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da Silva JCG, Dallegrave E, Rodrigues GZP, Bigolin C, Neumann TMSDO, Schuster AC, Kayser JM, Staudt LBM, Moraes MF, Farias DG, Schiling G, Raasch JR, Perassolo MS, da Silva LB, Gehlen G, Betti AH. Repeated dose of meloxicam induces genotoxicity and histopathological changes in cardiac tissue of mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:822-833. [PMID: 32552192 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1778018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Meloxicam is the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug most used in small animals; however, studies on genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and histopathologic alterations in cardiac tissue are limited, especially at therapeutical doses used in these animals. This study evaluated the toxic effects caused by the treatment involving repeated low at higher doses of meloxicam in mice, by genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and histopathological parameters. Mice (CF1, male) received, by gavage, meloxicam at the therapeutic dose indicated for small animals (0.1 mg/kg) and at higher doses (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) for 28 days. Later, they were euthanized for blood and organ analysis. Oxidative stress was analyzed by the plasma ferric reduction capacity (FRAP) and catalase, and genotoxicity, by the comet assay and the micronucleus test. Heart, liver, lung, and kidney tissues were analyzed by the histology, and stomach and duodenum were analyzed with a magnifying glass. The relative weight of organs did not present significant alterations. However, congestion of duodenum vessels was observed at the three tested doses and caused hyperemia of stomach mucosa at 1 mg/kg. In the heart histology there was a reduction in the number of cardiomyocytes, accompanied by an increase in cell diameter (possible cell hypertrophy) dose-dependent. The highest tested dose of meloxicam also increased the DNA damage index, without alterations in the micronucleus test. Meloxicam did not affect the catalase activity but increased the FRAP (1 mg/kg). Meloxicam at the dose prescribed for small animals could potentially cause cardiac histopathologic alterations and genotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Toxicology Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Cassiana Bigolin
- Bioanalysis Department, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Andriéli Carolina Schuster
- Bioanalysis Department, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Machado Kayser
- Bioanalysis Department, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Melina Floriano Moraes
- Bioanalysis Department, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Débora Graziela Farias
- Bioanalysis Department, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Schiling
- Bioanalysis Department, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Raquel Raasch
- Bioanalysis Department, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Magda Susana Perassolo
- Bioanalysis Department, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciano Basso da Silva
- Bioanalysis Department, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Günther Gehlen
- Bioanalysis Department, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andresa Heemann Betti
- Bioanalysis Department, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi Sir2 related protein 1 as potential drugs against Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006180. [PMID: 29357372 PMCID: PMC5794198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease remains one of the most neglected diseases in the world despite being the most important parasitic disease in Latin America. The characteristic chronic manifestation of chagasic cardiomyopathy is the region’s leading cause of heart-related illness, causing significant mortality and morbidity. Due to the limited available therapeutic options, new drugs are urgently needed to control the disease. Sirtuins, also called Silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) proteins have long been suggested as interesting targets to treat different diseases, including parasitic infections. Recent studies on Trypanosoma cruzi sirtuins have hinted at the possibility to exploit these enzymes as a possible drug targets. In the present work, the T. cruzi Sir2 related protein 1 (TcSir2rp1) is genetically validated as a drug target and biochemically characterized for its NAD+-dependent deacetylase activity and its inhibition by the classic sirtuin inhibitor nicotinamide, as well as by bisnaphthalimidopropyl (BNIP) derivatives, a class of parasite sirtuin inhibitors. BNIPs ability to inhibit TcSir2rp1, and anti-parasitic activity against T. cruzi amastigotes in vitro were investigated. The compound BNIP Spermidine (BNIPSpd) (9), was found to be the most potent inhibitor of TcSir2rp1. Moreover, this compound showed altered trypanocidal activity against TcSir2rp1 overexpressing epimastigotes and anti-parasitic activity similar to the reference drug benznidazole against the medically important amastigotes, while having the highest selectivity index amongst the compounds tested. Unfortunately, BNIPSpd failed to treat a mouse model of Chagas disease, possibly due to its pharmacokinetic profile. Medicinal chemistry modifications of the compound, as well as alternative formulations may improve activity and pharmacokinetics in the future. Additionally, an initial TcSIR2rp1 model in complex with p53 peptide substrate was obtained from low resolution X-ray data (3.5 Å) to gain insight into the potential specificity of the interaction with the BNIP compounds. In conclusion, the search for TcSir2rp1 specific inhibitors may represent a valuable strategy for drug discovery against T. cruzi. Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite belonging to the Kinetoplastida class responsible for Chagas disease, a neglected tropical illness that affects an estimated 6 to 8 million people in Latin America and some Southern regions of the USA, with another 25 million at risk of acquiring the disease and a death toll of 12,000 every year. Commonly transmitted from the feces of the kissing bug, the disease is characterized by a nearly asymptomatic acute phase but a problematic chronic phase in which 20–30% of individuals develop serious cardiac and/or intestinal problems. The therapies currently in use were introduced more than forty years ago, and there are important concerns about adverse effects and lower effectiveness with disease progression. There is, therefore, an urgent need to find better alternatives. In this study, we evaluate the potential of a Trypanosoma cruzi sirtuin protein as a novel drug target and its inhibition by novel members of a known class of sirtuin compound inhibitors.
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Graça NAG, Gaspar L, Costa DM, Loureiro I, Thoo-Lin PK, Ramos I, Roura M, Pruvost A, Pemberton IK, Loukil H, MacDougall J, Tavares J, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Activity of Bisnaphthalimidopropyl Derivatives against Trypanosoma brucei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2532-6. [PMID: 26787703 PMCID: PMC4808195 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02490-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for African trypanosomiasis are either toxic, costly, difficult to administer, or prone to elicit resistance. This study evaluated the activity of bisnaphthalimidopropyl (BNIP) derivatives againstTrypanosoma brucei BNIPDiaminobutane (BNIPDabut), the most active of these compounds, showedin vitroinhibition in the single-unit nanomolar range, similar to the activity in the reference drug pentamidine, and presented low toxicity and adequate metabolic stability. Additionally, using a murine model of acute infection and live imaging, a significant decrease in parasite load in BNIPDabut-treated mice was observed. However, cure was not achieved. BNIPDabut constitutes a new scaffold for antitrypanosomal drugs that deserves further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno A G Graça
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Parasite Disease Group, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis Gaspar
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Parasite Disease Group, Porto, Portugal
| | - David M Costa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Parasite Disease Group, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Loureiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Parasite Disease Group, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul Kong Thoo-Lin
- Institute for Health & Welfare Research, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alain Pruvost
- CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ian K Pemberton
- Photeomix, IP Research Consulting SAS, Noisy le Grand, France
| | - Hadjer Loukil
- Photeomix, IP Research Consulting SAS, Noisy le Grand, France
| | - Jane MacDougall
- Photeomix, IP Research Consulting SAS, Noisy le Grand, France
| | - Joana Tavares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Parasite Disease Group, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Parasite Disease Group, Porto, Portugal Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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