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Zhang M, Chen C, Li G, Koric A, Lee YA, Morgenstern H, Schwartz SM, Sturgis EM, Boffetta P, Hashibe M, Zhang Z. Cocaine use and head and neck cancer risk: A pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7019. [PMID: 38400665 PMCID: PMC10891447 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine is an illegal recreational drug used worldwide, yet little is known about whether cocaine inhalation (smoking/snorting) increases the risk of head and neck cancer (HNC). METHODS The analyses were conducted by pooling data from three case-control studies with 1639 cases and 2506 controls from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Epidemiologic data, including cocaine use histories, were obtained in face-to-face interviews. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using hierarchical logistic regression models. RESULTS Controlling for cumulative tobacco and alcohol use, we observed a weak positive association between cocaine use and HNC (ORever vs. never = 1.35, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.90). In stratified analysis, while we did not detect associations among never tobacco or alcohol users due to the limited sample size, the association with cocaine use was observed among tobacco users and alcohol drinkers. ORs for ever and high cumulative use (>18 times) versus never use were 1.40 (95% CI: 0.98, 2.00) and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.69) among tobacco users, and 1.34 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.92) and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.00, 2.51) among alcohol drinkers, respectively. CONCLUSION In this pooled analysis, we observed a weak positive association between cocaine inhalation and HNC risk. Our findings provide preliminary evidence of the potential carcinogenic effect of cocaine on HNC. Because of study limitations, including limited number of cocaine users, confounding, and heterogeneity across studies, future investigations will require larger studies with more detailed information on cocaine use history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Zhang
- Department of EpidemiologyUCLA Fielding School of Public HealthLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chu Chen
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Guojun Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of SurgeryUniversity of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Alzina Koric
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Utah School of Medicine, and Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Yuan‐Chin Amy Lee
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Utah School of Medicine, and Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Hal Morgenstern
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Department of Urology, Medical SchoolUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Erich M. Sturgis
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Department of Family, Population and Preventive MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
- Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Mia Hashibe
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Utah School of Medicine, and Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Zuo‐Feng Zhang
- Department of EpidemiologyUCLA Fielding School of Public HealthLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Pugsley K, Scherer SW, Bellgrove MA, Hawi Z. Environmental exposures associated with elevated risk for autism spectrum disorder may augment the burden of deleterious de novo mutations among probands. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:710-730. [PMID: 34002022 PMCID: PMC8960415 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the full aetiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is unknown, familial and twin studies demonstrate high heritability of 60-90%, indicating a predominant role of genetics in the development of the disorder. The genetic architecture of ASD consists of a complex array of rare and common variants of all classes of genetic variation usually acting additively to augment individual risk. The relative contribution of heredity in ASD persists despite selective pressures against the classic autistic phenotype; a phenomenon thought to be explained, in part, by the incidence of spontaneous (or de novo) mutations. Notably, environmental exposures attributed as salient risk factors for ASD may play a causal role in the emergence of deleterious de novo variations, with several ASD-associated agents having significant mutagenic potential. To explore this hypothesis, this review article assesses published epidemiological data with evidence derived from assays of mutagenicity, both in vivo and in vitro, to determine the likely role such agents may play in augmenting the genetic liability in ASD. Broadly, these exposures were observed to elicit genomic alterations through one or a combination of: (1) direct interaction with genetic material; (2) impaired DNA repair; or (3) oxidative DNA damage. However, the direct contribution of these factors to the ASD phenotype cannot be determined without further analysis. The development of comprehensive prospective birth cohorts in combination with genome sequencing is essential to forming a causal, mechanistic account of de novo mutations in ASD that links exposure, genotypic alterations, and phenotypic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealan Pugsley
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646The Centre for Applied Genomics and Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Mark A. Bellgrove
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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da Silva Souza L, Bonnail E, Maranho LA, Pusceddu FH, Cortez FS, Cesar A, Ribeiro DA, Riba I, de Souza Abessa DM, DelValls Á, Pereira CDS. Sub-lethal combined effects of illicit drug and decreased pH on marine mussels: A short-time exposure to crack cocaine in CO 2 enrichment scenarios. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112735. [PMID: 34303056 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing CO2-concentrations in the atmosphere promote ocean acidification. Seawater chemistry changes interact with contaminants, such as illicit drugs in the coastal zones. This work evaluates impacts of pH decrease and crack-cocaine exposure on the commercial mussel Perna perna through biomarker responses (lysosomal membrane stability, lipid peroxidation, and DNA strand breaks). The organisms were exposed to different crack-cocaine concentrations (0.5, 5.0, and 50 μg L-1) combined with different pH values (8.3, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0, 6.5, and 6.0) for 96 h. Crack-cocaine in the different acidification scenarios triggered cyto-genotoxicity, which affected the overall health of mussels exposed to cocaine environmentally relevant concentration. This study produced the first data on biomarker responses associated with CO2-induced acidification and illicit drugs (crack-cocaine) in marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena da Silva Souza
- Department of Physico-Chemistry, Aquatic Systems Research Group, UNESCO/UNITWIN WiCop, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Estefanía Bonnail
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras-Universidad de Atacama (CIC-UDA), University of Atacama, Copiapó, Chile.
