Exploring the potential of lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles in enhancement of antihypertensive efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide

Chitosan: A Versatile Biomaterial Revolutionizing Endodontic Therapy

Owing to their nanoscale dimensions, nanomaterials have special chemical and physical properties that set them apart from their bulk counterparts. The exterior dimensions of a minimum of half of the particles span several nanometers in their size distribution. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one type of nanomaterial that has been widely used because of their strong antibacterial properties, which can kill bacteria that are resistant to many drugs. Due to its potential for regulated release, localized retention, and safeguarding the active ingredients against environmental or enzymatic deterioration, nanoparticle technology has also emerged as a promising medication delivery method. The techniques for creating nanoparticles can be easily scaled up and used for a wide variety of medications. Since polymeric nanoparticles are biodegradable, biocompatible, and have more readily available formulation techniques than other nanoparticle drug delivery approaches, their range of applications has been expanding. Chitosan, also known as deacetylated polysaccharide, is a straight-chain cationic polymer that is typically a cationic copolymer. It can be generated naturally or by deacetylating chitin. Consequently, it contains an extensive array of biomedical applications, such as efficient healing of wounds, regeneration of tissues, regeneration of bone, and anti-infection. Because of its functional diversity, accessibility, and being both biodegradable and biocompatible, it has a wide spectrum of uses in dentistry. Recent research on chitosan-based nanoparticles is founded on the field's growing comprehension of the characteristics of chitosan and techniques for chemical or physical modification that are used to optimize the drug loading and release characteristics of the nanoparticles.

Impacts of chitosan and its nanoformulations on the metabolic syndromes: a review

A significant public health issue worldwide is metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic illnesses that comprises insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. The creation of natural treatments and preventions for metabolic syndrome is crucial. Chitosan, along with its nanoformulations, is an oligomer of chitin, the second-most prevalent polymer in nature, which is created via deacetylation. Due to its plentiful biological actions in recent years, chitosan and its nanoformulations have drawn much interest. Recently, the chitosan nanoparticle-based delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 has been applied in treating metabolic syndromes. The benefits of chitosan and its nanoformulations on insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension will be outlined in the present review, highlighting potential mechanisms for the avoidance and medication of the metabolic syndromes by chitosan and its nanoformulations.

Drug-Loaded Chitosan Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration

Chitosan is a natural anionic polysaccharide with a changeable architecture and an abundance of functional groups; in addition, it can be converted into various shapes and sizes, making it appropriate for a variety of applications. This article examined and summarized current developments in chitosan-based materials, with a focus on the modification of chitosan, and presented an abundance of information about the fabrication and use of chitosan-derived products in periodontal regeneration. Numerous preparation and modification techniques for enhancing chitosan performance, as well as the uses of chitosan and its metabolites, were reviewed critically and discussed in depth in this study. Chitosan-based products may be formed into different shapes and sizes, considering fibers, nanostructures, gels, membranes, and hydrogels. Various drug-loaded chitosan devices were discussed regarding periodontal regeneration.

A new fluorescence-based method for rapid and specific quantification of rotigotine in chitosan nanoparticles

A new, simple, rapid and sensitive fluorescence-based method has been developed and validated for the estimation of rotigotine (RTG) in bulk and nanoformulations. RTG is a dopamine agonist approved by both the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome. To date, no fluorescence-based analytical method has been reported for the estimation of RTG in any pharmaceutical dosage forms. The developed method is validated as per the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines. A solution of the pure drug in phosphate buffer pH 6.4 exhibited strong fluorescence emission (λ_em) at a wavelength of 298 nm when excited (λ_ex) at a wavelength of 277 nm. The developed method demonstrated good linearity over a range of 250-2500 ng/mL. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation values were found to be 36.25 ng/mL and 109.85 ng/mL respectively. The developed method was found to be accurate, precise, specific and robust. The validated method was successfully applied for the estimation of entrapment efficiency and drug loading of in-house intranasal RTG-loaded chitosan nanoparticles.

