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Chandrasekaran P, Alanazi A, Kwok B, Li Q, Viraraghavan G, Balasubramanian S, Frank DB, Lu XL, Birk DE, Mauck RL, Dyment NA, Koyama E, Han L. Type V collagen exhibits distinct regulatory activities in TMJ articular disc versus condylar cartilage during postnatal growth and remodeling. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00573-7. [PMID: 39362448 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding matrix molecular activities that regulate the postnatal growth and remodeling of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) articular disc and condylar cartilage will enable the development of effective regenerative strategies targeting TMJ disorders. This study elucidated the distinct roles of type V collagen (collagen V) in regulating these two units. Studying the TMJ of young adult Col5a1+/- mice, we found that loss of collagen V resulted in substantial changes in the proliferation, clustering and density of progenitors in condylar cartilage, but did not have a major impact on disc cells that are more fibroblast-like. Although loss of collagen V led to thickened collagen fibrils with increased heterogeneity in the disc, there were no significant changes in local micromodulus, except for a reduction at the posterior end of the inferior side. Following the induction of aberrant occlusal loading by the unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) procedure, both wild-type (WT) and Col5a1+/- condylar cartilage exhibited salient remodeling, and Col5a1+/- condyle developed more pronounced degeneration and tissue hypertrophy at the posterior end than the WT. In contrast, neither UAC nor collagen V deficiency induced marked changes in the morphology or biomechanical properties of the disc. Together, our findings highlight the distinct roles of collagen V in regulating these two units during postnatal growth and remodeling, emphasizing its more crucial role in condylar cartilage due to its impact on the highly mechanosensitive progenitors. These results provide the foundation for using collagen V to improve the regeneration of TMJ and the care of patients with TMJ disorders. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Successful regeneration of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) articular disc and condylar cartilage remains a significant challenge due to the limited understanding of matrix molecular activities that regulate the formation and remodeling of these tissues. This study demonstrates that collagen V plays distinct and critical roles in these processes. In condylar cartilage, collagen V is essential for regulating progenitor cell fate and maintaining matrix integrity. In the disc, collagen V also regulates fibril structure and local micromechanics, but has a limited impact on cell phenotype or its remodeling response. Our findings establish collagen V as a key component in maintaining the integrity of these two units, with a more crucial role in condylar cartilage due to its impact on progenitor cell activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Chandrasekaran
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Abdulaziz Alanazi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Bryan Kwok
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Qing Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Girish Viraraghavan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Sriram Balasubramanian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - David B Frank
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - X Lucas Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - David E Birk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Kelly-Scumpia KM, Archang MM, Purbey PK, Yokota T, Wu R, McCourt J, Li S, Crosbie RH, Scumpia PO, Deb A. Modulating the extracellular matrix to treat wound healing defects in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. iScience 2024; 27:110676. [PMID: 39262784 PMCID: PMC11389543 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (cEDS) is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue that is characterized by mutations in genes coding type V collagen. Wound healing defects are characteristic of cEDS and no therapeutic strategies exist. Herein we describe a murine model of cEDS that phenocopies wound healing defects seen in humans. Our model features mice with conditional loss of Col5a1 in Col1a2 + fibroblasts (Col5a1CKO). This model shows that an abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) characterized by fibrillar disarray, altered mechanical properties, and decreased collagen deposition contribute to the wound healing defect. The cEDS animals exhibit decreased expression of epidermal genes and increased inflammation. Finally, we demonstrate that inhibiting mechanosensitive integrin signaling or by injecting wild-type (WT) fibroblasts into cEDS animals enhances epidermal gene expression, decreases inflammation, and augments wound closure. These findings suggest that cell delivery and/or blocking integrin signaling are potentially therapeutic strategies to rescue wound healing defects in cEDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kindra M Kelly-Scumpia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maani M Archang
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Dermatology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System-West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Prabhat K Purbey
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tomohiro Yokota
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rimao Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jackie McCourt
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shen Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachelle H Crosbie
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Dermatology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System-West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Syx D, Malfait F. Pathogenic mechanisms in genetically defined Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:824-843. [PMID: 39147618 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of rare heritable connective tissue disorders, common hallmarks of which are skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and generalized connective tissue fragility. Currently, 13 EDS types are recognized, caused by defects in 20 genes which consequently alter biosynthesis, organization, and/or supramolecular assembly of collagen fibrils in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Molecular analyses on patient samples (mostly dermal fibroblast cultures), combined with studies on animal models, have highlighted that part of EDS pathogenesis can be attributed to impaired cellular dynamics. Although our understanding of the full extent of (extra)cellular consequences is still limited, this narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge on the extracellular, pericellular, and intracellular alterations implicated in EDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfien Syx
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fransiska Malfait
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Gomes MLNP, Krijnen PAJ, Middelkoop E, Niessen HWM, Boekema BKHL. Fetal Skin Wound Healing: Key Extracellular Matrix Components and Regulators in Scarless Healing. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)01863-3. [PMID: 39152955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Fetal skin at early gestational stage is able to regenerate and heal rapidly after wounding. The exact mechanisms and molecular pathways involved in this process are however still largely unknown. The numerous differences in the skin of the early fetus versus skin in later developmental stages might provide clues for the mechanisms of scarless healing. This review summarizes the differences between mammalian fetal skin and the skin at later developmental phases in healthy and wounded conditions, focusing on extracellular matrix components, which are crucial factors in the microenvironment that direct cells and tissue functions and hence the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Lopes Natário Pinto Gomes
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tissue Function & Regeneration, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A J Krijnen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Middelkoop
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands; Tissue Function & Regeneration, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Burn Centre, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W M Niessen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bouke K H L Boekema
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands.
