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Huang Y, Wang P, Fan T, Zhang N, Zhao L, Zhong R, Sun G. Energy Blocker Lonidamine Reverses Nimustine Resistance in Human Glioblastoma Cells through Energy Blockade, Redox Homeostasis Disruption, and O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Downregulation: In Vitro and In Vivo Validation. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1518-1532. [PMID: 38751635 PMCID: PMC11092191 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Tumor resistance seriously hinders the clinical application of chloroethylnitrosoureas (CENUs), such as O6-methylguanine-DNA methylguanine (MGMT), which can repair O6-alkyl lesions, thereby inhibiting the formation of cytotoxic DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). Metabolic differences between tumor and normal cells provide a biochemical basis for novel therapeutic strategies aimed at selectively inhibiting tumor energy metabolism. In this study, the energy blocker lonidamine (LND) was selected as a chemo-sensitizer of nimustine (ACNU) to explore its potential effects and underlying mechanisms in human glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. A series of cell-level studies showed that LND significantly increased the cytotoxic effects of ACNU on glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, LND plus ACNU enhanced the energy deficiency by inhibiting glycolysis and mitochondrial function. Notably, LND almost completely downregulated MGMT expression by inducing intracellular acidification. The number of lethal DNA ICLs produced by ACNU increased after the LND pretreatment. The combination of LND and ACNU aggravated cellular oxidative stress. In resistant SF763 mouse tumor xenografts, LND plus ACNU significantly inhibited tumor growth with fewer side effects than ACNU alone. Finally, we proposed a new "HMAGOMR" chemo-sensitizing mechanism through which LND may act as a potential chemo-sensitizer to reverse ACNU resistance in glioblastoma: moderate inhibition of hexokinase (HK) activity (H); mitochondrial dysfunction (M); suppressing adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent drug efflux (A); changing redox homeostasis to inhibit GSH-mediated drug inactivation (G) and increasing intracellular oxidative stress (O); downregulating MGMT expression through intracellular acidification (M); and partial inhibition of energy-dependent DNA repair (R).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Huang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Environment & Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry
and Life Science, Beijing University of
Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department
of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center
of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tengjiao Fan
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Environment & Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry
and Life Science, Beijing University of
Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Department
of Medical Technology, Beijing Pharmaceutical
University of Staff and Workers, Beijing 100079, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Environment & Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry
and Life Science, Beijing University of
Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lijiao Zhao
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Environment & Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry
and Life Science, Beijing University of
Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Environment & Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry
and Life Science, Beijing University of
Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guohui Sun
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Environment & Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry
and Life Science, Beijing University of
Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Gupta PK, Orlovskiy S, Roman J, Pickup S, Nelson DS, Glickson JD, Nath K. pH-dependent structural characteristics of lonidamine: 1H and 13C NMR study. RSC Adv 2023; 13:19813-19816. [PMID: 37404315 PMCID: PMC10316351 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01615c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lonidamine (LND) is an anti-cancer drug with great potential as a metabolic modulator of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hyperthermia, and photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. LND affects several important aspects of cancer cell metabolism: it inhibits Complex I and II of the electron transport chain (ETC) and pyruvate carriers (mitochondrial), and monocarboxylate transporters in the plasma membrane of the cell. Cancer cells are affected by changes in pH on the molecular level, and so are the drugs used to treat cancer, thus it is important to understand how pH affects their structures and LND is no exception. LND dissolves at a pH of 8.3 in tris-glycine buffer but has limited solubility at pH 7. To understand how pH affects the structure of LND, and its effect as a metabolic modulator on cancer therapy, we made up samples of LND at pH 2, pH 7, and pH 13, and analyzed these samples using 1H and 13C NMR. We looked for ionization sites to explain the behavior of LND in solution. Our results showed considerable chemical shifts between the extremes of our experimental pH range. LND was ionized at its indazole α-nitrogen, however, we did not directly observe the protonation of the carboxyl group oxygen that is expected at pH 2, which may be the result of a chemical-exchange phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Gupta
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA 19104 +1-215-746-7386
| | - Stepan Orlovskiy
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA 19104 +1-215-746-7386
| | - Jeffrey Roman
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA 19104 +1-215-746-7386
| | - Stephen Pickup
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA 19104 +1-215-746-7386
| | - David S Nelson
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA 19104 +1-215-746-7386
| | - Jerry D Glickson
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA 19104 +1-215-746-7386
| | - Kavindra Nath
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA 19104 +1-215-746-7386
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Worsley CM, Veale RB, Mayne ES. The acidic tumour microenvironment: Manipulating the immune response to elicit escape. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:399-408. [PMID: 35216847 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The success of cancer treatment relies on the composition of the tumour microenvironment which is comprised of tumour cells, blood vessels, stromal cells, immune cells, and extracellular matrix components. Barriers to effective cancer treatment need to be overcome, and the acidic microenvironment of the tumour provides a key target for treatment. This review intends to provide an overview of the effects that low extracellular pH has on components of the tumour microenvironment and how they contribute to immune escape. Further, potential therapeutic targets will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Worsley
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Haematology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa.
