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Hsueh YJ, Chen YN, Tsao YT, Cheng CM, Wu WC, Chen HC. The Pathomechanism, Antioxidant Biomarkers, and Treatment of Oxidative Stress-Related Eye Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031255. [PMID: 35163178 PMCID: PMC8835903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an important pathomechanism found in numerous ocular degenerative diseases. To provide a better understanding of the mechanism and treatment of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance-induced ocular diseases, this article summarizes and provides updates on the relevant research. We review the oxidative damage (e.g., lipid peroxidation, DNA lesions, autophagy, and apoptosis) that occurs in different areas of the eye (e.g., cornea, anterior chamber, lens, retina, and optic nerve). We then introduce the antioxidant mechanisms present in the eye, as well as the ocular diseases that occur as a result of antioxidant imbalances (e.g., keratoconus, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma), the relevant antioxidant biomarkers, and the potential of predictive diagnostics. Finally, we discuss natural antioxidant therapies for oxidative stress-related ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jen Hsueh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-N.C.); (Y.-T.T.); (W.-C.W.)
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ning Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-N.C.); (Y.-T.T.); (W.-C.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tsao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-N.C.); (Y.-T.T.); (W.-C.W.)
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-N.C.); (Y.-T.T.); (W.-C.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-N.C.); (Y.-T.T.); (W.-C.W.)
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-328-1200 (ext. 7855); Fax: +886-3-328-7798
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Santodomingo-Rubido J, Carracedo G, Suzaki A, Villa-Collar C, Vincent SJ, Wolffsohn JS. Keratoconus: An updated review. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2022; 45:101559. [PMID: 34991971 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.101559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Keratoconus is a bilateral and asymmetric disease which results in progressive thinning and steeping of the cornea leading to irregular astigmatism and decreased visual acuity. Traditionally, the condition has been described as a noninflammatory disease; however, more recently it has been associated with ocular inflammation. Keratoconus normally develops in the second and third decades of life and progresses until the fourth decade. The condition affects all ethnicities and both sexes. The prevalence and incidence rates of keratoconus have been estimated to be between 0.2 and 4,790 per 100,000 persons and 1.5 and 25 cases per 100,000 persons/year, respectively, with highest rates typically occurring in 20- to 30-year-olds and Middle Eastern and Asian ethnicities. Progressive stromal thinning, rupture of the anterior limiting membrane, and subsequent ectasia of the central/paracentral cornea are the most commonly observed histopathological findings. A family history of keratoconus, eye rubbing, eczema, asthma, and allergy are risk factors for developing keratoconus. Detecting keratoconus in its earliest stages remains a challenge. Corneal topography is the primary diagnostic tool for keratoconus detection. In incipient cases, however, the use of a single parameter to diagnose keratoconus is insufficient, and in addition to corneal topography, corneal pachymetry and higher order aberration data are now commonly used. Keratoconus severity and progression may be classified based on morphological features and disease evolution, ocular signs, and index-based systems. Keratoconus treatment varies depending on disease severity and progression. Mild cases are typically treated with spectacles, moderate cases with contact lenses, while severe cases that cannot be managed with scleral contact lenses may require corneal surgery. Mild to moderate cases of progressive keratoconus may also be treated surgically, most commonly with corneal cross-linking. This article provides an updated review on the definition, epidemiology, histopathology, aetiology and pathogenesis, clinical features, detection, classification, and management and treatment strategies for keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gonzalo Carracedo
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asaki Suzaki
- Clinical Research and Development Center, Menicon Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Cesar Villa-Collar
- Department of Pharmacy, Biotechnology, Nutrition, Optics and Optometry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen J Vincent
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- School of optometry, Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
