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Wu J, Liu LL, Cao M, Hu A, Hu D, Luo Y, Wang H, Zhong JN. DNA methylation plays important roles in retinal development and diseases. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108733. [PMID: 34418429 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is important in developing and post-mitotic cells in various tissues. Recent studies have shown that DNA methylation is highly dynamic, and plays important roles during retinal development and aging. In addition, the dynamic regulation of DNA methylation is involved in the occurrence and development of age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy and shows potential in disease diagnoses and prognoses. This review introduces the epigenetic concepts of DNA methylation and demethylation with an emphasis on their regulatory roles in retinal development and related diseases. Moreover, we propose exciting ideas such as its crosstalk with other epigenetic modifications and retinal regeneration, to provide a potential direction for understanding retinal diseases from the epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin-Lin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Die Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Jia-Ning Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Wiciński M, Seredyka-Burduk M, Liberski S, Marczak D, Pol M, Malinowski B, Pawlak-Osińska K, Kaluzny BJ. Evaluation of Blood Coagulation Parameters and ADMA, NO, IL-6, and IL-18 Serum Levels in Patients with Neovascular AMD before, during, and after the Initial Loading Phase of Intravitreal Aflibercept. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050441. [PMID: 34069173 PMCID: PMC8156295 DOI: 10.3390/life11050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of intravitreal injections of aflibercept (IVA) on blood coagulation parameters including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin time (TT), as well as asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 18 (IL-18) serum levels in patients with neovascular AMD (nAMD). Twenty-two eyes of 22 patients with nAMD were included. Parameters were evaluated before and 2–3 days after the first IVA injection, and then immediately before and 2–3 days after the third IVA injection. We revealed prolongation of the TT after the initial loading phase of IVA (p = 0.041) and a significant increase in IL-18 serum concentration immediately before the third IVA administration compared to baseline (p = 0.037). There were no statistically significant differences of other parameters and PT, APTT, ADMA, NO, and IL-6 values remained within the normal range at each of the time points of the study. Our results suggest that repeated IVA administration may affect the common blood coagulation pathway, which manifests as a prolongation of the TT value. Furthermore, we showed a significant increase in serum concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokineIL-18during the initial loading phase of IVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wiciński
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.W.); (D.M.); (B.M.)
| | - Małgorzata Seredyka-Burduk
- Division of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (M.P.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Sławomir Liberski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.W.); (D.M.); (B.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-52-5853588
| | - Daria Marczak
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.W.); (D.M.); (B.M.)
| | - Magdalena Pol
- Division of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (M.P.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Bartosz Malinowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.W.); (D.M.); (B.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Pawlak-Osińska
- Division of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Słupsk, K. Arciszewskiego 22A, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland;
| | - Bartlomiej J. Kaluzny
- Division of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (M.P.); (B.J.K.)
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From Epigenetics to Therapeutic Implications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1256:221-235. [PMID: 33848004 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-66014-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant regulation of epigenetic mechanisms, including the two most common types; DNA methylation and histone modification have been implicated in common chronic progressive conditions, including Alzheimer disease, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). All these conditions are complex, meaning that environmental factors, genetic factors, and their interactions play a role in disease pathophysiology. Although genome wide association studies (GWAS), and studies on twins demonstrate the genetic/hereditary component to these complex diseases, including AMD, this contribution is much less than 100%. Moreover, the contribution of the hereditary component decreases in the advanced, later onset forms of these chronic diseases including AMD. This underscores the need to elucidate how the genetic and environmental factors function to exert their influence on disease pathophysiology. By teasing out epigenetic mechanisms and how they exert their influence on AMD, therapeutic targets can be tailored to prevent and/or slow down disease progression. Epigenetic studies that incorporate well-characterized patient tissue samples (including affected tissues and peripheral blood), similar to those relevant to gene expression studies, along with genetic and epidemiological information, can be the first step in developing appropriate functional assays to validate findings and identify potential therapies.