| | - Rob B Veale
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S Mayne
- Department of Haematology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Department of Immunology Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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The Potential of Lonidamine in Combination with Chemotherapy and Physical Therapy in Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113332. [PMID: 33187214 PMCID: PMC7696079 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The unique characteristics of tumor energy metabolism (highly dependent on aerobic glycolysis, namely, the Warburg effect) make it an interesting and attractive target for drug discovery. Radio- and chemoresistance are closely associated with the Warburg effect. Lonidamine (LND), as a glycolytic inhibitor, although having low anticancer activity when used alone, exhibits selectivity to various tumors, and its adverse effects do not overlap when combined with other chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, LND may be very promising as a sensitizer of tumors to chemotherapeutic agents and physical therapies. This review summarizes the advance of LND in combination with chemotherapy and physical therapy over the past several decades, as well as the promising LND derivative adjudin (ADD). The underlying sensitizing mechanisms were also analyzed and discussed, which may contribute to an improved therapeutic effect in future clinical cancer treatment. Abstract Lonidamine (LND) has the ability to resist spermatogenesis and was first used as an anti-spermatogenic agent. Later, it was found that LND has a degree of anticancer activity. Currently, LND is known to target energy metabolism, mainly involving the inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT), mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), respiratory chain complex I/II, mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) pore, and hexokinase II (HK-II). However, phase II clinical studies showed that LND alone had a weak therapeutic effect, and the effect was short and reversible. Interestingly, LND does not have the common side effects of traditional chemotherapeutic drugs, such as alopecia and myelosuppression. In addition, LND has selective activity toward various tumors, and its toxic and side effects do not overlap when combined with other chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, LND is commonly used as a chemosensitizer to enhance the antitumor effects of chemotherapeutic drugs based on its disruption of energy metabolism relating to chemo- or radioresistance. In this review, we summarized the combination treatments of LND with several typical chemotherapeutic drugs and several common physical therapies, such as radiotherapy (RT), hyperthermia (HT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT), and discussed the underlying mechanisms of action. Meanwhile, the development of novel formulations of LND in recent years and the research progress of LND derivative adjudin (ADD) as an anticancer drug were also discussed.
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Effect of Differences in Metabolic Activity of Melanoma Models on Response to Lonidamine plus Doxorubicin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14654. [PMID: 30279592 PMCID: PMC6168452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lonidamine (LND), a metabolic modulator, sensitizes DB-1 human melanoma to doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy by acidifying and de-energizing the tumor. This report compares the effects of LND on two human melanoma lines, DB-1 and WM983B, which exhibit different metabolic properties. Using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and Seahorse analysis, we show that DB-1 was more glycolytic than WM983B in vitro. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) indicates that LND (100 mg/kg, i.p.) induces similar selective acidification and de-energization of WM983B xenografts in immunosuppressed mice. Over three hours, intracellular pH (pHi) of WM983B decreased from 6.91 ± 0.03 to 6.59 ± 0.10 (p = 0.03), whereas extracellular pH (pHe) of this tumor changed from 7.03 ± 0.05 to 6.89 ± 0.06 (p = 0.19). A decline in bioenergetics (β-NTP/Pi) of 55 ± 5.0% (p = 0.03) accompanied the decline in pHi of WM983B. Using 1H MRS with a selective multiquantum pulse sequence and Hadamard localization, we show that LND induced a significant increase in tumor lactate levels (p < 0.01). LND pre-treatment followed by DOX (10 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a growth delay of 13.7 days in WM983B (p < 0.01 versus control), a growth delay significantly smaller than the 25.4 days that occurred with DB-1 (p = 0.03 versus WM983B). Differences in relative levels of glycolysis may produce differential therapeutic responses of DB-1 and WM983B melanomas.