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Navel V, Malecaze J, Pereira B, Baker JS, Malecaze F, Sapin V, Chiambaretta F, Dutheil F. Oxidative and antioxidative stress markers in keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:e777-e794. [PMID: 33354927 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the levels of oxidative stress markers and antioxidants in keratoconus compared to healthy subject. METHOD The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases were searched on 1st June 2020 for studies reporting oxidative and antioxidative stress markers in keratoconus and healthy controls. Main meta-analysis was stratified by type of biomarkers, type of samples (tears, cornea, aqueous humour and blood) and type of corneal samples (stromal cells, epithelium and endothelium). RESULTS We included 36 articles, for a total of 1328 keratoconus patients and 1208 healthy controls. There is an overall increase in oxidative stress markers in keratoconus compared with healthy controls (standard mean deviation (SMD) = 0.94, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.55-1.33), with a significant increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (1.09, 0.41-1.78) and malondialdehyde (1.78, 0.83-2.73). There is an overall decrease in antioxidants in keratoconus compared with healthy controls (-0.63, -0.89 to -0.36), with a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity/status (-1.65, -2.88 to -0.43), aldehyde/NADPH dehydrogenase (-0.77, -1.38 to -0.17), lactoferrin/transferrin/albumin (-1.92, -2.96 to -0.89) and selenium/zinc (-1.42, -2.23 to -0.61). Oxidative stress markers were higher in tears and in cornea of keratoconus than in aqueous humour, and antioxidants were decreased in tears, aqueous humour and blood without difference between sample type. Oxidative stress markers increased in stromal cells and antioxidants decreased in endothelium. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress markers and antioxidants were dysregulated in keratoconus, involving an imbalance of redox homeostasis in tears, cornea, aqueous humour and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Navel
- Ophthalmology CHU Clermont‐Ferrand University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Jean Malecaze
- Ophthalmology CHU Clermont‐Ferrand University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Clinical Research and Innovation Direction CHU Clermont–Ferrand University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
| | - François Malecaze
- Ophthalmology Department Pierre‐Paul Riquet Hospital University Hospital of Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology CHU Clermont‐Ferrand University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Frédéric Chiambaretta
- Ophthalmology CHU Clermont‐Ferrand University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine CNRS, LaPSCo Physiological and Psychosocial Stress CHU Clermont‐Ferrand Université Clermont Auvergne University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
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Shetty R, D'Souza S, Khamar P, Ghosh A, Nuijts RMMA, Sethu S. Biochemical Markers and Alterations in Keratoconus. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2020; 9:533-540. [PMID: 33323707 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is a corneal ectatic condition characterized by focal structural changes, resulting in progressive thinning, biomechanical weakening, and steeping of the cornea that can lead to worsening visual acuity due to irregular astigmatism and corneal scarring in more advanced cases. It is a relatively common ectatic disease of the cornea predominantly affecting the younger population. Despite its worldwide prevalence, its incidence is rather varied with a higher incidence among the Middle Eastern and South Asian population. Dysregulated corneal extracellular matrix remodeling underlies KC pathogenesis. However, a lack of absolute clarity regarding the factors that initiate and drive progression poses a significant challenge in its prevention and management. KC is a complex multifactorial disease as it is associated with a wide variety of etiological factors such as environmental stimuli/insults, oxidative stress, genetic predisposition, comorbidities, and eye rubbing. A series of studies using corneal tissues (epithelium, stroma), cultured corneal fibroblasts/keratocytes, tear fluid, aqueous humor, and blood from KC subjects has reported significant alterations in various biochemical factors such as extracellular matrix components, cellular homeostasis regulators, inflammatory factors, hormones, metabolic products, and chemical elements. It has become apparent that alterations in the biochemical mediators (related to various etiologies) could contribute to KC pathogenesis by altering the dynamics of extracellular matrix remodeling events such as collagen deposition, degradation, and cross-linking in the cornea. Determining key disease contributing biochemical mediators would aid in disease monitoring, prediction or abatement of disease progression, and development of targeted therapeutics to improve disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Sharon D'Souza
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Pooja Khamar