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Zhang T, Jiang Y, Zhang S, Tie T, Cheng Y, Su X, Man Z, Hou J, Sun L, Tian M, Zhang Y, Li J, Ma Y. The association between homocysteine and ischemic stroke subtypes in Chinese: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19467. [PMID: 32195946 PMCID: PMC7220264 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The findings on the association between elevated plasma homocysteine levels and the risk of the trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment (TOAST) of ischemic stroke have been inconsistent in Chinese. So far, there is no meta-analysis about the association between Hcy and the TOAST subtypes of ischemic stroke in Chinese. This study; therefore, aimed to evaluate whether elevated homocysteine levels are associated with the TOAST subtypes of ischemic stroke using a meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases were conducted for studies reporting homocysteine levels in ischemic stroke and the TOAST of ischemic stroke to April 18, 2018. The data were extracted after the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the data were analyzed using Stata software version 9.0 (Stata Corp LP, College Station, TX). The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to compare continuous variables. RESULTS Thirteen studies comprising 3114 participants (2243 patients and 871controls) met the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the ischemic stroke group had significantly higher levels of homocysteine than controls (SMD = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.85-1.45, P < .05). The subgroup analyses suggested that the groups of patients with large-artery atherosclerosis, small-vessel occlusion, cardioembolism, stroke of other determined etiology and stroke of undetermined etiology had significantly higher levels of homocysteine compared to those in the control group (large-artery atherosclerosis: SMD = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.40-2.84, P < .05; small-vessel occlusion: SMD = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.72-1.48, P < .05; CE: SMD = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.64-1.71, P < .05; stroke of other determined etiology: SMD = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.53-1.24, P < .05; stroke of undetermined etiology: SMD = 1.50, 95% CI = 0.66-2.33, P < .05, respectively). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis found that ischemic stroke patients and the TOAST of ischemic stroke patients in Chinese had significantly higher homocysteine levels than the controls, suggesting that serum homocysteine levels may be a risk factor for ischemic stroke and the TOAST subtypes of ischemic stroke in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province
| | - Shuhua Zhang
- Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong province, China
| | - Tingting Tie
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province
| | - Yan Cheng
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province
| | - Xiaoming Su
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province
| | - Zhu Man
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province
| | - Jing Hou
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province
| | - Li Sun
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province
| | - Meiyuan Tian
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province
| | - Yaogang Zhang
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province
| | - Jianhua Li
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province
| | - Yanyan Ma
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province
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Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to summarize the role of DNA methylation in the development and metastasis of uveal melanoma (UM). Data Sources: The relevant studies in MEDLINE were searched. Study Selection: In this review, we performed a comprehensive literature search in MEDLINE using “uveal melanoma” AND (“DNA methylation” OR “epigenetics”) for original research/review articles published before February 2018 on the relationship between DNA methylation and UM. References of the retrieved studies were also examined to search for potentially relevant papers. Results: Previous studies on the relationship between DNA methylation and UM covered many genes including tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), cyclin-dependent kinase genes, and other genes. Among them, the TSG genes such as RASSF1A and p16INK4a, which encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, are relatively well-studied genes. Specifically, a high percentage of promoter methylation of RASSF1A was observed in UM cell lines and/or patients with UM. Promoter methylation of RASSF1A was also associated with the development of metastasis. Similarly, a high percentage of promoter hypermethylation of p16INK4a was found in UM cell lines. DNA promoter methylation can control the expression of p16INK4a, which affect cell growth, migration, and invasion in UM. Many other genes might also be involved in the pathogenesis of UM such as the Ras and EF-hand domain containing (RASEF) gene, RAB31, hTERT, embryonal fyn-associated substrate, and deleted in split-hand/split-foot 1. Conclusions: Our review reveals the complex mechanisms underlying the tumorigenesis of UM and highlights the great needs of future studies to discover more genes/5’-C-phosphate-G-3’ sites contributing to the development/metastasis of UM and explore the mechanisms through which epigenetic changes exert their function in UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing-Yun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zhuo-Zai Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Wei-Hong Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Corso-Díaz X, Jaeger C, Chaitankar V, Swaroop A. Epigenetic control of gene regulation during development and disease: A view from the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 65:1-27. [PMID: 29544768 PMCID: PMC6054546 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Complex biological processes, such as organogenesis and homeostasis, are stringently regulated by genetic programs that are fine-tuned by epigenetic factors to establish cell fates and/or to respond to the microenvironment. Gene regulatory networks that guide cell differentiation and function are modulated and stabilized by modifications to DNA, RNA and proteins. In this review, we focus on two key epigenetic changes - DNA methylation and histone modifications - and discuss their contribution to retinal development, aging and disease, especially in the context of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. We highlight less-studied roles of DNA methylation and provide the RNA expression profiles of epigenetic enzymes in human and mouse retina in comparison to other tissues. We also review computational tools and emergent technologies to profile, analyze and integrate epigenetic information. We suggest implementation of editing tools and single-cell technologies to trace and perturb the epigenome for delineating its role in transcriptional regulation. Finally, we present our thoughts on exciting avenues for exploring epigenome in retinal metabolism, disease modeling, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Corso-Díaz
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Jaeger