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van den Tempel N, Horsman MR, Kanaar R. Improving efficacy of hyperthermia in oncology by exploiting biological mechanisms. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 32:446-54. [PMID: 27086587 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2016.1157216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been established that hyperthermia increases the therapeutic benefit of radiation and chemotherapy in cancer treatment. During the last few years there have been substantial technical improvements in the sources used to apply and measure heat, which greatly increases enthusiasm for the clinical use of hyperthermia. These advances are converging with a better understanding of the physiological and molecular effects of hyperthermia. Therefore, we are now at a juncture where the parameters that will influence the efficacy of hyperthermia in cancer treatment can be optimised in a more systematic and rational manner. In addition, the novel insights in hyperthermia's many biological effects on tumour cells will ultimately result in new treatment regimes. For example, the molecular effects of hyperthermia on the essential cellular process of DNA repair suggest novel combination therapies, with DNA damage response targeting drugs that should now be clinically explored. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies on the various macroscopic and microscopic biological effects of hyperthermia. We indicate the significance of these effects on current treatments and suggest how they will help design novel future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie van den Tempel
- a Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomic Netherlands, Department of Radiation Oncology , Erasmus Medical Centre , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Michael R Horsman
- b Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Roland Kanaar
- a Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomic Netherlands, Department of Radiation Oncology , Erasmus Medical Centre , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
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Dewhirst MW, Lee CT, Ashcraft KA. The future of biology in driving the field of hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 32:4-13. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1091093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Horsman MR. Realistic biological approaches for improving thermoradiotherapy. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 32:14-22. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1099169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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9
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Slimen IB, Najar T, Ghram A, Dabbebi H, Ben Mrad M, Abdrabbah M. Reactive oxygen species, heat stress and oxidative-induced mitochondrial damage. A review. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 30:513-23. [PMID: 25354680 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2014.971446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been enormous interest in researching oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are derived from the metabolism of oxygen as by-products of cell respiration, and are continuously produced in all aerobic organisms. Oxidative stress occurs as a consequence of an imbalance between ROS production and the available antioxidant defence against them. Nowadays, a variety of diseases and degenerative processes such as cancer, Alzheimer's and autoimmune diseases are mediated by oxidative stress. Heat stress was suggested to be an environmental factor responsible for stimulating ROS production because of similarities in responses observed following heat stress compared with that occurring following exposure to oxidative stress. This manuscript describes the main mitochondrial sources of ROS and the antioxidant defences involved to prevent oxidative damage in all the mitochondrial compartments. It also deals with discussions concerning the cytotoxic effect of heat stress, mitochondrial heat-induced alterations, as well as heat shock protein (HSP) expression as a defence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Belhadj Slimen
- Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Application, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies , Tunisia
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Nath K, Nelson DS, Heitjan DF, Leeper DB, Zhou R, Glickson JD. Lonidamine induces intracellular tumor acidification and ATP depletion in breast, prostate and ovarian cancer xenografts and potentiates response to doxorubicin. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:281-90. [PMID: 25504852 PMCID: PMC4361034 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the effects of lonidamine (LND, 100 mg/kg, i.p.) are similar for a number of xenograft models of human cancer including DB-1 melanoma and HCC1806 breast, BT-474 breast, LNCaP prostate and A2870 ovarian carcinomas. Following treatment with LND, each of these tumors exhibits a rapid decrease in intracellular pH, a small decrease in extracellular pH, a concomitant monotonic decrease in nucleoside triphosphate and an increase in inorganic phosphate over a 2-3 h period. We have previously demonstrated that selective intracellular tumor acidification potentiates response of this melanoma model to melphalan (7.5 mg/kg, i.v.), producing an estimated 89% cell kill based on tumor growth delay analysis. We now show that, in both DB-1 melanoma and HCC1806 breast carcinoma, LND potentiates response to doxorubicin, producing 95% cell kill in DB-1 melanoma at 7.5 mg/kg, i.v. doxorubicin and 98% cell kill at 10.0 mg/kg doxorubicin, and producing a 95% cell kill in HCC1806 breast carcinoma at 12.0 mg/kg doxorubicin. Potentiation of doxorubicin may result from cation trapping of the weakly basic anthracycline. Recent experience with the clinical treatment of melanoma and other forms of human cancer suggests that these diseases will probably not be cured by a single therapeutic procedure other than surgery. A multimodality therapeutic approach will be required. As a potent modulator of tumor response to N-mustards and anthracyclines as well as tumor thermo- and radiosensitivity, LND promises to play an important clinical role in the management and possible complete local control of a number of prevalent forms of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavindra Nath
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David S. Nelson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel F. Heitjan
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dennis B. Leeper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rong Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jerry D. Glickson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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