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5
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Chi J, Raso J, Tadepalli V, Labaran L, Oh E, Wang J, Shen FH, Li X. Outcomes Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in Patients With Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Global Spine J 2024; 14:1699-1705. [PMID: 36645101 PMCID: PMC11268287 DOI: 10.1177/21925682231151924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective database analysis. OBJECTIVES To study postoperative complication rates following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) compared with patients without EDS. METHODS The Mariner database was utilized to identify patients with EDS undergoing one or two level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Postoperative short-term outcomes assessed included medical complications, readmissions, and ED-visits within 90 days of surgery. Additionally, surgical complications including wound complications, surgical site infection, one- and two-year anterior revision along with posterior revision, pseudarthrosis, and hardware failure within 2 years were assessed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for demographic variables, comorbidities and number of levels operated on. RESULTS The present study identified 533 patients in the EDS group and 2634 patients in the matched control group. EDS patients undergoing ACDF are at an increased risk for 90-day major medical complications (OR 3.31; P < .001). EDS patients were also found to be associated with surgical complications including wound complications (OR 2.94; P < .001), surgical site infection (OR 8.60; P < .001) within 90 days, pseudarthrosis (OR 2.33; P < .001), instrument failure (OR 4.03; P < .001), anterior revision (OR 22.87; P < .001), and posterior revision (OR 3.17; P < .001) within 2 years. CONCLUSIONS EDS is associated with higher rates of both medical and surgical complications following ACDF. Spine surgeons should be cognizant of the increased risks in this population to provide appropriate preoperative counseling and enhanced perioperative medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialun Chi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jon Raso
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vaibhav Tadepalli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lawal Labaran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eunha Oh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jesse Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Francis H. Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Carlson JA, Shetye SS, Sun M, Weiss SN, Birk DE, Soslowsky LJ. Collagen V haploinsufficiency in female murine patellar tendons results in altered matrix engagement and cellular density, demonstrating decreased healing. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:950-960. [PMID: 37975633 PMCID: PMC11009080 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Collagen V (Col5) is a quantitatively minor component of collagen fibrils comprising tendon, however, plays a crucial role in regulation of development and dynamic healing processes. Clinically, patients with COL5a1 haploinsufficiency, known as classic Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (cEDS), present with hyperextensible skin, joint instability and laxity, with females more likely to be affected. Previous studies in Col5-deficient mice indicated that reduced Col5a1 expression leads to a reduction in stiffness, fibril deposition, and altered fibril structure. Additionally, Col5-deficient male tendons demonstrated altered healing compared to wild-type tendons, however female mice have not yet been studied utilizing this model. Along with clinical differences between sexes in cEDS patient populations, differences in hormone physiology may be a factor influencing tendon health. Therefore, the objective of this study was to utilize a Col5a1+/ - female mouse model, to determine the effect of Col5 on tendon cell morphology, cell density, tissue composition, and mechanical properties throughout healing. We hypothesized that reduction in Col5 expression would result in an abnormal wound matrix post-injury, resulting in reduced mechanical properties compared to normal tendons. Following patellar tendon surgery, mice were euthanized at 1, 3, and 6-week post-injury. Col5-deficient tendons demonstrated altered and decreased healing compared to WT tendons. The lack of resolution in cellularity by 6-week post-injury in Col5-deficient tendons influenced the decreased mechanical properties. Stiffness did not increase post-injury in Col5-deficient mice, and collagen fiber realignment was delayed during mechanical loading. Therefore, increased Col5a1 expression post-injury is necessary to re-establish matrix engagement and cellularity throughout tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Carlson
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Snehal S Shetye
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mei Sun
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Stephanie N Weiss
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David E Birk
