1
|
Daei Sorkhabi A, Komijani E, Sarkesh A, Ghaderi Shadbad P, Aghebati-Maleki A, Aghebati-Maleki L. Advances in immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: rationale and practice. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:321. [PMID: 37946301 PMCID: PMC10634124 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the encouraging results and broad clinical applicability of immune checkpoint (ICP) inhibitors in cancer therapy, ICP-based immunotherapies in the context of autoimmune disease, particularly multiple sclerosis (MS), have garnered considerable attention and hold great potential for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Given the well-established immunoregulatory role of ICPs in maintaining a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signaling pathways to promote immune tolerance to self-antigens, a dysregulated expression pattern of ICPs has been observed in a significant proportion of patients with MS and its animal model called experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is associated with autoreactivity towards myelin and neurodegeneration. Consequently, there is a rationale for developing immunotherapeutic strategies to induce inhibitory ICPs while suppressing stimulatory ICPs, including engineering immune cells to overexpress ligands for inhibitory ICP receptors, such as program death-1 (PD-1), or designing fusion proteins, namely abatacept, to bind and inhibit the co-stimulatory pathways involved in overactivated T-cell mediated autoimmunity, and other strategies that will be discussed in-depth in the current review. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Komijani
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pedram Ghaderi Shadbad
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Joseph J, Rahmani B, Cole Y, Puttagunta N, Lin E, Khan ZK, Jain P. Can Soluble Immune Checkpoint Molecules on Exosomes Mediate Inflammation? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:381-397. [PMID: 34697721 PMCID: PMC10128092 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints (ICPs) are major co-signaling pathways that trigger effector functions in immune cells, with isoforms that are either membrane bound, engaging in direct cell to cell activation locally, or soluble, acting at distant sites by circulating freely or potentially via extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are small EVs secreted by a variety of cells carrying various proteins and nucleic acids. They are distributed extensively through biological fluids and have major impacts on infectious diseases, cancer, and neuroinflammation. Similarly, ICPs play key roles in a variety of disease conditions and have been extensively utilized as a prognostic tool for various cancers. Herein, we explored if the association between exosomes and ICPs could be a significant contributor of inflammation, particularly in the setting of cancer, neuroinflammation and viral infections, wherein the up regulation in both exosomal proteins and ICPs correlate with immunosuppressive effects. The detailed literature review of existing data highlights the significance and complexity of these two important pathways in mediating cancer and potentiating neuroinflammation via modulating overall immune response. Cells increasingly secret exosomes in response to intracellular signals from invading pathogens or cancerous transformations. These exosomes can carry a variety of cargo including proteins, nucleic acids, cytokines, and receptors/ligands that have functional consequences on recipient cells. Illustration generated using BioRender software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Benjamin Rahmani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Yonesha Cole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Neha Puttagunta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Basile MS, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. The Role of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081319. [PMID: 35893056 PMCID: PMC9394409 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system that presents heterogeneous clinical manifestations and course. It has been shown that different immune checkpoints, including Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4), can be involved in the pathogenesis of MS. CTLA-4 is a critical regulator of T-cell homeostasis and self-tolerance and represents a key inhibitor of autoimmunity. In this scopingreview, we resume the current preclinical and clinical studies investigating the role of CTLA-4 in MS with different approaches. While some of these studies assessed the expression levels of CTLA-4 on T cells by comparing MS patients with healthy controls, others focused on the evaluation of the effects of common MS therapies on CTLA-4 modulation or on the study of the CTLA-4 blockade or deficiency in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models. Moreover, other studies in this field aimed to discover if the CTLA-4 gene might be involved in the predisposition to MS, whereas others evaluated the effects of treatment with CTLA4-Ig in MS. Although these results are of great interest, they are often conflicting. Therefore, further studies are needed to reveal the exact mechanisms underlying the action of a crucial immune checkpoint such as CTLA-4 in MS to identify novel immunotherapeutic strategies for MS patients.
