1
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Grube S, Freitag D, Kalff R, Ewald C, Walter J. Characterization of adherent primary cell lines from fresh human glioblastoma tissue, defining glial fibrillary acidic protein as a reliable marker in establishment of glioblastoma cell culture. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2020; 4:e1324. [PMID: 33251771 PMCID: PMC8451382 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary adherent glioblastoma cell lines are an important tool in investigating cellular and molecular tumor biology, as well as treatment options for patients. AIM The phenotypical and immunocytochemical characterization of primary cell lines from glioblastoma specimens during establishment is of great importance, in order to reliably identify these cell lines as primary glioblastoma cell lines. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixteen primary adherent cell lines out of 34 glioblastoma samples (47%) were established and further characterized. For phenotypical characterization, morphology and growth characteristics of the cells were classified. The cell lines had a high growth rate with a doubling time of 2 to 14 days. Morphologically, the cells displayed spindle-form or polygonal to amorphous shapes and grow as monolayer or in foci without evidence of contact inhibition. The cells were able to migrate and to form colonies. For further characterization, the protein expression of the astrocyte-specific protein glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the glial marker S100B, the neuronal marker TUBB3, and malignancy marker VIM, as well as the progenitor markers NES and SOX2, the proliferation marker MKI67, and the fibroblast marker TE7 were determined. Based on the immunocytochemical validation criterion of a coexpression of GFAP and S100B, 15 out of these 16 cell lines (94%) were defined as primary glioblastoma cell lines (pGCL). All 15 pGCL expressed TUBB3 and VIM. NES and SOX2 were stained positively in 13/15 and 6/15 pGCL. MKI67 was expressed in 11/15 and TE7 in 2/15 pGCL. CONCLUSION These results point out that in self-established primary adherent glioblastoma cell lines, the expression of the specific astrocytic and glial markers GFAP and S100B and of the malignancy and progenitor markers VIM, NES, and SOX2 has to be validated. These data show that primary cell lines of glioblastoma origin with high malignant potential are reliably to establish using standardized validation criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Grube
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurooncology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Freitag
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurooncology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Kalff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurooncology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Ewald
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brandenburg Medical School, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Jan Walter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurooncology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Center Saarbruecken GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
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2
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Liu W, Xu W, Li C, Xu J, Huang K, Hu R, Huang H, Liu X. Network pharmacological systems study of Huang-Lian-Tang in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:18. [PMID: 33240424 PMCID: PMC7681198 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has a poor prognosis and its recurrence and mortality rates are high. At present, there is no effective clinical method to control its progression and recurrence. Traditional Chinese Medicine has a high status not only in China, but also in the world. Certain drugs are also used in the clinical treatment of tumor diseases. In clinical practice, Huang-Lian-Tang (HLT) has proven efficacy in treating brain diseases and preventing tumor recurrence. However, the mechanisms of action have remained elusive. The present study explored the potential mechanisms of HLT in the treatment of gliomas based on network pharmacology. First, information on the composition of HLT was obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform, and the composition and targets of the chemical substances contained in the herbs were analyzed. Subsequently, a pharmacological interaction network for HLT was built. Furthermore, the expressed genes of patients with GBM were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus database and screened. A protein-protein interaction network was then constructed for both sets of data and they were combined with a topology method for analysis. Finally, the screened genes were subjected to enrichment analysis and pathway analysis. A total of 386 candidate targets and 7 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were screened, which were mainly associated with amino acid metabolism. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and KEGG signal pathway analysis indicated that these targets are involved in anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidative stress, multicellular biological processes and other physiological and pathological processes related to the occurrence and development of GBM. In conclusion, the present results indicated that the mechanisms of action of HLT against GBM involve multiple targets and signaling pathways that are related to tumorigenesis and progression. The present study not only provided a novel theoretical basis for Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat tumors but also novel ideas for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangrui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China.,Clinical College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 20032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, P.R. China
| | - Chuanyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China.,Clinical College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Junfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Renyue Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Haineng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China.,Clinical College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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3
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β-asarone induces cell apoptosis, inhibits cell proliferation and decreases migration and invasion of glioma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:655-664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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4
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Ziegler J, Pody R, Coutinho de Souza P, Evans B, Saunders D, Smith N, Mallory S, Njoku C, Dong Y, Chen H, Dong J, Lerner M, Mian O, Tummala S, Battiste J, Fung KM, Wren JD, Towner RA. ELTD1, an effective anti-angiogenic target for gliomas: preclinical assessment in mouse GL261 and human G55 xenograft glioma models. Neuro Oncol 2017; 19:175-185. [PMID: 27416955 PMCID: PMC5464087 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite current therapies, glioblastoma is a devastating cancer, and validation of effective biomarkers for it will enable better diagnosis and therapeutic intervention for this disease. We recently discovered a new biomarker for high-grade gliomas, ELTD1 (epidermal growth factor, latrophilin, and 7 transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 on chromosome 1) via bioinformatics, and validated that ELTD1 protein levels are significantly higher in human and rodent gliomas. The focus of this study was to assess the effect on tumor growth of an antibody against ELTD1 in orthotopic, GL261, and G55 xenograft glioma models. Methods The effect of anti-ELTD1 antibody therapy was assessed by animal survival, MRI measured tumor volumes, MR angiography, MR perfusion imaging, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) characterization of microvessel density in mouse glioma models. Comparative treatments included anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-c-Met antibody therapies, compared with untreated controls. Results Tumor volume and survival data in this study show that antibodies against ELTD1 inhibit glioma growth just as effectively or even more so compared with other therapeutic targets studied, including anti-VEGF antibody therapy. Untreated GL261 or G55 tumors were found to have significantly higher ELTD1 levels (IHC) compared with contralateral normal brain. The anti-angiogenic effect of ELTD1 antibody therapy was observed in assessment of microvessel density, as well as from MR angiography and perfusion measurements, which indicated that anti-ELTD1 antibody therapy significantly decreased vascularization compared with untreated controls. Conclusions Either as a single therapy or in conjunction with other therapeutic approaches, anti-ELTD1 antibodies could be a valuable new clinical anti-angiogenic therapeutic for high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadith Ziegler
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Department of Pathology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Richard Pody
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Blake Evans
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Samantha Mallory
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,The University of Oklahoma Children's Hospital, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Charity Njoku
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Yunzhou Dong
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Karp Family Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Karp Family Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiali Dong
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Megan Lerner
- Department of Surgery Research Laboratory, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Osamah Mian
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Sai Tummala
- Comparative Medicine, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Kar-Ming Fung
- The Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Department of Pathology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,The Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Department of Pathology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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5
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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarkers in Glioblastoma: Current Status and Future Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8013575. [PMID: 28316990 PMCID: PMC5337853 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8013575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary neuroepithelial tumor of the central nervous system, characterized by an extremely aggressive clinical phenotype. Patients with GBM have a poor prognosis and only 3–5% of them survive for more than 5 years. The current GBM treatment standards include maximal resection followed by radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant therapies. Despite these aggressive therapeutic regimens, the majority of patients suffer recurrence due to molecular heterogeneity of GBM. Consequently, a number of potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers have been investigated. Some of them, such as IDH mutations, 1p19q deletion, MGMT promoter methylation, and EGFRvIII amplification are frequently tested in routine clinical practice. With the development of sequencing technology, detailed characterization of GBM molecular signatures has facilitated a more personalized therapeutic approach and contributed to the development of a new generation of anti-GBM therapies such as molecular inhibitors targeting growth factor receptors, vaccines, antibody-based drug conjugates, and more recently inhibitors blocking the immune checkpoints. In this article, we review the exciting progress towards elucidating the potential of current and novel GBM biomarkers and discuss their implications for clinical practice.
