frequently detected in surface waters because of incomplete removal from wastewater treatment. Various advanced oxidation processes have been investigated for tetracyclines degradation and their transformation products (TPs) have recently gained more attention. Studies on ozonation are however seldom for the degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC) and doxycycline (DTC). In the present study, a lower O3 inlet gas concentration (4.67 ± 0.13 mg/L), supplied at a flow rate of 0.27 L/min, was shown to be more effective at removing OTC than the same dose of ozone applied at higher inlet gas concentration (up to 6.29 mg/L) over a shorter time at the same flow rate. The use of pCBA and t-BuOH indicated that ozone plays a more important role in the degradation of OTC than HO•. The DTC degradation was less efficient than for OTC, with 99 % removal requiring twice the amount of ozone. OTC had almost no inhibition of Vibrio fischeri, however, the inhibition ratio was increased to 37 % (5-min) and 46 % (15-min) within 1 min of ozonation. Contrastly, DTC had toxic effects on V. fischeri (inhibition rate5min of 84 %) and sustained toxicity in samples treated for up to 40-min. The observed toxicities after treatment could be explained by the identified TPs (26 TPs for OTC and 23 for DTC, some identified for the first time) and their quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis data. Several TPs showed toxic or extremely toxic predicted effects on fish, daphnid, and green algae, corresponding with the V. fischeri inhibition results. Among the possible degradation pathways, aromatic ring hydroxylation and ring-opening pathways could lead to the formation of TPs less harmful to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ann Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Marco Pineda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal H3A 0C5, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Line Peyot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal H3A 0C5, Québec, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal H3A 0C5, Québec, Canada.
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Khajanchi N, Saha K. Controlling CRISPR with small molecule regulation for somatic cell genome editing. Mol Ther 2022; 30:17-31. [PMID: 34174442 PMCID: PMC8753294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research has been revolutionized by the introduction of many CRISPR-Cas systems that induce programmable edits to nearly any gene in the human genome. Nuclease-based CRISPR-Cas editors can produce on-target genomic changes but can also generate unwanted genotoxicity and adverse events, in part by cleaving non-targeted sites in the genome. Additional translational challenges for in vivo somatic cell editing include limited packaging capacity of viral vectors and host immune responses. Altogether, these challenges motivate recent efforts to control the expression and activity of different Cas systems in vivo. Current strategies utilize small molecules, light, magnetism, and temperature to conditionally control Cas systems through various activation, inhibition, or degradation mechanisms. This review focuses on small molecules that can be incorporated as regulatory switches to control Cas genome editors. Additional development of CRISPR-Cas-based therapeutic approaches with small molecule regulation have high potential to increase editing efficiency with less adverse effects for somatic cell genome editing strategies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Khajanchi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
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Dutta J, Mala AA. Removal of antibiotic from the water environment by the adsorption technologies: a review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:401-426. [PMID: 32960788 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are known as emergent pollutants because of their toxicological properties. Due to continuous discharge and persistence in the aquatic environment, antibiotics are detected almost in every environmental matrix. Therefore antibiotics that are polluting the aquatic environment have gained significant research interest for their removal. Several techniques have been used to remove pollutants, but appropriate technology is still to be found. This review addresses the use of modified and cheap materials for antibiotic removal from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Dutta
- Department of Zoology School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India E-mail:
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Mala
- Department of Zoology School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India E-mail:
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Atlı Şekeroğlu Z, Şekeroğlu V, Uçgun E, Kontaş Yedier S, Aydın B. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of clothianidin in human lymphocytes with or without metabolic activation system. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 42:364-370. [PMID: 29482383 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1438458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Clothianidin (CHN) is a broad-spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide. Limited studies have been carried out on the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of both CHN using different genotoxicity tests in human cells with or without human metabolic activation system (S9 mix). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of CHN and its metabolites on human lymphocyte cultures with or without S9 mix using chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) tests. The cultures were treated with 25, 50, and 100 µg/ml of CHN in the presence (3 h treatment) and absence (48 h treatment) of S9 mix. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a solvent control. CHN showed cytotoxic and genotoxic effects due to significant decreases in mitotic index (MI) and nuclear division index (NDI), and significant increases in the CAs, aberrant cells, and MN formation in the absence of S9 mix when compared with solvent control. However, CHN did not significantly induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in the presence of S9 mix. Our results indicated that CHN has cytotoxic, cytostatic, and genotoxic potential on human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures, but not its metabolites under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters , Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