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Rudy M M A Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Balmus IM, Alexa AI, Ciuntu RE, Danielescu C, Stoica B, Cojocaru SI, Ciobica A, Cantemir A. Oxidative stress markers dynamics in keratoconus patients' tears before and after corneal collagen crosslinking procedure. Exp Eye Res 2019; 190:107897. [PMID: 31836491 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is a controversial ophthalmological disease, often considered both multifactorial and multigenic with poor or not entirely understood etiopathogenesis. Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) procedure is the most common surgical therapy for KC which both slows corneal thinning and halts disease progression. While extensive studies provide consistent evidence on systemic oxidative stress in KC patients and animal models, little is known on the tear fluid oxidative stress markers such as antioxidant enzymes activity or lipid peroxidation markers. Also, little is known considering the oxidative status dynamics following CXL. In this way, we aimed to evaluate three oxidative stress markers in the tears of KC patients before and after CXL procedure. Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymatic activity and malondiladehyde (MDA) levels were assessed from the tears of 20 kC patients who received the recommendation for CXL procedure. Significantly decreased SOD activity (p = 0.0014) was observed in KC patients tears, as compared to age and sex-matched controls which could lead to significant lipid peroxidation boost (p < 0.001). Significantly higher GPx enzyme activity was observed in KC patients, as compared to control (p < 0.001), suggesting a compensatory response to intense lipid peroxidation. Following CXL, SOD activity significantly decreases and GPx activity extensively increases, as compared to baseline KC levels and controls (p < 0.001). This work provides additional evidence on oxidative stress status in the tears of KC considering general oxidative stress markers dynamics both before and after the CXL procedure. We also demonstrated that the CXL procedure could have further relevance in the management of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana-Miruna Balmus
- Department of Interdisciplinary Research in Science, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, no. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Anisia Iuliana Alexa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Roxana-Elena Ciuntu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Ciprian Danielescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Bogdan Stoica
- "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Sabina Ioana Cojocaru
- Department of Biochemistry, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Alin Ciobica
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Faculty of Biology, Department of Research, Iasi, Romania.
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Atilano SR, Lee DH, Fukuhara PS, Chwa M, Nesburn AB, Udar N, Kenney MC. Corneal Oxidative Damage in Keratoconus Cells due to Decreased Oxidant Elimination from Modified Expression Levels of SOD Enzymes, PRDX6, SCARA3, CPSF3, and FOXM1. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2019; 14:62-70. [PMID: 30820289 PMCID: PMC6388514 DOI: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_80_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the levels of gene expression for enzymes involved in production and elimination of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in normal human corneal cells (NL cells) with those in human corneal cells with keratoconus (KC cells) in vitro. Methods: Primary NL and KC stromal fibroblast cultures were incubated with apocynin (an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase) or N-nitro-L-arginine (N-LLA; an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase). ROS/RNS levels were measured using an H2 DCFDA fluorescent assay. The RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array for Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense was used for initial screening of the NL and KC cultures. Transcription levels for genes related to production or elimination of ROS/RNS were analyzed using quantitative PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 10 intact human corneas using antibodies against SCARA3 and CPSF3. Results: Array screening of 84 antioxidant-related genes identified 12 genes that were differentially expressed between NL and KC cultures. Compared with NL cells, quantitative PCR showed that KC cells had decreased expression of antioxidant genes SCARA3 isoform 2 (0.59-fold, P = 0.02) and FOXM1 isoform 1 (0.61-fold, P = 0.03). KC cells also had downregulation of the antioxidant genes SOD1 (0.4-fold, P = 0.0001) and SOD3 (0.37-fold, P = 0.02) but increased expression of SOD2 (3.3-fold, P < 0.0001), PRDX6 (1.47-fold, P = 0.01), and CPSF3 (1.44-fold, P = 0.02). Conclusion: The difference in expression of antioxidant enzymes between KC and NL suggests that the oxidative stress imbalances found in KC are caused by defects in ROS/RNS removal rather than increased ROS/RNS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari R Atilano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paula S Fukuhara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anthony B Nesburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nitin Udar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Malfeito M, Regueiro U, Pérez-Mato M, Campos F, Sobrino T, Lema I. Innate Immunity Biomarkers for Early Detection of Keratoconus. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2018; 27:942-948. [DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2018.1511813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Malfeito