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6
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Hu N, Cheng H, Zhang K, Jensen R. Evaluating the Prognostic Accuracy of Biomarkers for Glioblastoma Multiforme Using The Cancer Genome Atlas Data. Cancer Inform 2017; 16:1176935117734844. [PMID: 35173406 PMCID: PMC8842453 DOI: 10.1177/1176935117734844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. Previous studies on GBM biomarkers focused on the effect of the biomarkers on overall survival (OS). Until now, no study has been published that evaluates the performance of biomarkers for prognosing OS. We examined the performance of microRNAs, gene expressions, gene signatures, and methylation that were previously identified to be prognostic. In addition, we investigated whether using clinical risk factors in combination with biomarkers can improve the prognostic performance. Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas, which provides both biomarkers and OS information, was used in this study. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the prognostic accuracy. Results: For prognosis of OS by 2 years from diagnosis, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of microRNAs, Mir21 and Mir222, was 0.550 and 0.625, respectively. When age was included in the risk prediction score of these biomarkers, the AUC increased to 0.719 and 0.701, respectively. The SAMSN1 gene expression attains an AUC of 0.563, and the “8-gene” signature identified by Bao achieves an AUC of 0.613. Conclusions: Although some biomarkers are significantly associated with OS, the ability of these biomarkers for prognosing OS events is limited. Incorporating clinical risk factors, such as age, can greatly improve the prognostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Study Design and Biostatistics Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Haojie Cheng
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Study Design and Biostatistics Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Randy Jensen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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7
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Xu YY, Gao P, Sun Y, Duan YR. Development of targeted therapies in treatment of glioblastoma. Cancer Biol Med 2015; 12:223-37. [PMID: 26487967 PMCID: PMC4607828 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a type of tumor that is highly lethal despite maximal therapy. Standard therapeutic approaches provide modest improvement in progression-free and overall survival, necessitating the investigation of novel therapies. Oncologic therapy has recently experienced a rapid evolution toward "targeted therapy", with drugs directed against specific targets which play essential roles in the proliferation, survival, and invasiveness of GBM cells, including numerous molecules involved in signal transduction pathways. Inhibitors of these molecules have already entered or are undergoing clinical trials. However, significant challenges in their development remain because several preclinical and clinical studies present conflicting results. In this article, we will provide an up-to-date review of the current targeted therapies in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - You-Rong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Kang T, Jiang M, Jiang D, Feng X, Yao J, Song Q, Chen H, Gao X, Chen J. Enhancing Glioblastoma-Specific Penetration by Functionalization of Nanoparticles with an Iron-Mimic Peptide Targeting Transferrin/Transferrin Receptor Complex. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2947-61. [PMID: 26149889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) remains to be the most formidable challenge because of the hindrance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) along with the poor drug penetration into the glioma parenchyma. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (DDS) utilizing transferrin (Tf) as the targeting ligand to target the glioma-associated transferrin receptor (TfR) had met the problem of loss of specificity in biological environment due to the high level of endogenous Tf. Here we conjugated CRT peptide, an iron-mimicry moiety targeting the whole complex of Tf/TfR, to poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (CRT-NP), to open a new route to overcome such obstacle. High cellular associations, advanced transport ability through the BBB model, and penetration in 3-dimensional C6 glioma spheroids in vitro had preliminarily proved the advantages of CRT-NP over Tf-nanoparticle conjugates (Tf-NP). Compared with Tf-NP, NP, and Taxol, paclitaxel-loaded CRT-NP (CRT-NP-PTX) displayed a superior antiproliferation effect on C6 glioma cells and stronger inhibitory effect on glioma spheroids. Favored pharmacokinetics behavior and enhanced accumulation in glioma foci was observed, together with a much deeper distribution pattern in glioma parenchyma compared with unmodified nanoparticles and Tf-NP. Eventually, mice treated with CRT-NP-PTX showed a remarkably prolonged median survival compared to those treated with Taxol, NP, or Tf-NP. In conclusion, the modification of CRT to nanoparticles holds great promise for enhancement of antiglioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Kang
- †Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Mengyin Jiang
- †Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Di Jiang
- †Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xingye Feng
- †Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Yao
- †Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Qingxiang Song