| | - Vedat Şekeroğlu
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters , Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
| | - Ebru Uçgun
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters , Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
| | - Seval Kontaş Yedier
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters , Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
| | - Birsen Aydın
- b Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters , Amasya University , Amasya , Turkey
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Aydın B, Atlı Şekeroğlu Z, Şekeroğlu V. Acrolein-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in rats: protective effects of whey protein and conjugated linoleic acid. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:225-231. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1354872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Aydın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Vedat Şekeroğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
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Kolaviron shows anti-proliferative effect and down regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and toll like receptor-2 in Wuchereria bancrofti infected blood lymphocytes. J Infect Public Health 2017; 10:661-666. [PMID: 28619504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-proliferative effect and down regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor C and toll like receptor-2 by kolaviron on Wuchereria bancrofti infected peripheral blood lymphocytes were investigated. Blood were collected from consenting volunteers in Talata Mafara, Nigeria, between the hours of 10pm to 12am, and microscopically identified for microfilariae. W. bancrofti positive samples were cultured for 72h treated with Doxycycline (2μg/ml) and kolaviron (5μg/ml) in vitro. Mitotic index, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-c), toll like receptor-2 (TLR-2) were determined using standard procedures. Mitotic index was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the kolaviron treated group compared to negative control. Kolaviron also significantly (P<0.05) down regulated the expression of VEGF-c and TLR-2 when compared with the untreated group. In both cases, the effects of kolaviron was not significantly different (P<0.05) to that of doxycycline. Furthermore, strong positive correlations between mitotic index, VEGF-c and TLR-2 expressions were observed. The study suggests that kolaviron rich portion of Garcinia kola exhibited anti-proliferative effect and down regulation of VEGF-c and TLR-2 in W. bancrofti infected blood. Thus, the results from this study might have unravelled the potency of kolaviron in the management of complications associated with lymphatic filariasis.
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Şekeroğlu V, Aksoy M, Atlı Şekeroğlu Z. Cytogenetic alterations in human lymphocyte cultures following exposure to ofloxacin. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:140-145. [PMID: 27240646 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1188305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ofloxacin (OFX), a second-generation of quinolones, is a broad-spectrum flouroquinolone antibiotic used in the treatment of various bacterial infections. In this article, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of OFX in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of OFX on human peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined in vitro by sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and micronucleus (MN) tests. Cultures were treated with 30, 60 and 120 μg/ml of OFX for 48 h. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a solvent control. OFX decreased the mitotic index (MI) and nuclear division index (NDI) significantly, especially at higher concentrations (60 and 120 μg/ml) compared with solvent control. OFX significantly induced CAs at all concentrations and SCEs at higher concentrations (60 and 120 μg/ml) compared with solvent control. In conclusion, our results indicated that OFX has cytotoxic, cytostatic and genotoxic potential especially at higher concentrations on human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedat Şekeroğlu
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
| | - Muhammet Aksoy
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
| | - Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
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Fares M, Abedi-Valugerdi M, Hassan M, Potácová Z. DNA damage, lysosomal degradation and Bcl-xL deamidation in doxycycline- and minocycline-induced cell death in the K562 leukemic cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:268-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Yang B, Lu Y, Zhang A, Zhou A, Zhang L, Zhang L, Gao L, Zang Y, Tang X, Sun L. Doxycycline Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion of Human Cervical Carcinoma Stem Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129138. [PMID: 26111245 PMCID: PMC4482382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are proposed to be responsible for high recurrence rate in cervical carcinoma. Reagents that can suppress the proliferation and differentiation of CSCs would provide new opportunities to fight against tumor recurrence. Doxycycline has been reported as a potential anti-cancer compound. However, few studies investigated its inhibitory effect against cervical cancer stem cells. Methods HeLa cells were cultured in cancer stem cell conditional media in a poly-hema-treated dish. In this non-adhesive culture system, HeLa cells were treated with cisplatin until some cells survived and formed spheroids, which were then collected and injected into the immunodeficient mice. Cisplatin was administered every three days for five times. The tumor xenografts