Role of Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles in the Drug Delivery System for Hypertension Treatment: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

The present investigation was designed to systematically review the antihypertensive effects of all the organic and inorganic nanoparticles in the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials.

METHODS

The current study was carried out using 06-PRISMA guideline and registered in the CAMARADES- NC3Rs Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Facility (SyRF) database. The search was performed on five English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, without time limitation for publications worldwide related to the anti-hypertensive effects of all the organic and inorganic nanoparticles without date limitation, so as to identify all the published articles (in vitro, in vivo, clinical, and case-control). Studies in any language were entered in the search step if they had an English abstract.

RESULTS

Out of 3602 papers, 60 including 25 werein vitro (41.7%), 17 in vitro / in vivo (28.3%), 16 in vivo (26.7%), and 2 in vitro / ex vivo (3.3%) up to 2020 met the inclusion criteria for discussion in this systematic review. The most widely used nanoparticles were organic nanoparticles such as polylactic acid, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), lipid, chitosan, etc., followed by inorganic nanoparticles such as silver and palladium nanoparticles.

CONCLUSION

This review demonstrated the anti-hypertensive effects of some organic and inorganic nanoparticles alone or in combination with the available anti-hypertensives. We found that organic nanoparticles such as PGLA and chitosan can be considered as preferred options in nanomedicine for treating high blood pressure. The results also showed these nanoparticles displayed antihypertensive effects through some mechanisms such as sustained release forms via increasing bioavailability, increasing oral bioavailability and improving oral and non-oral absorption, counteracting excessive superoxide, decreasing blood pressure, etc. However, further investigations are required to prove these effects, particularly in clinical settings, as well as their accurate possible mechanisms and toxicity.

Development and characterization of catechin-in-cyclodextrin-in-phospholipid liposome to eradicate MRSA-mediated surgical site infection: Investigation of their anti-infective efficacy through in vitro and in vivo studies

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the prime pathogens responsible for surgical site infection (SSI). Treatment of SSI remains challenging because of resistant nature of MRSA, which is a major threat in recent years. Our previous work revealed the antibacterial potential of catechin isolated from cashewnut shell against MRSA. However, the application of catechin to treat MRSA-mediated SSI is hampered because of its poor solubility and low trans-dermal delivery. Hence, the present study focused on developing catechin-in-cyclodextrin-in-phospholipid liposome (CCPL) and evaluating its physicochemical characteristics and anti-infective efficacy through in vitro and in vivo models. Encapsulation of catechin with β-cyclodextrin and soybean lecithin was confirmed through UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and XRD techniques, while TEM imaging revealed the size of CCPL (206 nm). The CCPL displayed a higher level of water solubility (25.13%) and in vitro permeability (42.14%) compared to pure catechin. A higher level of encapsulation efficiency (98.9%) and antibacterial activity (19.8 mm of ZOI and 31.25 μg/mL of MIC) were noted in CCPL compared to the catechin/cyclodextrin complex. CCPL recorded significant and dose-dependent healing of the incision, significant reduction of bacterial count, improved epithelization, and effective prevention of inflammation in skin samples of SSI-induced Balb/c mice. Data of the present work suggest that the CCPL could be considered as a novel and potential candidate to mitigate MRSA-mediated SSI after clinical trials.

Hybrid chitosan-lipid nanoparticles of green tea extract as natural anti-cellulite agent with superior in vivo potency: full synthesis and analysis

The aim of this work is to exploit the advantages of chitosan (CS) as a nanocarrier for delivery of anti-cellulite drug, green tea extract (GTE), into subcutaneous adipose tissue. Primarily, analysis of herbal extract was conducted via newly developed and validated UPLC method. Ionic gelation method was adopted in the preparation of nanoparticles where the effect lecithin was investigated resulting in the formation of hybrid lipid-chitosan nanoparticles. Optimal formula showed a particle size of 292.6 ± 8.98 nm, polydispersity index of 0.253 ± 0.02, zeta potential of 41.03 ± 0.503 mV and an entrapment efficiency percent of 68.4 ± 1.88%. Successful interaction between CS, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and lecithin was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Morphological examination was done using transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope confirmed spherical uniform nature of GTE load CS-TPP nanoparticles. Ex vivo permeation study revealed permeability enhancing activity of the selected optimal formula due to higher GTE deposition in skin in comparison to GTE solution. Moreover in vivo study done on female albino Wistar rats carried out for 21 days proved successful potential anti-cellulite activity upon its application on rats’ skin. Histological examination showed significant reduction of adipocyte perimeter and area and fat layer thickness. Results of the current study demonstrated that the developed GTE-loaded CS-TPP nanoparticle comprised of chitosan and lecithin showed permeability enhancing activity along with the proven lipolytic effect of green tea represent a promising delivery system for anti-cellulite activity.