- §Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- §Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- §Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- †Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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9
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Towner RA, Wren JD. Prioritizing uncharacterized genes in the search for glioma biomarkers. CNS Oncol 2015; 3:93-5. [PMID: 25055012 DOI: 10.2217/cns.14.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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10
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Redzic JS, Ung TH, Graner MW. Glioblastoma extracellular vesicles: reservoirs of potential biomarkers. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2014; 7:65-77. [PMID: 24634586 PMCID: PMC3952682 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s39768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent and most devastating of the primary central nervous system tumors, with few patients living beyond 2 years postdiagnosis. The damage caused by the disease and our treatments for the patients often leave them physically and cognitively debilitated. Generally, GBMs appear after very short clinical histories and are discovered by imaging (using magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), and the diagnosis is validated by pathology, following surgical resection. The treatment response and diagnosis of tumor recurrence are also tracked by MRI, but there are numerous problems encountered with these monitoring modalities, such as ambiguous interpretation and forms of pseudoprogression. Diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers would be an immense boon in following treatment schemes and in determining recurrence, which often requires an invasive intracranial biopsy to verify imaging data. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are stable, membrane-enclosed, virus-sized particles released from either the cell surface or from endosomal pathways that lead to the systemic release of EVs into accessible biofluids, such as serum/plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva. EVs carry a wide variety of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other metabolites, with many common features but with enough individuality to be able to identify the cell of origin of the vesicles. These components, if properly interrogated, could allow for the identification of tumor-derived EVs in biofluids, indicating tumor progression, relapse, or treatment failure. That knowledge would allow clinicians to continue with treatment regimens that were actually effective or to change course if the therapies were failing. Here, we review the features of GBM EVs, in terms of EV content and activities that may lead to the use of EVs as serially accessible biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment response in neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina S Redzic
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Timothy H Ung
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael W Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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11
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Vilgrain I, Sidibé A, Polena H, Cand F, Mannic T, Arboleas M, Boccard S, Baudet A, Gulino-Debrac D, Bouillet L, Quesada JL, Mendoza C, Lebas JF, Pelletier L, Berger F. Evidence for post-translational processing of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin in brain tumors: towards a candidate biomarker. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80056. [PMID: 24358106 PMCID: PMC3864785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vessel abnormalities are among the most important features in malignant glioma. Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin is of major importance for vascular integrity. Upon cytokine challenge, VE-cadherin structural modifications have been described including tyrosine phosphorylation and cleavage. The goal of this study was to examine whether these events occurred in human glioma vessels. We demonstrated that VE-cadherin is highly expressed in human glioma tissue and tyrosine phosphorylated at site Y(685), a site previously found phosphorylated upon VEGF challenge, via Src activation. In vitro experiments showed that VEGF-induced VE-cadherin phosphorylation, preceded the cleavage of its extracellular adhesive domain (sVE, 90 kDa). Interestingly, metalloproteases (MMPs) secreted by glioma cell lines were responsible for sVE release. Because VEGF and MMPs are important components of tumor microenvironment, we hypothesized that VE-cadherin proteolysis might occur in human brain tumors. Analysis of glioma patient sera prior treatment confirmed the presence of sVE in bloodstream. Furthermore, sVE levels studied in a cohort of 53 glioma patients were significantly predictive of the overall survival at three years (HR 0.13 [0.04; 0.40] p ≤ 0.001), irrespective to histopathological grade of tumors. Altogether, these results suggest that VE-cadherin structural modifications should be examined as candidate biomarkers of tumor vessel abnormalities, with promising applications in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Vilgrain
- INSERM, Unit 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Adama Sidibé
- INSERM, Unit 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Helena Polena
- INSERM, Unit 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Francine Cand
- INSERM, Unit 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Tiphaine Mannic
- INSERM, Unit 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Mélanie Arboleas