with CSC enrichment were cultured in cancer stem cell specific medium again to form tumorsphere, which we called HeLa-CSCs. Expression of cancer stem cell markers in HeLa-CSCs was measured by flow cytometry and qPCR. HeLa-CSCs were then treated with doxycycline. Proliferation and differentiation rates were determined by the size of spheres formed in vitro and tumor formed in vivo. Results We developed a new strategy to selectively enrich CSCs from human cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa, and these HeLa-CSCs are CD133+/CD49f+ cell populations with significantly enhanced expression of stem cell markers. When these HeLa-CSCs were treated with doxycycline, the colony formation, proliferation, migration and invasion, and differentiation were all suppressed. Meanwhile, stem cell markers SOX-2, OCT-4, NANOG, NOTCH and BMI-1 decreased in doxycycline treated cells, so as the surface markers CD133 and CD49f. Furthermore, proliferation markers Ki67 and PCNA were also decreased by doxycycline treatment in the in vivo xenograft mouse model. Conclusions Cancer stem cells are enriched from sphere-forming and chemoresistant HeLa-derived tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice. Doxycycline inhibits proliferation, invasion, and differentiation, and also induces apoptosis of these HeLa-CSCs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binlie Yang
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, People Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 20299, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuping Lu
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, People Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 20299, China
| | - Ai Zhang
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, People Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 20299, China
| | - Aizhi Zhou
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, People Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 20299, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, People Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 20299, China
| | - Lanrong Zhang
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, People Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 20299, China
| | - Limin Gao
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, People Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 20299, China
| | - Yuhua Zang
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, People Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 20299, China
| | - Xiuhua Tang
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, People Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 20299, China
| | - Liyan Sun
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, People Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 20299, China
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Lukinavičius G, Reymond L, Johnsson K. Fluorescent labeling of SNAP-tagged proteins in cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1266:107-118. [PMID: 25560070 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2272-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the most prominent self-labeling tags is SNAP-tag. It is an in vitro evolution product of the human DNA repair protein O (6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (hAGT) that reacts specifically with benzylguanine (BG) and benzylchloropyrimidine (CP) derivatives, leading to covalent labeling of SNAP-tag with a synthetic probe (Gronemeyer et al., Protein Eng Des Sel 19:309-316, 2006; Curr Opin Biotechnol 16:453-458, 2005; Keppler et al., Nat Biotechnol 21:86-89, 2003; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:9955-9959, 2004). SNAP-tag is well suited for the analysis and quantification of fused target protein using fluorescence microscopy techniques. It provides a simple, robust, and versatile approach to the imaging of fusion proteins under a wide range of experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gražvydas Lukinavičius
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, NCCR Chemical Biology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kontaş S, Atlı Şekeroğlu Z. Investigation of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the antihistaminic drug, loratadine, on human lymphocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 38:57-62. [PMID: 24641298 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Loratadine (LOR) is a new generation antihistamine used in the treatment of allergic disorders. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytogenotoxic effect of LOR on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the genotoxic effect of this drug in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes using sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and micronucleus (MN) assay in culture conditions. Proliferation index (PI), mitotic index (MI) and nuclear division index (NDI) were also calculated to determine the cytotoxic/cytostatic effect. Cultures were treated with LOR at three concentrations (5, 15 and 25 µg/ml) for 48 h. RESULTS Although the MI significantly decreased at the higher concentrations (15 and 25 µg/ml) compared with negative (solvent) control, LOR indicated weaker cytotoxic potential in PI and NDI values at all the tested concentrations. LOR increased the frequencies of SCE, CA and MN in all lymphocyte cultures. However, significant increase was observed in MN at the medium and highest doses (15 and 25 µg/ml) and in CA at the medium dose (15 µg/ml) compared with negative (solvent) control culture. Our results indicate that LOR has cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. DISCUSSION Although most of previously findings have shown that LOR does not reflect genotoxicity, our results indicated that it may be a genotoxic drug. CONCLUSION More studies are necessary to elucidate the relationship between cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic effects, and to make a possible risk assessment in patients receiving therapy with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seval Kontaş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
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