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Pinna A, Zaccheddu F, Boscia F, Carru C, Solinas G. Homocysteine and risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:e269-e276. [PMID: 27966830 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There is still no agreement on total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of new blindness in industrialized countries. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published data on the correlation between tHcy and AMD. MEDLINE/PubMed and ISI Web of Sciences searches were performed according to MOOSE guidelines. Case-control studies were eligible for inclusion. Participants and controls were AMD patients and subjects without AMD. The main outcome measure was wet AMD. Homocysteine level was the main exposure variable. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Twelve case-control studies were identified: 10 assessed wet AMD, four dry AMD, one early AMD, one late AMD, and one any AMD. As for wet AMD, there was a total of 453 cases and 514 controls. Mean tHcy was on average 1.1 μmol/l (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96-1.25) greater in wet AMD cases, but there was evidence of extreme between-study heterogeneity (p < 0.001, I2 = 91.8%). In a model homogenous for age, including six wet AMD studies (214 cases, 274 controls), mean tHcy was on average 0.58 μmol/l (95% CI = 0.35-0.73) greater in the case group, a not statistically significant result (p = 0.144) associated with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 39.2%). Our meta-analysis indicates that there is some weak evidence that increased tHcy might be associated with wet AMD; however, this result should be interpreted cautiously, because of a marked between-study heterogeneity and the possible effect of publication bias. Future studies, preferably of cohort design, are necessary before any firm conclusions on the putative role of increased tHcy on AMD can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pinna
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical, and Medical Sciences; Ophthalmology Unit; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccheddu
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical, and Medical Sciences; Ophthalmology Unit; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Francesco Boscia
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical, and Medical Sciences; Ophthalmology Unit; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari; Sassari Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Section of Clinical Biochemistry; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Giuliana Solinas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
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Zhou Z, Liang Y, Qu H, Zhao M, Guo F, Zhao C, Teng W. Plasma homocysteine concentrations and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2568. [PMID: 29416106 PMCID: PMC5803270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has the highest mortality rate in all strokes. However, controversy still exists concerning the association between plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and ICH. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science up to April 18, 2017. Standard mean difference (SMD) for mean differences of plasma Hcy levels with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated. Seven studies including 667 ICH patients and 1821 ischemic stroke patients were identified for meta-analysis. Our results showed that Hcy levels in ICH patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (SMD = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.51–0.68, P < 0.001); no statistic differences were found in the comparisons of Hcy levels between ICH and ischemic stroke (SMD = −0.03, 95% CI = −0.13–0.06, P > 0.05); further subgroup analysis of ethnicity (Asians: SMD = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.48–0.66, P < 0.001; Caucasians: SMD = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.51–1.02, P < 0.001) and sample size (small samples: SMD = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.30–0.80, P < 0.001; large samples size: SMD = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.51–0.69, P < 0.001) in relation to Hcy levels between ICH and healthy controls did not change these results. In conclusion, Hcy level may be an aggravating factor in atherosclerosis, which is positively associated with high risk of ICH. Race-specific differences between Asians and Caucasians have no impact on the risk of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yifan Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Huiling Qu
- 3Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Fuxin Central Hospital, fuxin, 123000, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Weiyu Teng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China.
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Epigenetic modifications in hyperhomocysteinemia: potential role in diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12562-12590. [PMID: 29560091 PMCID: PMC5849155 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To study Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)-induced epigenetic modifications as potential mechanisms of blood retinal barrier (BRB) dysfunction, retinas isolated from three- week-old mice with elevated level of Homocysteine (Hcy) due to lack of the enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (cbs-/- , cbs+/- and cbs+/+ ), human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs), and human retinal pigmented epithelial cells (ARPE-19) treated with or without Hcy were evaluated for (1) histone deacetylases (HDAC), (2) DNA methylation (DNMT), and (3) miRNA analysis. Differentially expressed miRNAs in mice with HHcy were further compared with miRNA analysis of diabetic mice retinas (STZ) and miRNAs within the exosomes released from Hcy-treated RPEs. Differentially expressed miRNAs were further evaluated for predicted target genes and associated pathways using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. HHcy significantly increased HDAC and DNMT activity in HRECs, ARPE-19, and cbs mice retinas, whereas inhibition of HDAC and DNMT decreased Hcy-induced BRB dysfunction. MiRNA profiling detected 127 miRNAs in cbs+/- and 39 miRNAs in cbs-/- mice retinas, which were significantly differentially expressed compared to cbs+/+ . MiRNA pathway analysis showed their involvement in HDAC and DNMT activation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and oxidative stresses, inflammation, hypoxia, and angiogenesis pathways. Hcy-induced epigenetic modifications may be involved in retinopathies associated with HHcy, such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.
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Lambert NG, ElShelmani H, Singh MK, Mansergh FC, Wride MA, Padilla M, Keegan D, Hogg RE, Ambati BK. Risk factors and biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 54:64-102. [PMID: 27156982 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A biomarker can be a substance or structure measured in body parts, fluids or products that can affect or predict disease incidence. As age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, much research and effort has been invested in the identification of different biomarkers to predict disease incidence, identify at risk individuals, elucidate causative pathophysiological etiologies, guide screening, monitoring and treatment parameters, and predict disease outcomes. To date, a host of genetic, environmental, proteomic, and cellular targets have been identified as both risk factors and potential biomarkers for AMD. Despite this, their use has been confined to research settings and has not yet crossed into the clinical arena. A greater understanding of these factors and their use as potential biomarkers for AMD can guide future research and clinical practice. This article will discuss known risk factors and novel, potential biomarkers of AMD in addition to their application in both academic and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Lambert
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Hanan ElShelmani
- Ocular Development and Neurobiology Research Group, Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Malkit K Singh
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Fiona C Mansergh
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Michael A Wride
- Ocular Development and Neurobiology Research Group, Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Maximilian Padilla
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - David Keegan
- Mater Misericordia Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Clinical Science Block A, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Co.Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Balamurali K Ambati
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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