- INSERM, Unit 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandra Boccard
- INSERM, Unit 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Antoine Baudet
- Grenoble University Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine, Grenoble, France
| | - Danielle Gulino-Debrac
- INSERM, Unit 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Bouillet
- INSERM, Unit 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble University Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Louis Quesada
- INSERM 003, Clinical Investigation Center, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Mendoza
- INSERM 003, Clinical Investigation Center, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Laurent Pelletier
- INSERM, Unit 836 Brain Nanomedicine, Grenoble Neurosciences Institut Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Joseph Fourier University, Medicine School, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
- Grenoble University Hospital, Biology and Pathology Institute, Grenoble, France
| | - François Berger
- INSERM, Unit 836 Brain Nanomedicine, Grenoble Neurosciences Institut Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Joseph Fourier University, Medicine School, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
- Grenoble University Hospital, Division of Oncology, Grenoble, France
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Towner RA, Jensen RL, Vaillant B, Colman H, Saunders D, Giles CB, Wren JD. Experimental validation of 5 in-silico predicted glioma biomarkers. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1625-34. [PMID: 24158112 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a high-grade glioma with poor prognosis. Identification of new biomarkers specific to GBM could help in disease diagnosis. We have developed and validated a bioinformatics method to predict proteins likely to be suitable as glioma biomarkers via a global microarray meta-analysis to identify uncharacterized genes consistently coexpressed with known glioma-associated genes. METHODS A novel bioinformatics method was implemented called global microarray meta-analysis, using approximately 16,000 microarray experiments to identify uncharacterized genes consistently coexpressed with known glioma-associated genes. These novel biomarkers were validated as proteins highly expressed in human gliomas varying in tumor grades using immunohistochemistry. Glioma gene databases were used to assess delineation of expression of these markers in varying glioma grades and subtypes of GBM. RESULTS We have identified 5 potential biomarkers-spondin1, Plexin-B2, SLIT3, fibulin-1, and LINGO1-that were validated as proteins highly expressed on the surface of human gliomas using immunohistochemistry. Expression of spondin1, Plexin-B2, and SLIT3 was significantly higher (P < .01) in high-grade gliomas than in low-grade gliomas. These biomarkers were significant discriminators in grade IV gliomas compared with either grade III or II tumors and also distinguished between GBM subclasses. CONCLUSIONS This study strongly suggests that this type of bioinformatics approach has high translational potential to rapidly discern which poorly characterized proteins may be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheal A Towner
- Corresponding Author: Rheal A. Towner, PhD, Director, Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
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13
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Mullins CS, Schneider B, Stockhammer F, Krohn M, Classen CF, Linnebacher M. Establishment and characterization of primary glioblastoma cell lines from fresh and frozen material: a detailed comparison. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71070. [PMID: 23951083 PMCID: PMC3737284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Development of clinically relevant tumor model systems for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is important for advancement of basic and translational biology. High molecular heterogeneity of GBM tumors is well recognized, forming the rationale for molecular tests required before administration of several of the novel therapeutics rapidly entering the clinics. One model that has gained wide acceptance is the primary cell culture model. The laborious and time consuming process is rewarded with a relative high success rate (about 60%). We here describe and evaluate a very simple cryopreservation procedure for GBM tissue prior to model establishment that will considerably reduce the logistic complexity. Methods Twenty-seven GBM samples collected ad hoc were prepared for primary cell culture freshly from surgery (#1) and after cryopreservation (#2). Results Take rates after cryopreservation (59%) were as satisfactory as from fresh tissue (63%; p = 1.000). We did not observe any relevant molecular or phenotypic differences between cell lines established from fresh or vitally frozen tissue. Further, sensitivity both towards standard chemotherapeutic agents (Temozolomide, BCNU and Vincristine) and novel agents like the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Imatinib did not differ. Conclusions Our simple cryopreservation procedure facilitates collection, long-time storage and propagation (modeling) of clinical GBM specimens (potentially also from distant centers) for basic research, (pre-) clinical studies of novel therapies and individual response prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Susanne Mullins
- Pediatrics Department, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Björn Schneider
