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Żmijewski MA. Nongenomic Activities of Vitamin D. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235104. [PMID: 36501134 PMCID: PMC9737885 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D shows a variety of pleiotropic activities which cannot be fully explained by the stimulation of classic pathway- and vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent transcriptional modulation. Thus, existence of rapid and nongenomic responses to vitamin D was suggested. An active form of vitamin D (calcitriol, 1,25(OH)2D3) is an essential regulator of calcium-phosphate homeostasis, and this process is tightly regulated by VDR genomic activity. However, it seems that early in evolution, the production of secosteroids (vitamin-D-like steroids) and their subsequent photodegradation served as a protective mechanism against ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress. Consequently, direct cell-protective activities of vitamin D were proven. Furthermore, calcitriol triggers rapid calcium influx through epithelia and its uptake by a variety of cells. Subsequently, protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3) was described as a membrane vitamin D receptor responsible for rapid nongenomic responses. Vitamin D was also found to stimulate a release of secondary massagers and modulate several intracellular processes-including cell cycle, proliferation, or immune responses-through wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SSH), STAT1-3, or NF-kappaB pathways. Megalin and its coreceptor, cubilin, facilitate the import of vitamin D complex with vitamin-D-binding protein (DBP), and its involvement in rapid membrane responses was suggested. Vitamin D also directly and indirectly influences mitochondrial function, including fusion-fission, energy production, mitochondrial membrane potential, activity of ion channels, and apoptosis. Although mechanisms of the nongenomic responses to vitamin D are still not fully understood, in this review, their impact on physiology, pathology, and potential clinical applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał A Żmijewski
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, PL-80211 Gdańsk, Poland
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2
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Joshua Cohen D, ElBaradie K, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Sex-specific effects of 17β-estradiol and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on growth plate chondrocytes are dependent on both ERα and ERβ and require palmitoylation to translocate the receptors to the plasma membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159028. [PMID: 34416391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rat costochondral cartilage growth plate chondrocytes exhibit cell sex-specific responses to 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Mechanistically, E2 and DHT stimulate proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis in chondrocytes from female and male rats, respectively, by signaling through protein kinase C (PKC) and phospholipase C (PLC). Estrogen receptors (ERα; ERβ) and androgen receptors (ARs) are present in both male and female cells, but it is not known whether they interact to elicit sex-specific signaling. We used specific agonists and antagonists of these receptors to examine the relative contributions of ERs and ARs in membrane-mediated E2 signaling in female chondrocytes and DHT signaling in male chondrocytes. PKC activity in female chondrocytes was stimulated by agonists of ERα and ERβ and required intact caveolae; PKC activity was inhibited by the E2 enantiomer and by an inhibitor of ERβ. Western blots of cell lysates co-immunoprecipitated for ERα suggested the formation of a complex containing both ERα and ERß with E2 treatment. DHT and DHT agonists activated PKC in male cells, while AR inhibition blocked the stimulatory effect of DHT on PKC. Inhibition of ERα and ERβ also blocked PKC activation by DHT. Western blots of whole-cell lysates, plasma membranes, and caveolae indicated the translocation of AR to the plasma membrane and specifically to caveolae with DHT treatment. These results suggest that E2 and DHT promote chondrocyte differentiation via the ability of ARs and ERs to form a complex. The results also indicate that intact caveolae and palmitoylation of the membrane receptor(s) or membrane receptor complex containing ERα and ERβ is required for E2 and DHT membrane-associated PKC activity in costochondral cartilage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Joshua Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Khairat ElBaradie
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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3
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Pierce JL, Perrien DS. Do Interactions of Vitamin D 3 and BMP Signaling Hold Implications in the Pathogenesis of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva? Curr Osteoporos Rep 2021; 19:358-367. [PMID: 33851285 PMCID: PMC8515998 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a debilitating rare disease known for episodic endochondral heterotopic ossification (HO) caused by gain-of-function mutations in ACVR1/ALK2. However, disease severity varies among patients with identical mutations suggesting disease-modifying factors, including diet, may have therapeutic implications. The roles of vitamin D3 in calcium metabolism and chondrogenesis are known, but its effects on BMP signaling and chondrogenesis are less studied. This review attempts to assess the possibility of vitamin D's effects in FOP by exploring relevant intersections of VD3 with mechanisms of FOP flares. RECENT FINDINGS In vitro and in vivo studies suggest vitamin D suppresses inflammation, while clinical studies suggest that vitamin D3 protects against arteriosclerosis and inversely correlates with non-genetic intramuscular HO. However, the enhancement of chondrogenesis, BMP signaling, and possibly Activin A expression by vitamin D may be more relevant in FOP. There appears to be little potential for vitamin D to reduce HO in FOP, but testing the potential for excess vitamin D to promote HO may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Pierce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMRB 1027, Atlanta, GA, 30232, USA
| | - Daniel S Perrien
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMRB 1027, Atlanta, GA, 30232, USA.