The high potency of polymeric nanoparticles in the drug delivery system for hypertension treatment; A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Polymeric nanomaterials with size ranging from 10 to 1000 nm are one of the most widely used types of nanoparticles with ideal properties in the drug delivery systems. Here, we decided to systematically review the antihypertensive effects of polymeric nanomaterials in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials.

METHODS

The present review was conducted based on the 06- PRISMA guideline; whereas five English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar without time limitation were used for searching the publications related to antihypertensive effects of natural and synthetic polymeric nanoparticles.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that among 1701 papers, 25 papers including 11 in vitro (44%), 6 in vivo (24%), 7 in vitro / in vivo (28%), and 1 in vitro / ex vivo (4%) up to 2020, met the inclusion criteria for discussion in this systematic review. The most used nanoparticles poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticle (PLGANPs) (7, 29.2%), chitosan based nanoparticles (6, 25%), followed by polylactide acid nanoparticles (5, 20.8%).

CONCLUSION

We concluded that the high potency of polymeric nanoparticles in the drug delivery system for hypertension treatment. Although the accurate mechanisms are not fully understood; however, some mechanisms such as sustained release forms with increased bioavailability, increasing oral bioavailability and improve the oral and non-oral absorption, counteracting excessive superoxide and decreasing blood pressure, etc can be related these nanoparticles.

Animal models used in the research of nanoparticles for cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Tremendous progress has been made in the prevention and treatment of CVD; however, there are still lots of limitations and new technology is needed. Nanoparticles have been studied recently for CVD due to their nanoscale size and unique properties, and hold a potential to be a novel therapy for the treatment. To test the safety and effectiveness of drug-loaded nanoparticles for CVD prior to human studies, animal disease models are unavoidably needed. This review summarized the animal models used in the research of nanoparticles for CVD and provided a generic picture of current use of CVD animal models according to the different types of diseases which should be prioritized when considering the application of nanoparticles in treating CVD. This review would be useful resources not only for life science researchers and clinicians but also for those from chemistry and materials sciences background who may not have a systematic knowledge about CVD animal models.

Egg White Protein Carrier-Assisted Development of Solid Dispersion for Improved Aqueous Solubility and Permeability of Poorly Water Soluble Hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide (HTZ) is a first-line drug used in the treatment of hypertension suffered from low oral bioavailability due to poor aqueous solubility and permeability. Hence, lyophilized egg white protein-based solid dispersion (HTZ-EWP SD) was developed to explore its feasibility as a solid dispersion carrier for enhanced aqueous solubility and permeability of HTZ. The HTZ-EWP SD was prepared using the kneading method. HTZ-EWP SD was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD), solubility, in vitro dissolution, and ex vivo permeation studies. The physico-chemical evaluation suggested the formation of the solid dispersion. Optimized HTZ-EWP SD4 drastically enhanced (~32-fold) aqueous solubility (~16.12 ± 0.08 mg/mL) over to pure HTZ (~ 0.51 ± 0.03 mg/mL). The dissolution study in phosphate buffer media (pH 6.8) revealed that HTZ-EWP SD4 significantly enhanced the release rate of HTZ (~ 87 %) over to HTZ (~ 25 %). The permeation rate of HTZ from optimized HTZ-EWP SD4 was enhanced significantly (~ 84 %) compared to pure HTZ (~ 24 %). Optimized HTZ-EWP-SD4 enhanced the rate of HTZ dissolution (~ 86 %) in FeSSIF (fed state simulated intestinal fluid), compared to a low dissolution rate (~ 72 %) in FaSSIF (fasted state simulated intestinal fluid) state after 2-h study. Obtained results conclude that lyophilized egg white protein can be utilized as an alternative solid dispersion carrier for enhancing the solubility and permeability of HTZ.