Collapse
|
4
|
The role of immune regulatory molecules in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 337:577061. [PMID: 31520791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease which mainly impacts the integrity of central nervous system (CNS). MS etiology is not clearly known but genetic, environmental factors and immune system are the most frequently explored risk factors. Adaptive immune responses have a critical role in MS pathogenesis in which auto-reactive T-cells and autoantibodies are main orchestrators. Immune responses are modulated by inhibitory molecules which regulates adaptive system activation and hemostasis interface. These molecules suppress immune responses through inhibition of cytokine secretion and T cell proliferation and subsequently reducing the inflammation and respective damage. Therefore the critical role of inhibitory molecules in regulating the healthy and safe immune responses make them very attractive target for immunotherapy. In this review paper, the role of inhibitory molecules expressed on the various immune cell types in MS pathogenesis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model will be summarized.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tanhapour M, Vaisi-Raygani A, Khazaei M, Rahimi Z, Pourmotabbed T. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Associated Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Polymorphism, Cancer, and Autoimmune Diseases. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2017.4.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
|
6
|
Lombardi A, Menconi F, Greenberg D, Concepcion E, Leo M, Rocchi R, Marinó M, Keddache M, Tomer Y. Dissecting the Genetic Susceptibility to Graves' Disease in a Cohort of Patients of Italian Origin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:21. [PMID: 27014188 PMCID: PMC4781855 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune oligogenic disorder with a strong hereditary component. Several GD susceptibility genes have been identified and confirmed during the last two decades. However, there are very few studies that evaluated susceptibility genes for GD in specific geographic subsets. Previously, we mapped a new locus on chromosome 3q that was unique to GD families of Italian origin. In the present study, we used association analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) at the 3q locus in a cohort of GD patients of Italian origin in order to prioritize the best candidates among the known genes in this locus to choose the one(s) best supported by the association. DNA samples were genotyped using the Illumina GoldenGate genotyping assay analyzing 690 SNP in the linked 3q locus covering all 124 linkage disequilibrium blocks in this locus. Candidate non-HLA (human-leukocyte-antigen) genes previously reported to be associated with GD and/or other autoimmune disorders were analyzed separately. Three SNPs in the 3q locus showed a nominal association (p < 0.05): rs13097181, rs763313, and rs6792646. Albeit these could not be further validated by multiple comparison correction, we were prioritizing candidate genes at a locus already known to harbor a GD-related gene, not hypothesis testing. Moreover, we found significant associations with the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene, the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene, and the thyroglobulin (TG) gene. In conclusion, we identified three SNPs on chromosome 3q that may map a new GD susceptibility gene in this region which is unique to the Italian population. Furthermore, we confirmed that the TSHR, the CTLA-4, and the TG genes are associated with GD in Italians. Our findings highlight the influence of ethnicity and geographic variations on the genetic susceptibility to GD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lombardi
- Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Angela Lombardi, ; Yaron Tomer,
| | | | - David Greenberg
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erlinda Concepcion
- Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marenza Leo
- Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Mehdi Keddache
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yaron Tomer
- Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Bronx VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Angela Lombardi, ; Yaron Tomer,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wagner M, Sobczyński M, Karabon L, Bilińska M, Pokryszko-Dragan A, Pawlak-Adamska E, Cyrul M, Kuśnierczyk P, Jasek M. Polymorphisms in CD28, CTLA-4, CD80 and CD86 genes may influence the risk of multiple sclerosis and its age of onset. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 288:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
8
|
Riedhammer C, Weissert R. Antigen Presentation, Autoantigens, and Immune Regulation in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2015; 6:322. [PMID: 26136751 PMCID: PMC4470263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation is in the center of the immune system, both in host defense against pathogens, but also when the system is unbalanced and autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) develop. It is not just by chance that a major histocompatibility complex gene is the major genetic susceptibility locus in MS; a feature that MS shares with other autoimmune diseases. The exact etiology of the disease, however, has not been fully understood yet. T cells are regarded as the major players in the disease, but most probably a complex interplay of altered central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, T-cell and B-cell functions, characteristics of putative autoantigens, and a possible interference of environmental factors like microorganisms are at work. In this review, new data on all these different aspects of antigen presentation and their role in MS will be discussed, probable autoantigens will be summarized, and comparisons to other autoimmune diseases will be drawn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Riedhammer
- Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Robert Weissert
- Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|