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Zmijewski MA, Carlberg C. Vitamin D receptor(s): In the nucleus but also at membranes? Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:876-884. [PMID: 32654294 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The genomic actions of the vitamin D are mediated via its biologically most potent metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 D3 ) and the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). Activation of VDR by 1,25(OH)2 D3 leads to change in the expression of more 1000 genes in various human tissues. Based on (epi)genome, transcriptome and crystal structure data the molecular details of this nuclear vitamin D signalling pathway are well understood. Vitamin D is known for its role on calcium homeostasis and bone formation, but it also modulates energy metabolism, innate and adaptive immunity as well as cellular growth, differentiation and apoptosis. The observation of rapid, non-genomic effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3 at cellular membranes and in the cytosol initiated the question, whether there are alternative vitamin D-binding proteins in these cellular compartments. So far, the best candidate is the enzyme PDIA3 (protein disulphide isomerase family A member 3), which is found at various subcellular locations. Furthermore, also VDR seems to play a role in membrane-based responses to vitamin D. In this viewpoint, we will dispute whether these rapid, non-genomic pathways are a meaningful addition to the genome-wide effects of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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A Narrative Role of Vitamin D and Its Receptor: With Current Evidence on the Gastric Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153832. [PMID: 31387330 PMCID: PMC6695859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a major steroid hormone that is gaining attention as a therapeutic molecule. Due to the general awareness of its importance for the overall well-being, vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is now recognized as a major health issue. The main reason for VDD is minimal exposure to sunlight. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the steroid hormone receptors that induces a cascade of cell signaling to maintain healthy Ca2+ levels that serve to regulate several biological functions. However, the roles of vitamin D and its metabolism in maintaining gastric homeostasis have not yet been completely elucidated. Currently, there is a need to increase the vitamin D status in individuals worldwide as it has been shown to improve musculoskeletal health and reduce the risk of chronic illnesses, including some cancers, autoimmune and infectious diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, neurocognitive disorders, and general mortality. The role of vitamin D in gastric homeostasis is crucial and unexplored. This review attempts to elucidate the central role of vitamin D in preserving and maintaining the overall health and homeostasis of the stomach tissue.
