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Frawley RP, Witt KL, Cunny H, Germolec DR, Jackson-Humbles D, Malarkey D, Shockley KR, Stout M, Travlos G, Buccellato M, Fallacara D, Harris S, Kissling GE, Manheng W, Surh II, White K, Auerbach SS. Evaluation of 2-methoxy-4-nitroaniline (MNA) in hypersensitivity, 14-day subacute, reproductive, and genotoxicity studies. Toxicology 2020; 441:152474. [PMID: 32380031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxy-4-nitroaniline (MNA), an intermediate in the synthesis of azo dyes used in textiles and paints, is structurally similar to carcinogenic anilines. Human exposure occurs primarily in the occupational setting through handling of dye dust, and through use and disposal of MNA-containing products. MNA has been reported to induce contact hypersensitivity in a human, myocardial necrosis in rats, and bacterial mutagenicity. This study assessed the subacute toxicity, genotoxicity, contact hypersensitivity, and reproductive toxicity of MNA in rodents in an effort to more fully characterize its toxicological profile. B6C3F1/N mice were exposed to 0, 650, 1250, 2500, 5000, or 10,000 ppm MNA by dosed feed for 14-days to evaluate subacute toxicity and histopathological endpoints. In female mice, decreased body weight (13.5 %) and absolute kidney weight (14.8 %), compared to control, were observed at 10,000 ppm MNA; increased relative liver weight (10-12 %), compared to control, occurred at 5,000-10,000 ppm MNA. In male mice, absolute (15 %) and relative liver weights (9-13 %) were increased at 2,500-5,000 ppm and 1250-10,000 ppm MNA, compared to control, respectively. In both sexes of mice, minimal elevations of hemosiderin pigmentation (a breakdown product of erythrocytes), relative to control, were observed in the liver (10,000 ppm); minimal to moderate elevations of hemosiderin pigmentation (5,000-10,000 ppm) and minimal increases in hematopoietic cell proliferation occurred in the spleen (≥ 1250 ppm). In a reproductive toxicity study, timed-mated female Harlan Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 0-10,000 ppm MNA by dosed feed from gestation day 6 through postnatal day (PND) 21. Decreases in mean litter weights were observed at 5000 ppm MNA, compared to control, beginning at PND1. To evaluate potential contact hypersensitivity, MNA (2.5-50 %, in dimethylformamide) was applied to the dorsa of both ears of female Balb/c mice once daily for three days. The increase observed in lymph node cell proliferation (10-50 % increase in thymidine uptake compared to control) did not reproducibly achieve the Sensitization Index (SI) 3 level, and there was no ear swelling evident following sensitization with 10-50 % MNA and challenge with 25 % MNA in the mouse ear swelling test. In bacterial mutagenicity assays, MNA (250-1000 μg/plate) induced significant increases, compared to control, in mutant colonies with and without metabolic activation enzymes in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA98. These data indicate that MNA is genotoxic, and may induce erythrocyte damage and reactive phagocytosis by macrophages in the liver and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Frawley
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Kristine L Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Helen Cunny
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Daven Jackson-Humbles
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - David Malarkey
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Matthew Stout
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Greg Travlos
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | | | | | - Shawn Harris
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., 4505 Emperor Blvd, Suite 400, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Wimolnut Manheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, VCU Medical Center, 1201 E Marchall ST #4-100, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Irene Inok Surh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Kimber White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, VCU Medical Center, 1201 E Marchall ST #4-100, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Scott S Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Guo Y, Xue Q, Cui K, Zhang J, Wang H, Zhang H, Yuan F, Chen H. Study on the degradation mechanism and pathway of benzene dye intermediate 4-methoxy-2-nitroaniline via multiple methods in Fenton oxidation process. RSC Adv 2018; 8:10764-10775. [PMID: 35541521 PMCID: PMC9078900 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00627j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene dye intermediate (BDI) 4-methoxy-2-nitroaniline (4M2NA) wastewater has caused significant environmental concern due to its strong toxicity and potential carcinogenic effects. Reports concerning the degradation of 4M2NA by advanced oxidation process are limited. In this study, 4M2NA degradation by Fenton oxidation has been studied to obtain more insights into the reaction mechanism involved in the oxidation of 4M2NA. Results showed that when the 4M2NA (100 mg L-1) was completely decomposed, the TOC removal efficiency was only 30.70-31.54%, suggesting that some by-products highly recalcitrant to the Fenton oxidation were produced. UV-Vis spectra analysis based on Gauss peak fitting, HPLC analysis combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy and GC-MS detection were carried out to clarify the degradation mechanism and pathway of 4M2NA. A total of nineteen reaction intermediates were identified and two possible degradation pathways were illustrated. Theoretical TOC calculated based on the concentration of oxalic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, and 4M2NA in the degradation process was nearly 94.41-97.11% of the measured TOC, indicating that the oxalic acid, acetic acid and formic acid were the main products. Finally, the predominant degradation pathway was proposed. These results could provide significant information to better understand the degradation mechanism of 4M2NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China +86-10-82322281 +86-10-82323345
| | - Qiang Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China +86-10-82322281 +86-10-82323345
| | - Kangping Cui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China +86-10-82322281 +86-10-82323345
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China +86-10-82322281 +86-10-82323345
| | - Huanzhen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China +86-10-82322281 +86-10-82323345
| | - Fang Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China +86-10-82322281 +86-10-82323345
| | - Honghan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China +86-10-82322281 +86-10-82323345