| | - Luciane Alves Maranho
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Hermes Pusceddu
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Sanzi Cortez
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Augusto Cesar
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil; Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Inmaculada Riba
- Department of Physico-Chemistry, Aquatic Systems Research Group, UNESCO/UNITWIN WiCop, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Denis M de Souza Abessa
- Study Center on Pollution and Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Paulista State University (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Ángel DelValls
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil; Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
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DE Souza DV, Rosario DAB, Mennitti LV, Malacarne IT, Pisani LP, DA Silva RCB, DE Barros Viana M, Ribeiro DA. Inhibition of Toll Like Signaling Pathway Is Associated With Genomic Instability in Rat Liver Exposed to Crack Cocaine. In Vivo 2021; 35:2641-2646. [PMID: 34410951 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the biological effects of subacute crack cocaine exposure in rat liver. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 32 rats were distributed into four groups (n=8): Experimental group 1 (G1) and Experimental group 2 (G2): rats received 18 mg/kg of body weight (b.w) of crack cocaine for 5 days, once a day, group G2 remained 72 h without exposure after the experimental period (5 days)(abstinence); Experimental group 3 (G3): rats received 36 mg/kg of body weight (b.w) of crack cocaine for 5 days, once a day; Control Group (CTRL): rats received only the vehicle (DMSO) administered by the intraperitoneal (i.p) route for 5 days, once a day. RESULTS All groups exposed to crack cocaine had an increase in the number of micronucleated hepatocytes and binucleated cells only in the highest tested dose (36 mg/kg). Karyolysis had an increase in the 18 mg/kg dose, in the abstinence group (G2), and 36 mg/kg group (G3); whereas pyknotic nuclei had an increase in the G2 group. The group exposed to 18 mg/kg of crack cocaine also showed high 8 OHdG expression. The p-NF-κB p65 protein decreased in the groups exposed to crack cocaine at doses of 18 and 36 mg/kg, as well as in the abstinence group. MyD88 was also found decreased in the group exposed to crack cocaine at 18 mg/kg. CONCLUSION Crack cocaine inhibited toll like signaling pathway whilst being associated with genomic instability in rat liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vitor DE Souza
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Dos Anjos Barbara Rosario
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais Vales Mennitti
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingra Tais Malacarne
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pellegrini Pisani
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Milena DE Barros Viana
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
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Malacarne IT, De Souza DV, Rosario BDA, Viana MDB, Pereira CDS, Estadella D, Dos Santos JN, Ribeiro DA. Genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response induced by crack-cocaine: relevance to carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14285-14292. [PMID: 33534101 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crack-cocaine is a cocaine by-product widely consumed by general population in developing countries. The drug is low cost and is associated with more intense effects when compared to other illicit drugs. Genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response are considered crucial events in carcinogenesis, since they actively participate in the multistep process. The purpose of this paper was to provide a mini review regarding the relationship between carcinogenesis and genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation induced by crack-cocaine. The present study was conducted on search of the scientific literature from the published studies available in PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar for all kind of articles (all publications to November 2020) using the following key words: crack-cocaine, DNA damage, genotoxicity, cellular death, cytotoxicity, mutation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mutagenicity. The results showed that published papers available were almost all in vivo test system being conducted in humans or rodents. Crack-cocaine was able to induce genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mammalian cells. However, the role of inflammatory response after exposure to crack-cocaine was not conclusive so far. In summary, this study is consistent with the notion that crack-cocaine is a chemical carcinogen as a result of genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced in mammalian and non-mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingra Tais Malacarne
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Daniel Vitor De Souza
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Barbara Dos Anjos Rosario
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Milena De Barros Viana
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | | | - Debora Estadella
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Therapeutics, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil.
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6
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Góes Rabelo R, Salgueiro AP, Visioli F, da Silva VP, das Graças Alonso Oliveira M, Ribeiro DA, Cury PR, Dos Santos JN. Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions in oral mucosa cells of crack and cocaine users: a cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:37920-37926. [PMID: 32617811 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09892-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the presence of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in exfoliated cells obtained from the buccal mucosa among crack and cocaine users and non-users by the AgNOR staining technique. Seventy-three males ≥ 18 years were categorized into two groups: 38 crack and/or cocaine users and 35 non-user volunteers. They were interviewed and responded a questionnaire regarding general health and drug addiction. Exfoliative cytology specimens were collected from the clinically intact buccal mucosa, and cytological preparations were fixed and stained by AgNOR technique. The mean number of AgNORs (p = 0.02) and the percentage of epithelial cells with more than 3 (p = 0.01) and 4 (p = 0.04) AgNORs/nucleus were significantly higher in the non-user group. In conclusion, the frequency and diversity of substances present in the drugs-cocaine, crack, and alcohol-consumed by the volunteers of this study may have influenced the number of AgNORs and the response to damage and consequent effect on protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Góes Rabelo
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62-Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Arthur Pias Salgueiro
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2492-Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2492-Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Viviane Palmeira da Silva
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62-Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Alonso Oliveira
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62-Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Silva Jardim, 136-Vila Matias, Santos, São Paulo, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ramos Cury
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62-Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62- Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil.
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Oliveira NG, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Drugs of abuse from a different toxicological perspective: an updated review of cocaine genotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2987-3006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Maranho LA, Fontes MK, Kamimura ASS, Nobre CR, Moreno BB, Pusceddu FH, Cortez FS, Lebre DT, Marques JR, Abessa DMS, Ribeiro DA, Pereira CDS. Exposure to crack cocaine causes adverse effects on marine mussels Perna perna. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 123:410-414. [PMID: 28844457 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to evaluate crack cocaine effects in different life stages of the marine mussel Perna perna. For this purpose, fertilization rate, embryo-larval development, lysosomal membrane stability and DNA strand breaks were assessed. Effect concentrations in gametes and in larval development were found after 1h (IC50=23.53mg·L-1) and 48h (IC50=16.31mg·L-1), respectively. The highest tested concentration showing no acute toxicity (NOEC) was 10mg·L-1, while the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was 20mg·L-1. NOEC concerning embryo-larval development was 0.625mg·L-1, while the LOEC was 1.25mg·L-1. Cyto-genotoxic effects were evidenced in mussels exposed to crack cocaine concentrations ranging from 5 to 500μg·L-1. Our results report the first data on effects of an illicit drug to marine organisms and should encourage further ecotoxicological studies of these contaminants of emerging concern in coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Maranho
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil
| | - M K Fontes
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil
| | - A S S Kamimura
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - C R Nobre
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - B B Moreno
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil
| | - F H Pusceddu
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - F S Cortez
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - D T Lebre
- CEMSA - Centro de Espectrometria de Massas Aplicada, CIETEC/IPEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, Salas 112 e 113, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J R Marques
- CEMSA - Centro de Espectrometria de Massas Aplicada, CIETEC/IPEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, Salas 112 e 113, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D M S Abessa
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil
| | - D A Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Ana Costa 95, 11060-001 Santos, Brazil
| | - C D S Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil.
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