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Gong X, Li G, Huang Y, Fu Z, Song X, Chen C, Yang L. Synergistically regulated spontaneous calcium signaling is attributed to cartilaginous extracellular matrix metabolism. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9711-9722. [PMID: 30370672 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ has been recognized as a key molecule for chondrocytes, however, the role and mechanism of spontaneous [Ca 2+ ] i signaling in cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism regulation are unclear. Here we found that spontaneous Ca 2+ signal of in-situ porcine chondrocytes was [Ca 2+ ] o dependent, and mediated by [Ca 2+ ] i store release. T-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (T-VDCC) mediated [Ca 2+ ] o influx was associated with decreased cell viability and expression levels of ECM deposition genes. Further analysis revealed that chondrocytes expressed both inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) and Orai isoforms. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca 2+ release and store-operated calcium entry significantly abolished spontaneous [Ca 2+ ] i signaling of in-situ chondrocytes. Moreover, blocking ER Ca 2+ release with InsP3R inhibitors significantly upregulated ECM degradation enzymes production, and was accompanied by decreased proteoglycan and collagen type II intensity. Taken together, our data provided evidence that spontaneous [Ca 2+ ] i signaling of in-situ porcine chondrocytes was tightly regulated by [Ca 2+ ] o influx, InsP3Rs mediated [Ca 2+ ] i store release, and Orais mediated calcium release-activated calcium channels activation. Both T-VDCC mediated [Ca 2+ ] o influx and InsP3Rs mediated ER Ca 2+ release were found crucial to cartilaginous ECM metabolism through distinct regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Gong
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gaoming Li
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenlan Fu
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiongbo Song
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Tamayo M, Martin-Nunes L, Val-Blasco A, Piedras MJ, Larriba MJ, Gómez-Hurtado N, Fernández-Velasco M, Delgado C. Calcitriol, the Bioactive Metabolite of Vitamin D, Increases Ventricular K + Currents in Isolated Mouse Cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1186. [PMID: 30197603 PMCID: PMC6117532 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol, the bioactive metabolite of vitamin D, interacts with the ubiquitously expressed nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) to induce genomic effects, but it can also elicit rapid responses via membrane-associated VDR through mechanisms that are poorly understood. The down-regulation of K+ currents is the main origin of electrophysiological remodeling in pathological hypertrophy and heart failure (HF), which can contribute to action potential prolongation and subsequently increase the risk of triggered arrhythmias. Adult mouse ventricular myocytes were isolated and treated with 10 nM calcitriol or vehicle for 15–30 min. In some experiments, cardiomyocytes were pretreated with the Akt inhibitor triciribine. In the adult mouse ventricle, outward K+ currents involved in cardiac repolarization are comprised of three components: the fast transient outward current (Itof), the ultrarapid delayed rectifier K+ current (Ikur), and the non-inactivating steady-state outward current (Iss). K+ currents were investigated using the whole-cell or the perforated patch-clamp technique and normalized to cell capacitance to obtain current densities. Calcitriol treatment of cardiomyocytes induced an increase in the density of Itof and Ikur, which was lost in myocytes isolated from VDR-knockout mice. In addition, calcitriol activated Akt in cardiomyocytes and pretreatment with triciribine prevented the calcitriol-induced increase of outward K+ currents. In conclusion, we demonstrate that calcitriol via VDR and Akt increases both Itof and Ikur densities in mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes. Our findings may provide new mechanistics clues for the cardioprotective role of this hormone in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Tamayo
- Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM/CIBER-CV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Martin-Nunes
- Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM/CIBER-CV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Val-Blasco
- Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ/CIBER-CV, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Piedras
- Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM/CIBER-CV, Madrid, Spain.,University Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Larriba
- Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM/CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Carmen Delgado
- Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM/CIBER-CV, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Altered spontaneous calcium signaling of in situ chondrocytes in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17093. [PMID: 29213100 PMCID: PMC5719003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) signaling is an essential universal secondary messenger in articular chondrocytes. However, little is known about its spatiotemporal features in the context of osteoarthritis (OA). Herein, by examining the cartilage samples collected from patients undergoing knee arthroscopic surgery, we investigated the spatiotemporal features of spontaneous [Ca2+]i signaling in in situ chondrocytes at different OA stages. Our data showed zonal dependent spontaneous [Ca2+]i signaling in healthy cartilage samples under 4 mM calcium environment. This signal was significantly attenuated in healthy cartilage samples but increased in early-degenerated cartilage when cultured in 0 mM calcium environment. No significant difference was found in [Ca2+]i intensity oscillation in chondrocytes located in middle zones among ICRS 1–3 samples under both 4 and 0 mM calcium environments. However, the correlation was found in deep zone chondrocytes incubated in 4 mM calcium environment. In addition, increased protein abundance of Cav3.3 T-type voltage dependent calcium channel and Nfatc2 activity were observed in early-degenerated cartilage samples. The present study exhibited OA severity dependent spatiotemporal features of spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations of in situ chondrocytes, which might reflect the zonal specific role of chondrocytes during OA progression and provide new insight in articular cartilage degradation during OA progression.