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Mathias Krohn
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Sun Y, Wang Z, Zhou D. Long non-coding RNAs as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gliomas. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:319-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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IDH1 mutation is associated with improved overall survival in patients with glioblastoma: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3555-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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16
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Towner RA, Jensen RL, Colman H, Vaillant B, Smith N, Casteel R, Saunders D, Gillespie DL, Silasi-Mansat R, Lupu F, Giles CB, Wren JD. ELTD1, a potential new biomarker for gliomas. Neurosurgery 2013; 72:77-90; discussion 91. [PMID: 23096411 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e318276b29d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a high-grade glioma, is characterized by being diffuse, invasive, and highly angiogenic and has a very poor prognosis. Identification of new biomarkers could help in the further diagnosis of GBM. OBJECTIVE To identify ELTD1 (epidermal growth factor, latrophilin, and 7 transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 on chromosome 1) as a putative glioma-associated marker via a bioinformatic method. METHODS We used advanced data mining and a novel bioinformatics method to predict ELTD1 as a potential novel biomarker that is associated with gliomas. Validation was done with immunohistochemistry, which was used to detect levels of ELTD1 in human high-grade gliomas and rat F98 glioma tumors. In vivo levels of ELTD1 in rat F98 gliomas were assessed using molecular magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS ELTD1 was found to be significantly higher (P = .03) in high-grade gliomas (50 patients) compared with low-grade gliomas (21 patients) and compared well with traditional immunohistochemistry markers including vascular endothelial growth factor, glucose transporter 1, carbonic anhydrase IX, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. ELTD1 gene expression indicates an association with grade, survival across grade, and an increase in the mesenchymal subtype. Significantly high (P < .001) in vivo levels of ELTD1 were additionally found in F98 tumors compared with normal brain tissue. CONCLUSION Results of this study strongly suggests that associative analysis was able to accurately identify ELTD1 as a putative glioma-associated biomarker. The detection of ELTD1 was also validated in both rodent and human gliomas and may serve as an additional biomarker for gliomas in preclinical and clinical diagnosis of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
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TNF receptor-associated factor 6 regulates proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion of glioma cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 377:87-96. [PMID: 23358926 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), which plays an important role in inflammation and immune response, is an essential adaptor protein for the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) signaling pathway. Recent studies have shown that TRAF6 played an important role in tumorigenesis and invasion by suppressing NF-κB activation. However, up to now, the biologic role of TRAF6 in glioma has still remained unknown. To address the expression of TRAF6 in glioma cells, four glioma cell lines (U251, U-87MG, LN-18, and U373) and a non-cancerous human glial cell line SVG p12 were used to explore the protein expression of TRAF6 by Western blot. Our results indicated that TRAF6 expression was upregulated in human glioma cell lines, especially in metastatic cell lines. To investigate the role of TRAF6 in cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration of glioma, we generated human glioma U-87MG cell lines in which TRAF6 was either overexpressed or depleted. Subsequently, the effects of TRAF6 on cell viability, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, invasion, and migration in U-87MG cells were determined with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry analysis, transwell invasion assay, and wound-healing assay. The results showed that knockdown of TRAF6 could decrease cell viability, suppress cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and promote cell apoptosis, whereas overexpression of TRAF6 displayed the opposite effects. In addition, the effects of TRAF6 on the expression of phosphor-NF-κB (p-p65), cyclin D1, caspase 3, and MMP-9 were also probed. Knockdown of TRAF6 could lower the expression of p-p65, cyclin D1, and MMP-9, and raise the expression of caspase 3. All these results suggested that TRAF6 might be involved in the potentiation of growth, proliferation, invasion, and migration of U-87MG cell, as well as inhibition of apoptosis of U-87MG cell by abrogating activation of NF-κB.
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Scheck AC, Stafford P. Design and use of biomarkers for the current and future clinical management of brain tumors. Biomark Med 2012; 6:293-5. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne C Scheck
- Neuro-oncology Research & Neurosurgery Research, Barrow Neurological Institute of St Joseph’s Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Phillip Stafford
- AZ Biodesign, Center for Innovations in Medicine, Arizona State University School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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