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Facultade de Óptica E Optometría, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Uxía Regueiro
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Facultade de Óptica E Optometría, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Pérez-Mato
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Lema
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Facultade de Óptica E Optometría, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Hospital Provincial de Conxo, Instituto Galego de Oftalmoloxía (INGO), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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McMonnies C. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, glaucoma and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2018; 11:3-9. [PMID: 28760643 PMCID: PMC5777925 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the role of oxidative stress in damage to cells of the trabecular meshwork and associated impaired aqueous drainage as well as damage to retinal ganglion cells and associated visual field losses. Consideration is given to the interaction between vascular and mechanical explanations for pathological changes in glaucoma. For example, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) forces may contribute to ischaemia but there is increasing evidence that altered blood flow in a wider sense is also involved. Both vascular and mechanical theories are involved through fluctuations in intraocular pressure and dysregulation of blood flow. Retinal function is very sensitive to changes in haemoglobin oxygen concentration and the associated variations in the production of reactive oxygen species. Reperfusion injury and production of reactive oxygen species occurs when IOP is elevated or blood pressure is low and beyond the capacity for blood flow autoregulation to maintain appropriate oxygen concentration. Activities such as those associated with postural changes, muscular effort, eye wiping and rubbing which cause IOP fluctuation, may have significant vascular, mechanical, reperfusion and oxidative stress consequences. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy exposes the eye to increased oxygen concentration and the risk of oxidative damage in susceptible individuals. However, oxygen concentration in aqueous humour, and the risk of damage to trabecular meshwork cells may be greater if hyperbaric oxygen is delivered by a hood which exposes the anterior ocular surface to higher than normal oxygen levels. Oronasal mask delivery of hyperbaric oxygen therapy appears to be indicated in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles McMonnies
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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Higher Expression of Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 in Blood Cells of Keratoconus Patiens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12975. [PMID: 29021606 PMCID: PMC5636878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation may play a significant role in Keratoconus (KC), but the implication of immunity on this inflammatory response is unknown. Therefore, our aim was to determine the expression levels of Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) and 4 (TLR4) in monocytes and neutrophils from patients with KC and control subjects for demonstrating the role of innate immunity in KC. We also study the correlation between TLR2/TLR4 expression and serum levels of proinflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-9 and NF-κB). Forty patients with bilateral KC (55% males; mean age; 33.1 ± 10.9 years) and 20 control subjects (55% males; mean age; 30.4 ± 7.6 years) were included in the study. Our results showed that mean expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in both neutrophils and monocytes was significantly higher in patients with KC compared to control subjects (all p < 0.0001). Furthermore, KC patients also showed higher serum levels of IL-1B, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-9 (all p < 0.0001) and NF-κB (p = 0.036). In addition, we found a strong correlation between TLR2 expression in both monocytes and neutrophils (all p < 0.0001), and TLR4 in monocytes (all p < 0.05) with serum levels of IL-1B, IL-6, TNF-α and MMP-9. In conclusion, these findings suggest that TLRs may play an important role in the pathophysiology of KC.