Preparation and application of chitosan biomaterials in dentistry

Chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible natural polysaccharide that has a wide range of applications in the field of dentistry due to its functional versatility and ease of access. Recent studies find that chitosan and its derivatives can be embedded in materials for dental adhesives, barrier membranes, bone replacement, tissue regeneration, and antimicrobial agent to better manage oral diseases. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview on the preparation, applications, and major breakthroughs of chitosan biomaterials. Furthermore, incorporation of chitosan additives for the modification and improvement of dental materials has been discussed in depth to promote more advanced chitosan-related research in the future.

Bio Pharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class IV Drug Nanoparticles: Quantum Leap to Improve Their Therapeutic Index

Purpose: Biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class IV compounds, exhibits least oral bioavailability, low solubility and intestinal permeability among all pharmaceutical classes of drugs. Thus, these drugs need more compatible and efficient delivery system. Since, their solubility in various medium, remains a limitation so, polymeric nano coacervates based drug loading with modified approach for them may prove to be a solution ahead. Therefore, in present study Chitosan is opted for encapsulating the BCS class IV drug (Hydrochlorothiazide) to attain better stability, enhanced permeability and lower toxicity.

Methods: For this study, Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) was opted for formulating chitosan based nano-coacervate system.

Results: Optimized HCTZ nanocoacervates exhibited the average particle size of 91.39 ± 0.75 nm with Poly-dispersity index score of 0.159 ± 0.01, indicating homogeneity of colloidal solution. Zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of HCTZ nanocoacervates were recorded as -18.9 ± 0.8 mV and 76.69 ± 0.82 % respectively. Further, from TEM and SEM evaluation the average particle size for the same were found in conformity (35-50 nm), with almost spherical morphology. Also, the EDX (Electron Dispersive X-ray) spectrometry and FT – IR analysis of optimized formulation indicated the balanced chemical composition and interaction between the polymeric molecules. The HCTZ nano coacervates showed the linear diffusion profile through the dialysis membrane.

Conclusion: We can conclude from the present study that the optimized HCTZ nano coacervates may prove to be a suitable potential option for effective delivery of BCS class IV drugs.

Chitosan microencapsulation of the dispersed phase of an O/W nanoemulsion to hydrochlorothiazide delivery

In view of biopharmaceutical limitations of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), Trojan-type mucoadhesive systems were proposed, aiming to improve HCTZ pharmacological properties by modulating its release. Nanoemulsions were formed spontaneously by combining medium-chain triglycerides (Lipoid^® S75 and Pluronic^® F68) and high encapsulation efficiency was obtained. The mucoadhesive properties were provided by chitosan and microencapsulation of nanoemulsions in spray-dryer was successfully achieved by using Aerosil^® as wall material. The rapid redispersion of nanoemulsion in simulated fluids led to a fast and complete release of HCTZ in gastric medium. The pharmacodynamics of HCTZ was improved, extending the diuretic activity. Once a simple and low-energy method contributed to obtain stable mucoadhesive nanoemulsions, advantages in terms of production could also be achieved, allowing easy scaling up. This novel mucoadhesive Trojan particulate system of HCTZ showed to be a promising approach to overcome limitations in terms of absorption and consequently improve the therapeutic efficacy.

Aggregation and protein corona formation on gold nanoparticles affect viability and liver functions of primary rat hepatocytes

AIM

We examined the impact of aggregation and protein corona formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the cytotoxicity, uptake and metabolism, specifically urea and albumin synthesis, of primary rat hepatocytes.

