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Evrensel A, Tarhan N. Inflammation Biomarkers in Psychiatry. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2666082216999200625115701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
There has long been a need for diagnostic, theragnostic, and prognostic
biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. Biomarkers help in reducing ambiguity and arbitrariness and
increase objectivity. In this context, many candidates for hormonal, immunological, serological, and
neuroimaging markers have been proposed, but none of these marker candidates alone nor a biomarker
panel has been approved for any disease. The fact that almost all psychiatric disorders are
heterogeneous makes this process challenging. However, strong biomarker candidates have been
identified, especially in light of the large number of clinical and preclinical studies conducted within
the last five years.
Objective:
The aim of this article was to compile and discuss the current information on immune
biomarkers in major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and
anxiety disorders.
Methods:
In this study, respected scientific databases were searched using key terms related to the
subject, and the related literature was examined in detail.
Results:
There are many relationships between psychiatric disorders and immune system parameters.
Evidence also suggests that neuroinflammation is involved in the etiopathogenesis of psychiatric
disorders. Markers, such as proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive
protein have been associated with psychiatric disorders in numerous studies.
Conclusions:
The neuroinflammation hypothesis has an important place in the etiopathogenesis of
psychiatric disorders. Uncertainty remains as to whether neuroinflammation is a cause or consequence
of psychiatric disorders. Some researchers have indicated that intestinal microbiota composition
disorders and dysbiosis are sources of neuroinflammation. Immune marker studies are of
great importance in terms of eliminating this uncertainty and overcoming diagnostic and treatment
difficulties in the clinic. In this review, biomarker studies on psychiatric disorders were examined
from the viewpoint of the immune system and discussed in light of the current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Evrensel
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, NP Brain Hospital, Saray Mah. Ahmet Tevfik IleriCad. Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Tarhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, NP Brain Hospital, Saray Mah. Ahmet Tevfik IleriCad. Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jia YF, Choi Y, Ayers-Ringler JR, Biernacka JM, Geske JR, Lindberg DR, McElroy SL, Frye MA, Choi DS, Veldic M. Differential SLC1A2 Promoter Methylation in Bipolar Disorder With or Without Addiction. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:217. [PMID: 28785205 PMCID: PMC5520464 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While downregulation of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2), the main transporter removing glutamate from the synapse, has been recognized in bipolar disorder (BD), the underlying mechanisms of downregulation have not been elucidated. BD is influenced by environmental factors, which may, via epigenetic modulation of gene expression, differentially affect illness presentation. This study thus focused on epigenetic DNA methylation regulation of SLC1A2, encoding for EAAT2, in BD with variable environmental influences of addiction. High resolution melting PCR (HRM-PCR) and thymine–adenine (TA) cloning with sequence analysis were conducted to examine methylation of the promoter region of the SLC1A2. DNA was isolated from blood samples drawn from BD patients (N = 150) with or without addiction to alcohol, nicotine, or food, defined as binge eating, and matched controls (N = 32). In comparison to controls, the SLC1A2 promoter region was hypermethylated in BD without addiction but was hypomethylated in BD with addiction. After adjusting for age and sex, the association of methylation levels with nicotine addiction (p = 0.0009) and binge eating (p = 0.0002) remained significant. Consistent with HRM-PCR, direct sequencing revealed increased methylation in CpG site 6 in BD, but decreased methylation in three CpG sites (6, 48, 156) in BD with alcohol and nicotine addictions. These results suggest that individual point methylation within the SLC1A2 promoter region may be modified by exogenous addiction and may have a potential for developing clinically valuable epigenetic biomarkers for BD diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fang Jia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, RochesterMN, United States
| | - YuBin Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, RochesterMN, United States
| | | | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, RochesterMN, United States.,Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, RochesterMN, United States
| | - Jennifer R Geske
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, RochesterMN, United States
| | - Daniel R Lindberg
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, RochesterMN, United States
| | - Susan L McElroy
- Lindner Center of HOPE, MasonOH, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, CincinnatiOH, United States
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, RochesterMN, United States
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, RochesterMN, United States.,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, RochesterMN, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, RochesterMN, United States
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, RochesterMN, United States
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