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9
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Hsu SL, Cheng JH, Wang CJ, Ko JY, Hsu CH. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Enhances Expression of Pdia-3 Which Is a Key Factor of the 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Rapid Membrane Signaling Pathway in Treatment of Early Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:1220-1230. [PMID: 29104478 PMCID: PMC5666555 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.20303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of our research was demonstrated that multiple molecules in microenvironments of the early osteoarthritis (OA) joint tissue may be actively responded to extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) treatment, which potentially regulated biological function of chondrocytes and synovial cells in early OA knee. We demonstrated that shockwave treatment induced the expression of protein-disulfide isomerase-associated 3 (Pdia-3) which was a significant mediator of the 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) rapid signaling pathway, using two-dimensional electrophoresis, histological analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We observed that the expression of Pdia-3 at 2 weeks was significantly higher than that of other group at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-shockwave treatment in early OA rat knee model. The other factors of the rapid membrane signaling pathway, including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 (ERK1), osteopontin (OPG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13) were examined and were found to be significantly increased at 2 weeks post-shockwave treatment by qPCR in early OA of the knee. Our proteomic data revealed significant Pdia-3 expression in microenvironments of OA joint tissue that could be actively responded to ESWT, which may potentially regulate the biological functions of chondrocytes and osteoblasts in the treatment of the early OA of the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ling Hsu
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | - Jai-Hong Cheng
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering.,Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jen Wang
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | - Jih-Yang Ko
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery
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10
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Falik Zaccai TC, Savitzki D, Zivony-Elboum Y, Vilboux T, Fitts EC, Shoval Y, Kalfon L, Samra N, Keren Z, Gross B, Chasnyk N, Straussberg R, Mullikin JC, Teer JK, Geiger D, Kornitzer D, Bitterman-Deutsch O, Samson AO, Wakamiya M, Peterson JW, Kirtley ML, Pinchuk IV, Baze WB, Gahl WA, Kleta R, Anikster Y, Chopra AK. Phospholipase A2-activating protein is associated with a novel form of leukoencephalopathy. Brain 2016; 140:370-386. [PMID: 28007986 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathies are a group of white matter disorders related to abnormal formation, maintenance, and turnover of myelin in the central nervous system. These disorders of the brain are categorized according to neuroradiological and pathophysiological criteria. Herein, we have identified a unique form of leukoencephalopathy in seven patients presenting at ages 2 to 4 months with progressive microcephaly, spastic quadriparesis, and global developmental delay. Clinical, metabolic, and imaging characterization of seven patients followed by homozygosity mapping and linkage analysis were performed. Next generation sequencing, bioinformatics, and segregation analyses followed, to determine a loss of function sequence variation in the phospholipase A2-activating protein encoding gene (PLAA). Expression and functional studies of the encoded protein were performed and included measurement of prostaglandin E2 and cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity in membrane fractions of fibroblasts derived from patients and healthy controls. Plaa-null mice were generated and prostaglandin E2 levels were measured in different tissues. The novel phenotype of our patients segregated with a homozygous loss-of-function sequence variant, causing the substitution of leucine at position 752 to phenylalanine, in PLAA, which causes disruption of the protein's ability to induce prostaglandin E2 and cytosolic phospholipase A2 synthesis in patients' fibroblasts. Plaa-null mice were perinatal lethal with reduced brain levels of prostaglandin E2 The non-functional phospholipase A2-activating protein and the associated neurological phenotype, reported herein for the first time, join other complex phospholipid defects that cause leukoencephalopathies in humans, emphasizing the importance of this axis in white matter development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzipora C Falik Zaccai
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel .,Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - David Savitzki
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | | | - Thierry Vilboux
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Medical Genomics, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Eric C Fitts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yishay Shoval
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Limor Kalfon
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Nadra Samra
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Zohar Keren
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Bella Gross
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Natalia Chasnyk
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Rachel Straussberg
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - James C Mullikin
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jamie K Teer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Dan Geiger
- Computer Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel Kornitzer
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - I.I.T. and Rappaport Institute for Biomedical Research, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ora Bitterman-Deutsch
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Dermatology Clinic, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Abraham O Samson
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, Institute for Translational Sciences and Animal Resource Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Johnny W Peterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle L Kirtley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Iryna V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Wallace B Baze
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Kleta
- University College, Royal Free Hospital / UCL Medical School, London, UK
| | - Yair Anikster
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ashok K Chopra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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