MATERIALS & METHODS

The AuNPs were synthesized via citrate reduction and the human serum protein corona was preformed on the AuNPs. Primary hepatocytes were isolated from male Wistar rats via two-step in situ collagenase perfusion method, and were dosed with both citrate-capped (AuNP-Cit) and protein corona coated AuNPs (AuNP-Cor).

RESULTS

The AuNP-Cor showed higher cell uptake and reduced cell viability compared with aggregated AuNP-Cit. Urea and albumin secretions showed AuNP dose dependency. Both AuNP-Cit and AuNP-Cor exerted only an acute effect on the albumin synthesis of hepatocytes with no chronic impact.

Preparation of Hydrochlorothiazide Nanoparticles for Solubility Enhancement

Nanoparticles can be considered as a useful tool for improving properties of poorly soluble active ingredients. Hydrochlorothiazide (Class IV of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System) was chosen as a model compound. Antisolvent precipitation-solvent evaporation and emulsion solvent evaporation methods were used for preparation of 18 samples containing hydrochlorothiazide nanoparticles. Water solutions of surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate, Tween 80 and carboxymethyl dextran were used in mass concentrations of 1%, 3% and 5%. Acetone and dichloromethane were used as solvents of the model compound. The particle size of the prepared samples was measured by dynamic light scattering. The selected sample of hydrochlorothiazide nanoparticles stabilized with carboxymethyl dextran sodium salt with particle size 2.6 nm was characterized additionally by Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the solubility of this sample was 6.5-fold higher than that of bulk hydrochlorothiazide.

Kaempferol loaded lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and their potential applications as a sustainable antifungal agent

Flavonoid compounds are strong antioxidant and antifungal agents but their applications are limited due to their poor dissolution and bioavailability. The use of nanotechnology in agriculture has received increasing attention, with the development of new formulations containing active compounds. In this study, kaempferol (KAE) was loaded into lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles (LC NPs) to determine antifungal activity compared to pure KAE against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporium to resolve the bioavailability problem. The influence of formulation parameters on the physicochemical properties of KAE loaded lecithin chitosan nanoparticles (KAE-LC NPs) were studied by using the electrostatic self-assembly technique. KAE-LC NPs were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties. KAE has been successfully encapsulated in LC NPs with an efficiency of 93.8 ± 4.28% and KAE-LC NPs showed good physicochemical stability. Moreover, in vitro evaluation of the KAE-LC NP system was made by the release kinetics, antioxidant and antifungal activity in a time-dependent manner against free KAE. Encapsulated KAE exhibited a significantly inhibition efficacy (67%) against Fusarium oxysporium at the end of the 60 day storage period. The results indicated that KAE-LC NP formulation could solve the problems related to the solubility and loss of KAE during use and storage. The new nanoparticle system enables the use of smaller quantities of fungicide and therefore, offers a more environmentally friendly method of controlling fungal pathogens in agriculture.

Structural, morphological and optical studies of l-cysteine modified silver nanoparticles and its application as a probe for the selective colorimetric detection of Hg(2+)

We report an extensive study on the evolution of a highly facile, selective colorimetric probe for Hg(2+) detection using cysteine modified silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are stable in a basic medium and the Surface Enhanced Raman Spectrum (SERS) reveal that the cysteine is bound to the Ag surface through the thiolate moiety with the charged carboxylate group pointing outwards in a morphology that lends itself to sensor applications. In the presence of Hg(2+), the absorption peak is quenched resulting in a drastic colour change. The sensor displays high selectivity to Hg(2+) over other metallic ions.

Advances in preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles for therapeutics

CONTEXT

Polymers have been largely explored for the preparation of nanoparticles due to ease of preparation and modification, large gene/drug loading capacity, and biocompatibility. Various methods have been adapted for the preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles.

OBJECTIVE

Focus on the different methods of preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles.

METHODS

Detailed literature survey has been done for the studies reporting various methods of preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Published database suggests of several methods which have been developed for the preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles as per the application.

Structural and physicochemical aspects of hydrochlorothiazide co-crystals

The drug–drug co-crystal of hydrochlorothiazide with pyrazinamide is a potential candidate for development of hydrochlorothiazide formulations for combinational therapy.