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Louis J Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sun M, Acosta AC, Emerick V, Adams S, Avila MY, Margo CE, Espana EM. Dysfunctional latent transforming growth factor β activation after corneal injury in a classical Ehlers-Danlos model. Matrix Biol 2024; 128:21-30. [PMID: 38340967 PMCID: PMC10996040 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Patients with classical Ehlers Danlos syndrome (cEDS) suffer impaired wound healing and from scars formed after injuries that are atrophic and difficult to close surgically. Haploinsufficiency in COL5A1 creates systemic morphological and functional alterations in the entire body. We investigated mechanisms that impair wound healing from corneal lacerations (full thickness injuries) in a mouse model of cEDS (Col5a1+/-). We found that collagen V reexpression in this model is upregulated during corneal tissue repair and that wound healing is delayed, impaired, and results in large atrophic corneal scars. We noted that in a matrix with a 50 % content of collagen V, activation of latent Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) β is dysregulated. Corneal myofibroblasts with a haploinsufficiency of collagen V failed to mechanically activate latent TGF β. Second harmonic imaging microscopy showed a disorganized, undulated, and denser collagen matrix in our Col5a1+/- model that suggested alterations in the extracellular matrix structure and function. We hypothesize that a regenerated collagen matrix with only 50 % content of collagen V is not resistant enough mechanically to allow adequate activation of latent TGF β by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Disease, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Acosta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Disease, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Victoria Emerick
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Disease, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sheila Adams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Disease, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Marcel Y Avila
- Departament of Ophthalmology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Curtis E Margo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Disease, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Edgar M Espana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Disease, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Tavakkoli F, Damala M, Koduri MA, Gangadharan A, Rai AK, Dash D, Basu S, Singh V. Transcriptomic Profiling of Human Limbus-Derived Stromal/Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Novel Mechanistic Insights into the Pathways Involved in Corneal Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158226. [PMID: 35897793 PMCID: PMC9368612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Limbus-derived stromal/mesenchymal stem cells (LMSCs) are vital for corneal homeostasis and wound healing. However, despite multiple pre-clinical and clinical studies reporting the potency of LMSCs in avoiding inflammation and scarring during corneal wound healing, the molecular basis for the ability of LMSCs remains unknown. This study aimed to uncover the factors and pathways involved in LMSC-mediated corneal wound healing by employing RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) in human LMSCs for the first time. We characterized the cultured LMSCs at the stages of initiation (LMSC−P0) and pure population (LMSC−P3) and subjected them to RNA-Seq to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparison to native limbus and cornea, and scleral tissues. Of the 28,000 genes detected, 7800 DEGs were subjected to pathway-specific enrichment Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. These DEGs were involved in Wnt, TGF-β signaling pathways, and 16 other biological processes, including apoptosis, cell motility, tissue remodeling, and stem cell maintenance, etc. Two hundred fifty-four genes were related to wound healing pathways. COL5A1 (11.81 ± 0.48) and TIMP1 (20.44 ± 0.94) genes were exclusively up-regulated in LMSC−P3. Our findings provide new insights involved in LMSC-mediated corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tavakkoli
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India; (F.T.); (M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.B.)
- Center for Genetic Disorders, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
| | - Mukesh Damala
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India; (F.T.); (M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.B.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Madhuri Amulya Koduri
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India; (F.T.); (M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.B.)
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Abhilash Gangadharan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road Campus, New Delhi 110025, India; (A.G.); (D.D.)
| | - Amit K. Rai
- Center for Genetic Disorders, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
| | - Debasis Dash
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road Campus, New Delhi 110025, India; (A.G.); (D.D.)
| | - Sayan Basu
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India; (F.T.); (M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.B.)
- Center for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Vivek Singh
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India; (F.T.); (M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.B.)
