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Yang L, Zhang Z, Wang D, Jiang Y, Liu Y. Targeting mTOR Signaling in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Complications. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:692-710. [PMID: 35021971 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220111115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a pivotal regulator of cell metabolism and growth. In the form of two different multi-protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, mTOR integrates cellular energy, nutrient and hormonal signals to regulate cellular metabolic homeostasis. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) aberrant mTOR signaling underlies its pathological conditions and end-organ complications. Substantial evidence suggests that two mTOR-mediated signaling schemes, mTORC1-p70S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and mTORC2-protein kinase B (AKT), play a critical role in insulin sensitivity and that their dysfunction contributes to development of T2DM. This review summaries our current understanding of the role of mTOR signaling in T2DM and its associated complications, as well as the potential use of mTOR inhibitors in treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Doudou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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Jaikumkao K, Promsan S, Thongnak L, Swe MT, Tapanya M, Htun KT, Kothan S, