Reduced level of sex-specific antigen (H-Y antigen) on lymphocytes in some patients with bilateral cryptorchidism

Etiology of azoospermia in 100 consecutive nonvasectomized men

History was taken systematically for 100 azoospermic, nonvasectomized men referred consecutively to a Danish fertility clinic. The men were examined by ultrasound, and their blood samples were analyzed for karyotype, Y microdeletions, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene mutations. In 29% of patients, the condition could be explained by genetic abnormalities; in 22%, by diseases or external influence; and in 27%, by former cryptorchidism. The azoospermic condition remained unexplained in only 22%.

Effect of a combined GnRH/hCG therapy in boys with undescended testicles: evaluated in relation to testicular localization within the first week after birth

Among 509 boys referred with undescended testicles, 112 had true undescended testicles unilaterally and 62 bilaterally. Patients with true undescended testicles were offered hormonal treatment unless the condition was associated with hernia or previous operations. Boys less than 5 years old were primarily treated with gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), while boys more than 5 years old were primarily treated with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). If the effect of the primary treatment was insufficient the other hormone was given. Testicular descent was obtained for 64% (23/36) of the intraabdominally located testicles in boys with bilaterally undescended testicles versus only 14% (3/21) in boys with unilaterally undescended testicles (p < .001). Treating 1 to 4 years old boys with GnRH resulted in descent in 16 of 95 testicles and secondary treatment with hCG yielded an additional 34, whereas secondary treatment of 5 to 13 years old boys with GnRH added only 10 descended testicles to 51 of 101 testicles. Reading the maternity records of 272 of the boys support other studies showing that testicles may reascend. Boys with endocrinological or "surgical" causes of incomplete testicular descent were relatively more likely to have had one or two undescended testicles during the first postnatal week compared with boys found to have only retractile testicles (p < .001). Treatment with hormones resulted in descent in 56% of boys whose testicles were both descended within one week after birth. Conversely, only 1 of 20 boys with unilateral testicular undescent postnatally was sufficiently treated with hormones (p < .001). The hormonal effect in boys with bilaterally undescended testicles at delivery did not differ significantly from boys with either one or none undescended testicle postnatally. In 35 of 51 boys (69%) in whom the hormonal effect was insufficient, operation revealed a "surgical cause" of the incomplete testicular descent.