- Center for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-40-6810-2286
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Royer SP, Han SJ. Mechanobiology in the Comorbidities of Ehlers Danlos Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:874840. [PMID: 35547807 PMCID: PMC9081723 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.874840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (EDSs) are a group of connective tissue disorders, characterized by skin stretchability, joint hypermobility and instability. Mechanically, various tissues from EDS patients exhibit lowered elastic modulus and lowered ultimate strength. This change in mechanics has been associated with EDS symptoms. However, recent evidence points toward a possibility that the comorbidities of EDS could be also associated with reduced tissue stiffness. In this review, we focus on mast cell activation syndrome and impaired wound healing, comorbidities associated with the classical type (cEDS) and the hypermobile type (hEDS), respectively, and discuss potential mechanobiological pathways involved in the comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina P. Royer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Sangyoon J. Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Sangyoon J. Han,
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10
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Machol K, Polak U, Weisz-Hubshman M, Song IW, Chen S, Jiang MM, Chen-Evenson Y, Weis MAE, Keene DR, Eyre DR, Lee BH. Molecular alterations due to Col5a1 haploinsufficiency in a mouse model of classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:1325-1335. [PMID: 34740257 PMCID: PMC9029232 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Type V collagen is a regulatory fibrillar collagen essential for type I collagen fibril nucleation and organization and its deficiency leads to structurally abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM). Haploinsufficiency of the Col5a1 gene encoding α(1) chain of type V collagen is the primary cause of classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). The mechanisms by which this initial insult leads to the spectrum of clinical presentation are not fully understood. Using transcriptome analysis of skin and Achilles tendons from Col5a1 haploinsufficient (Col5a1+/-) mice, we recognized molecular alterations associated with the tissue phenotypes. We identified dysregulation of ECM components including thrombospondin-1, lysyl oxidase, and lumican in the skin of Col5a1+/- mice when compared with control. We also identified upregulation of transforming growth factor β1 (Tgf-β) in serum and increased expression of pSmad2 in skin from Col5a1+/- mice, suggesting Tgf-β dysregulation is a contributor to abnormal wound healing and atrophic scarring seen in classic EDS. Together, these findings support altered matrix to cell signaling as a component of the pathogenesis of the tissue phenotype in classic EDS and point out potential downstream signaling pathways that may be targeted for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Machol
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Urszula Polak
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Monika Weisz-Hubshman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - I-Wen Song
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming-Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuqing Chen-Evenson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary Ann E Weis
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David R Eyre
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brendan H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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11
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Vroman R, Malfait AM, Miller RE, Malfait F, Syx D. Animal Models of Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes: Phenotype, Pathogenesis, and Translational Potential. Front Genet 2021; 12:726474. [PMID: 34712265 PMCID: PMC8547655 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.726474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of heritable connective tissues disorders mainly characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility and generalized tissue fragility. Currently, 14 EDS subtypes each with particular phenotypic features are recognized and are caused by genetic defects in 20 different genes. All of these genes are involved in the biosynthesis and/or fibrillogenesis of collagens at some level. Although great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular basis of different EDS subtypes, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the observed phenotypes remain poorly understood, and consequentially, adequate treatment and management options for these conditions remain scarce. To date, several animal models, mainly mice and zebrafish, have been described with defects in 14 of the 20 hitherto known EDS-associated genes. These models have been instrumental in discerning the functions and roles of the corresponding proteins during development, maturation and repair and in portraying their roles during collagen biosynthesis and/or fibrillogenesis, for some even before their contribution to an EDS phenotype was elucidated. Additionally, extensive phenotypical characterization of these models has shown that they largely phenocopy their human counterparts, with recapitulation of several clinical hallmarks of the corresponding EDS subtype, including dermatological, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and ocular features, as well as biomechanical and ultrastructural similarities in tissues. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of animal models manifesting phenotypes that mimic EDS with a focus on engineered mouse and zebrafish models, and their relevance in past and future EDS research. Additionally, we briefly discuss domestic animals with naturally occurring EDS phenotypes. Collectively, these animal models have only started to reveal glimpses into the pathophysiological aspects associated with EDS and will undoubtably continue to play critical roles in EDS research due to their tremendous potential for pinpointing (common) signaling pathways, unveiling possible therapeutic targets and providing opportunities for preclinical therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Vroman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Malfait
- Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rachel E. Miller
- Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Fransiska Malfait
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delfien Syx
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Skerrett-Byrne DA, Nixon B, Bromfield EG, Breen J, Trigg NA, Stanger SJ, Bernstein IR, Anderson AL, Lord T, Aitken RJ, Roman SD, Robertson SA, Schjenken JE. Transcriptomic analysis of the seminal vesicle response to the reproductive toxicant acrylamide. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:728. [PMID: 34625024 PMCID: PMC8499523 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The seminal vesicles synthesise bioactive factors that support gamete function, modulate the female reproductive tract to promote implantation, and influence developmental programming of offspring phenotype. Despite the significance of the seminal vesicles in reproduction, their biology remains poorly defined. Here, to advance understanding of seminal vesicle biology, we analyse the mouse seminal vesicle transcriptome under normal physiological conditions and in response to acute exposure to the reproductive toxicant acrylamide. Mice were administered acrylamide (25 mg/kg bw/day) or vehicle control daily for five consecutive days prior to collecting seminal vesicle tissue 72 h following the final injection. RESULTS A total of 15,304 genes were identified in the seminal vesicles with those encoding secreted proteins amongst the most abundant. In addition to reproductive hormone pathways, functional annotation of the seminal vesicle transcriptome identified cell proliferation, protein synthesis, and cellular death and survival pathways as prominent biological processes. Administration of acrylamide elicited 70 differentially regulated (fold-change ≥1.5 or ≤ 0.67) genes, several of which were orthogonally validated using quantitative PCR. Pathways that initiate gene and protein synthesis to promote cellular survival were prominent amongst the dysregulated pathways. Inflammation was also a key transcriptomic response to acrylamide, with the cytokine, Colony stimulating factor 2 (Csf2) identified as a top-ranked upstream driver and inflammatory mediator associated with recovery of homeostasis. Early growth response (Egr1), C-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (Ccl8), and Collagen, type V, alpha 1 (Col5a1) were also identified amongst the dysregulated genes. Additionally, acrylamide treatment led to subtle changes in the expression of genes that encode proteins secreted by the seminal vesicle, including the complement regulator, Complement factor b (Cfb). CONCLUSIONS These data add to emerging evidence demonstrating that the seminal vesicles, like other male reproductive tract tissues, are sensitive to environmental insults, and respond in a manner with potential to exert impact on fetal development and later offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Skerrett-Byrne
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Bromfield
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James Breen
- The Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,South Australian Genomics Centre (SAGC), South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Computational & Systems Biology Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Natalie A Trigg
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Simone J Stanger
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Ilana R Bernstein
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Amanda L Anderson
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Tessa Lord
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - R John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Shaun D Roman
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- The Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - John E Schjenken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
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13
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Tonti OR, Larson H, Lipp SN, Luetkemeyer CM, Makam M, Vargas D, Wilcox SM, Calve S. Tissue-specific parameters for the design of ECM-mimetic biomaterials. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:83-102. [PMID: 33878474 PMCID: PMC8434955 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of biomolecules that mechanically and biochemically directs cell behavior and is crucial for maintaining tissue function and health. The heterogeneous organization and composition of the ECM varies within and between tissue types, directing mechanics, aiding in cell-cell communication, and facilitating tissue assembly and reassembly during development, injury and disease. As technologies like 3D printing rapidly advance, researchers are better able to recapitulate in vivo tissue properties in vitro; however, tissue-specific variations in ECM composition and organization are not given enough consideration. This is in part due to a lack of information regarding how the ECM of many tissues varies in both homeostatic and diseased states. To address this gap, we describe the components and organization of the ECM, and provide examples for different tissues at various states of disease. While many aspects of ECM biology remain unknown, our goal is to highlight the complexity of various tissues and inspire engineers to incorporate unique components of the native ECM into in vitro platform design and fabrication. Ultimately, we anticipate that the use of biomaterials that incorporate key tissue-specific ECM will lead to in vitro models that better emulate human pathologies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterial development primarily emphasizes the engineering of new materials and therapies at the expense of identifying key parameters of the tissue that is being emulated. This can be partially attributed to the difficulty in defining the 3D composition, organization, and mechanics of the ECM within different tissues and how these material properties vary as a function of homeostasis and disease. In this review, we highlight a range of tissues throughout the body and describe how ECM content, cell diversity, and mechanical properties change in diseased tissues and influence cellular behavior. Accurately mimicking the tissue of interest in vitro by using ECM specific to the appropriate state of homeostasis or pathology in vivo will yield results more translatable to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Tonti
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Hannah Larson
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Sarah N Lipp
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Callan M Luetkemeyer
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Megan Makam
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Diego Vargas
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Sean M Wilcox
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Sarah Calve
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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14
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Cultivation of human skin cells under physiological oxygen concentration modulates expression of skin significant genes and response to hydroxy acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 551:161-167. [PMID: 33740623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Physiological oxygen concentration (physioxia) ranges from 1 to 8% in human tissues while many researchers cultivate mammalian cells under an atmospheric concentration of 21% (hyperoxia). Oxygen is one of the significant gases which functions in human cells including energy production in mitochondria, metabolism in peroxidase, and transcription of various genes in company with HIF (Hypoxia-inducible factors) in the nucleus. Thus, mammalian cell culture should be deliberated on the oxygen concentration to mimic in vivo physiology. Here, we studied if the cultivation of human skin cells under physiological conditions could affect skin significant genes in barrier functions and dermal matrix formation. We further examined that some representative active ingredients in dermatology such as glycolic acid, gluconolactone, and salicylic acid work in different ways depending on the oxygen concentration. Taken together, we present the importance of oxygen concentration in skin cell culture for proper screening of novel ingredients as well as the mechanistic study of skin cell regulation.
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15
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Polymorphisms and alterations in gene expression associated with rotator cuff tear and healing following surgical repair: a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2021; 30:200-215. [PMID: 32827653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotator cuff tears (RCTs) are a common cause of shoulder disability, yet both conservative and surgical treatment strategies can lead to poor results in some patient populations. Enhanced understanding of the genetic processes associated with RCTs can assist in the development of more effective management options and help predict individual responses to surgical treatment. This systematic review analyzes the current literature on the genetic footprint associated with RCTs and interprets these findings to enhance the current understanding of RCT pathogenesis, potential treatment regimens, and prognostic biomarkers of outcomes after surgical repair. METHODS A systematic search of the Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science electronic databases was performed. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Emtree index terms were formulated from the concept terms "rotator cuff tear," "genetics," and "human," and synonyms of these concepts were applied to the Web of Science search. Articles were screened against predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eligible studies compared gene expression patterns and genetic polymorphisms between cases (with RCTs) and controls (without RCTs). Quality assessment was performed with studies being rated as high, moderate, or poor quality. A modified best-evidence synthesis was applied, and studies were determined to be of strong, moderate, or limited evidence. RESULTS The search identified 259 articles. Of these studies, 26 were eligible for review. Two studies were considered poor quality; 15 studies, moderate quality; and 9 studies, high quality. Analysis of these articles found that RCTs were associated with alterations in genes that code for the extracellular matrix, cell apoptosis, immune and inflammatory responses, and growth factor pathways. In particular, there was strong evidence of a significant association between RCTs and the genes MMP3, TNC, and ESRRB. Strong evidence of an association between BMP5 upregulation and successful healing after surgical repair was also found. CONCLUSION This review provides strong evidence of an genetic association with RCTs. The genotype and gene expression patterns detailed within this review can assist in deciphering the biological mechanisms resulting in RCTs, as well as predicting an individual's response to surgical repair. Future research could investigate whether manipulating these genes-or their associated signaling pathways-could assist in RCT healing and whether genetic biomarkers could be used clinically to predict patient outcomes after surgical repair of RCTs.
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16
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Bariatric Surgery is feasible in patients with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2020; 16:1328-1331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Gomes T, Baqueiro P, Oliveira C, Alves R, Lordelo P. Microneedling on the external female genitalia's flaccidity in patients with Ehlers-Danlos: Case report. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:1336-1341. [PMID: 30729679 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) can presentis a reduction in fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. Microneedling a minimally invasive technique that through mechanical stimulus there is incentive to the production of collagen and elastin. OBJECTIVE Present a case study in a patient with EDS complaining of flaccidity on large genital labia, using microneedling as a therapeutic proposal. METHODOLOGY A 36-year-old female with EDS type III. The external genitalia showed tissue flaccidity associated with hyperchromia. Microneedling was performed with 0.5 mm needles and the cosmetology was used soon after the application. The level of pain was questioned to the patient through a Likert scale. The clinical response to treatment was evaluated through self-report, visual analogue scale and analysis of photographic images. Five other people evaluated the results through before and after images. RESULTS Microneedle was shown to be bearable in relation to pain and associated with cosmetology for tissue flaccidity due to EDS in the genital region proved to be very satisfactory for the patient, as well individuals who evaluated the comparative image. CONCLUSION Microneedle associated with cosmetology may be a new option for studies on skin flaccidity treatments on individuals with EDS and for treatments of genital hyperchromias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tâmara Gomes
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
- Pelvic Floor Care Center, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Baqueiro
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
- Pelvic Floor Care Center, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Caroline Oliveira
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
- Pelvic Floor Care Center, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rafael Alves
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
- Pelvic Floor Care Center, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Lordelo
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
- Pelvic Floor Care Center, Salvador, Brazil
- Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Identification of Two Independent COL5A1 Variants in Dogs with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100731. [PMID: 31546637 PMCID: PMC6826881 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders affecting connective tissues. The mutations causing the various forms of EDS in humans are well characterized, but the genetic mutations causing EDS-like clinical pathology in dogs are not known, thus hampering accurate clinical diagnosis. Clinical analysis of two independent cases of skin hyperextensibility and fragility, one with pronounced joint hypermobility was suggestive of EDS. Whole-genome sequencing revealed de novo mutations of COL5A1 in both cases, confirming the diagnosis of the classical form of EDS. The heterozygous COL5A1 p.Gly1013ValfsTer260 mutation characterized in case 1 introduced a premature termination codon and would be expected to result in α1(V) mRNA nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and collagen V haploinsufficiency. While mRNA was not available from this dog, ultrastructural analysis of the dermis demonstrated variability in collagen fibril diameter and the presence of collagen aggregates, termed ‘collagen cauliflowers’, consistent with COL5A1 mutations underlying classical EDS. In the second case, DNA sequencing demonstrated a p.Gly1571Arg missense variant in the COL5A1 gene. While samples were not available for further analysis, such a glycine substitution would be expected to destabilize the strict molecular structure of the collagen V triple helix and thus affect protein stability and/or integration of the mutant collagen into the collagen V/collagen I heterotypic dermal fibrils. This is the first report of genetic variants in the COL5A1 gene causing the clinical presentation of EDS in dogs. These data provided further evidence of the important role of collagen V in dermal collagen fibrillogenesis. Importantly, from the clinical perspective, we showed the utility of DNA sequencing, combined with the established clinical criteria, in the accurate diagnosis of EDS in dogs.
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19
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Chiarelli N, Ritelli M, Zoppi N, Colombi M. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Classical, Vascular, and Hypermobile Ehlers‒Danlos Syndromes. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E609. [PMID: 31409039 PMCID: PMC6723307 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ehlers‒Danlos syndromes (EDS) constitute a heterogenous group of connective tissue disorders characterized by joint hypermobility, skin abnormalities, and vascular fragility. The latest nosology recognizes 13 types caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding collagens and other molecules involved in collagen processing and extracellular matrix (ECM) biology. Classical (cEDS), vascular (vEDS), and hypermobile (hEDS) EDS are the most frequent types. cEDS and vEDS are caused respectively by defects in collagen V and collagen III, whereas the molecular basis of hEDS is unknown. For these disorders, the molecular pathology remains poorly studied. Herein, we review, expand, and compare our previous transcriptome and protein studies on dermal fibroblasts from cEDS, vEDS, and hEDS patients, offering insights and perspectives in their molecular mechanisms. These cells, though sharing a pathological ECM remodeling, show differences in the underlying pathomechanisms. In cEDS and vEDS fibroblasts, key processes such as collagen biosynthesis/processing, protein folding quality control, endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, autophagy, and wound healing are perturbed. In hEDS cells, gene expression changes related to cell-matrix interactions, inflammatory/pain responses, and acquisition of an in vitro pro-inflammatory myofibroblast-like phenotype may contribute to the complex pathogenesis of the disorder. Finally, emerging findings from miRNA profiling of hEDS fibroblasts are discussed to add some novel biological aspects about hEDS etiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Chiarelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Ritelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Zoppi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Colombi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy.
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20
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Chiarelli N, Carini G, Zoppi N, Ritelli M, Colombi M. Molecular insights in the pathogenesis of classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome from transcriptome-wide expression profiling of patients' skin fibroblasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211647. [PMID: 30716086 PMCID: PMC6361458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (cEDS) is a dominant inherited connective tissue disorder mainly caused by mutations in the COL5A1 and COL5A2 genes encoding type V collagen (COLLV), which is a fibrillar COLL widely distributed in a variety of connective tissues. cEDS patients suffer from skin hyperextensibility, abnormal wound healing/atrophic scars, and joint hypermobility. Most of the causative variants result in a non-functional COL5A1 allele and COLLV haploinsufficiency, whilst COL5A2 mutations affect its structural integrity. To shed light into disease mechanisms involved in cEDS, we performed gene expression profiling in skin fibroblasts from four patients harboring haploinsufficient and structural mutations in both disease genes. Transcriptome profiling revealed significant changes in the expression levels of different extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes, such as SPP1, POSTN, EDIL3, IGFBP2, and C3, which encode both matricellular and soluble proteins that are mainly involved in cell proliferation and migration, and cutaneous wound healing. These gene expression changes are consistent with our previous protein findings on in vitro fibroblasts from other cEDS patients, which exhibited reduced migration and poor wound repair owing to COLLV disorganization, altered deposition of fibronectin into ECM, and an abnormal integrin pattern. Microarray analysis also indicated the decreased expression of DNAJB7, VIPAS39, CCPG1, ATG10, SVIP, which encode molecular chaperones facilitating protein folding, enzymes regulating post-Golgi COLLs processing, and proteins acting as cargo receptors required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis and implicated in the autophagy process. Patients’ cells also showed altered mRNA levels of many cell cycle regulating genes including CCNE2, KIF4A, MKI67, DTL, and DDIAS. Protein studies showed that aberrant COLLV expression causes the disassembly of itself and many structural ECM constituents including COLLI, COLLIII, fibronectin, and fibrillins. Our findings provide the first molecular evidence of significant gene expression changes in cEDS skin fibroblasts highlighting that defective ECM remodeling, ER homeostasis and autophagy might play a role in the pathogenesis of this connective tissue disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Chiarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Carini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Zoppi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Ritelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Colombi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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21
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Rousselle P, Montmasson M, Garnier C. Extracellular matrix contribution to skin wound re-epithelialization. Matrix Biol 2018; 75-76:12-26. [PMID: 29330022 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of skin to act as a barrier is primarily determined by cells that maintain the continuity and integrity of skin and restore it after injury. Cutaneous wound healing in adult mammals is a complex multi-step process that involves overlapping stages of blood clot formation, inflammation, re-epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, neovascularization, and remodeling. Under favorable conditions, epidermal regeneration begins within hours after injury and takes several days until the epithelial surface is intact due to reorganization of the basement membrane. Regeneration relies on numerous signaling cues and on multiple cellular processes that take place both within the epidermis and in other participating tissues. A variety of modulators are involved, including growth factors, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, cellular receptors, and extracellular matrix components. Here we focus on the involvement of the extracellular matrix proteins that impact epidermal regeneration during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS - Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, F-69367, France.