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Tsubokura Y, Hasegawa R, Aso S, Kobayashi T, Koga T, Hoshuyama S, Oshima Y, Miyata K, Kusune Y, Muroi T, Hashizume N, Inoue Y, Ajimi S, Furukawa K. Combined repeated-dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening test of benzene, 1,1'-oxybis-, tetrapropylene derivs. in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:492-500. [PMID: 29156995 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1397161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have conducted animal toxicity tests of chemicals for a chemical safety program implemented by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan. Here we conducted a combined repeated-dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening test of benzene, 1,1'-oxybis-, tetrapropylene derivs. (BOTD). BOTD was administered to 9-week-old Crl:CD(SD) male and female rats by gavage at 0, 40, 200, or 1000 mg/kg/day. Males were treated for 42 days including mating period. Females were treated for 42-53 days through the premating, mating, pregnancy, and until Day 4 of lactation periods. Increases in prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time values were observed only in males at 200 and 1000 mg/kg/day. Hypertrophy of centrilobular hepatocytes was observed with increased liver weight in both sexes at 200 and 1000 mg/kg/day, but there was no histologic evidence of hepatotoxicity. Diffuse hypertrophy of follicular cells in thyroid glands was observed in females at 200 mg/kg/day and in both sexes at 1000 mg/kg/day, with an increased blood cholesterol level in females at 1000 mg/kg/day. The conception index was decreased for females at 1000 mg/kg/day; and no abnormalities were detected in the reproductive indices of implantation, delivery, or pups' condition, although a slight increase in the pups' body weight was noted at birth. Our data indicate a no-observed-adverse-effect level of 40 mg/kg/day for repeated-dose toxicity on the basis of the prolongation of blood coagulating time, and of 200 mg/kg/day for reproductive/developmental toxicity on the basis of the decreased conception index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsubokura
- a CERI Hita , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hasegawa
- b Chemical Biotesting Center , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Sunao Aso
- a CERI Hita , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Toshio Kobayashi
- a CERI Hita , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Takayuki Koga
- a CERI Hita , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Satsuki Hoshuyama
- a CERI Hita , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Yutaka Oshima
- a CERI Hita , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Katsumi Miyata
- a CERI Hita , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Yuji Kusune
- a CERI Hita , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Takako Muroi
- a CERI Hita , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Naoki Hashizume
- c CERI Kurume , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Kurume-shi , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- c CERI Kurume , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Kurume-shi , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Shozo Ajimi
- a CERI Hita , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Kotaro Furukawa
- a CERI Hita , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
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Tsubokura Y, Hasegawa R, Aso S, Kobayashi T, Koga T, Hoshuyama S, Oshima Y, Miyata K, Kusune Y, Muroi T, Hashizume N, Inoue Y, Ajimi S, Furukawa K. Combined repeated-dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening test of 1-tert-butoxy-4-chlorobenzene in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:344-358. [PMID: 27790921 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1236265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We have carried out animal toxicity tests of chemicals for a chemical safety program implemented by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry of Japan. Here, we tested 1-tert-butoxy-4-chlorobenzene in a combined repeat-dose and developmental and reproductive toxicity test. The test chemical was administered daily by gavage to 9-week-old Crl:CD (SD) rats at doses of 0, 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg/d. Males were treated for 42 d beginning 14 d before mating. Females were treated from 14 d before mating to day 4 of lactation. Decreased spontaneous locomotion, decreased respiratory rate, and incomplete eyelid opening were observed at 500 mg/kg/d (both sexes), but resolved within 30 min of administration, suggesting central nervous system depression. No notable changes were observed in body weight, food consumption, functional battery tests, or blood test. Increased liver weight with centrilobular or diffuse hepatocyte hypertrophy was observed at 100 and 500 mg/kg/d (both sexes). There were no biochemical or histopathological changes related to hepatotoxicity. Increased kidney weight with basophilic tubules, tubule dilatation, and increased hyaline droplets were observed in males dosed at 100 and 500 mg/kg/d. Immunohistochemical staining indicated α2u-globulin nephropathy, a male rat-specific toxicity. Although kidney weight was also increased in females dosed at 500 mg/kg/d, it was not considered to be an adverse effect because there were no histopathological changes. Pup weights on postnatal day 0 were decreased at 500 mg/kg/d and still decreased on postnatal day 4. Our data indicated the no-observed-adverse-effect-level for repeated-dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity for 1-tert-butoxy-4-chlorobenzene was 100 mg/kg/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsubokura
- a CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hasegawa
- b Chemical Biotesting Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo , Japan , and
| | - Sunao Aso
- a CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Toshio Kobayashi
- a CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Takayuki Koga
- a CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Satsuki Hoshuyama
- a CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Yutaka Oshima
- a CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Katsumi Miyata
- a CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Yuji Kusune
- a CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Takako Muroi
- a CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Naoki Hashizume
- c CERI Kurume, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Kurume-shi , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- c CERI Kurume, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Kurume-shi , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Shozo Ajimi
- a CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
| | - Kotaro Furukawa
- a CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Hita-shi , Oita , Japan
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