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Gulpamuk B, Koç M, Karatepe MS, Yildiz A, Erel O, Neselioglu S, Yilmazbas P. Novel Assay Assessment of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients with Keratoconus: Thiol–Disulfide Homeostasis. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:1215-1219. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1302592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bayram Gulpamuk
- Department of Opthalmology, Ankara Ulucanlar Eye Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Koç
- Department of Opthalmology, Ankara Ulucanlar Eye Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Salih Karatepe
- Department of Opthalmology, Ankara Ulucanlar Eye Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aydan Yildiz
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Biochemistry Department, Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salim Neselioglu
- Biochemistry Department, Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Yilmazbas
- Ophthalmology Department, Ulucanlar Eye Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Vallabh NA, Romano V, Willoughby CE. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in corneal disease. Mitochondrion 2017; 36:103-113. [PMID: 28549842 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is the anterior transparent surface and the main refracting structure of the eye. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are implicated in the pathogenesis of inherited (e.g. Kearns Sayre Syndrome) and acquired corneal diseases (e.g. keratoconus and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy). Both antioxidants and reactive oxygen species are found in the healthy cornea. There is increasing evidence of imbalance in the oxidative balance and mitochondrial function in the cornea in disease states. The cornea is vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress due to its highly exposed position to ultraviolet radiation and high oxygen tension. The corneal endothelium is vulnerable to accumulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage due to the post- mitotic nature of endothelial cells, yet their mitochondrial genome is continually replicating and mtDNA mutations can develop and accumulate with age. The unique physiology of the cornea predisposes this structure to oxidative damage, and there is interplay between inherited and acquired mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and a number of corneal diseases. By targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in corneal disease, emerging treatments may prevent or reduce visual loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru A Vallabh
- Corneal and External Eye Service, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vito Romano
- Corneal and External Eye Service, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Colin E Willoughby
- Corneal and External Eye Service, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Evaluation of Serum Superoxide Dismutase Activity, Malondialdehyde, and Zinc and Copper Levels in Patients With Keratoconus. Cornea 2017; 35:1512-1515. [PMID: 27617869 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation marker, and some trace elements such as zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) levels in patients with keratoconus. METHODS A total of 58 patients with keratoconus and 53 control subjects with similar age and sex were evaluated in this study. The modified Krumeich keratoconus classification was used to divide the patients into 4 stages. Serum SOD activity, MDA, and zinc and copper levels were compared between the patient and control groups. RESULTS The median serum SOD activity, MDA, and Zn and Cu levels were 27.2 (42.4-13.7) U/mL, 10.2 (11.9-8.5) nmol/mL, 87.9 (104.6-76.5) μmol/L, and 103.2 (117.9-90.3) μmol/L in the keratoconus group and 26.2 (32.5-14.4) U/mL, 8.8 (11.4-7.1) nmol/mL, 100.5 (121.1-81.8) μmol/L, and 98.4 (120.3-83.4) μmol/L in the control group, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the MDA and Zn levels of the keratoconus group and control subjects but not between the respective SOD activities or Cu levels (P = 0.016, P = 0.031, P = 0.440, and P = 0.376, respectively). We found no significant difference between the keratoconus group stages for serum SOD activity, serum MDA, and Zn and Cu levels (P > 0.05), and there was also no significant correlation between the keratoconus group stages and serum SOD activity, serum MDA, and Zn and Cu levels (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There is imbalance in the systemic oxidant/antioxidant status where Zn deficiency also plays a role in patients with keratoconus.
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Ozgonul C, Sertoglu E, Mumcuoglu T, Erdurman FC. Proper Evaluation of Factors Affecting Oxidative Status. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:1127-1128. [PMID: 26680997 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1092555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cem Ozgonul
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Van Military Hospital , Van , Turkey
| | - Erdim Sertoglu
- b Anittepe Dispensary, Biochemistry Laboratory , Ankara Mevki Military Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Tarkan Mumcuoglu
- c Department of Ophthalmology , Gulhane Military Medical Academy , Ankara , Turkey
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Kılıç R, Cumurcu T, Sancaktar E, Evliyaoğlu O, Sezer H. Proper Evaluation of Factors Affecting Oxidative Status. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:1129. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1095934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Yıldırım Y, Kaya A, Kar T, Muftuoglu T, Ayata A. Prolidase Enzyme Activity in Conjunctiva and Pterygium Tissues. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:3275-8. [PMID: 26509313 PMCID: PMC4638157 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine prolidase activity in conjunctival tissue and its relationship with pterygium. Material/Methods Prolidase activity was measured in 23 pterygium and 25 healthy conjunctival tissues and the 2 groups were compared. Results Prolidase enzyme activity could not be measured in either the healthy conjunctival or in pterygium tissues. The mean serum prolidase levels of the control and pterygium groups were 967.46±353.64 and 858.29±301.83, respectively. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the groups with regard to serum prolidase levels (p>0.05). Conclusions In conclusion, absence of prolidase activity in pterygium tissue indicates that there is no collagen turnover in this tissue. We may explain this finding with the elastin-rich structure of the conjunctiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yıldıray Yıldırım
- Department of Ophthalmology, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Kaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taner Kar
- Department of Ophthalmology, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Muftuoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Ayata
- Department of Ophthalmology, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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