| | - Marine Montmasson
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS - Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, F-69367, France
| | - Cécile Garnier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS - Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, F-69367, France
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22
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Johnston JM, Connizzo BK, Shetye SS, Robinson KA, Huegel J, Rodriguez AB, Sun M, Adams SM, Birk DE, Soslowsky LJ. Collagen V haploinsufficiency in a murine model of classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is associated with deficient structural and mechanical healing in tendons. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2707-2715. [PMID: 28387435 PMCID: PMC5632109 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) patients suffer from connective tissue hyperelasticity, joint instability, skin hyperextensibility, tissue fragility, and poor wound healing due to heterozygous mutations in COL5a1 or COL5a2 genes. This study investigated the roles of collagen V in establishing structure and function in uninjured patellar tendons as well as in the injury response using a Col5a1+/- mouse, a model for classic EDS. These analyses were done comparing tendons from a classic EDS model (Col5a1+/- ) with wild-type controls. Tendons were subjected to mechanical testing, histological, and fibril analysis before injury as well as 3 and 6 weeks after injury. We found that Col5a1+/- tendons demonstrated diminished recovery of mechanical competency after injury as compared to normal wild-type tendons, which recovered their pre-injury values by 6 weeks post injury. Additionally, the Col5a1+/- tendons demonstrated altered fibril morphology and diameter distributions compared to the wild-type tendons. This study indicates that collagen V plays an important role in regulating collagen fibrillogenesis and the associated recovery of mechanical integrity in tendons after injury. In addition, the dysregulation with decreased collagen V expression in EDS is associated with a diminished injury response. The results presented herein have the potential to direct future targeted therapeutics for classic EDS patients. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2707-2715, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Johnston
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brianne K. Connizzo
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Snehal S. Shetye
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelsey A. Robinson
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julianne Huegel
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashley B. Rodriguez
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mei Sun
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sheila M. Adams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - David E. Birk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Louis J. Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Park AC, Phan N, Massoudi D, Liu Z, Kernien JF, Adams SM, Davidson JM, Birk DE, Liu B, Greenspan DS. Deficits in Col5a2 Expression Result in Novel Skin and Adipose Abnormalities and Predisposition to Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2300-2311. [PMID: 28734943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (cEDS) is characterized by fragile, hyperextensible skin and hypermobile joints. cEDS can be caused by heterozygosity for missense mutations in genes COL5A2 and COL5A1, which encode the α2(V) and α1(V) chains, respectively, of collagen V, and is most often caused by COL5A1 null alleles. However, COL5A2 null alleles have yet to be associated with cEDS or other human pathologies. We previously showed that mice homozygous null for the α2(V) gene Col5a2 are early embryonic lethal, whereas haploinsufficiency caused aberrancies of adult skin, but not a frank cEDS-like phenotype, as skin hyperextensibility at low strain and dermal cauliflower-contoured collagen fibril aggregates, two cEDS hallmarks, were absent. Herein, we show that ubiquitous postnatal Col5a2 knockdown results in pathognomonic dermal cauliflower-contoured collagen fibril aggregates, but absence of skin hyperextensibility, demonstrating these cEDS hallmarks to arise separately from loss of collagen V roles in control of collagen fibril growth and nucleation events, respectively. Col5a2 knockdown also led to loss of dermal white adipose tissue (WAT) and markedly decreased abdominal WAT that was characterized by miniadipocytes and increased collagen deposition, suggesting α2(V) to be important to WAT development/maintenance. More important, Col5a2 haploinsufficiency markedly increased the incidence and severity of abdominal aortic aneurysms, and caused aortic arch ruptures and dissections, indicating that α2(V) chain deficits may play roles in these pathologies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arick C Park
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Noel Phan
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dawiyat Massoudi
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - John F Kernien
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sheila M Adams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jeffrey M Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David E Birk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel S Greenspan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
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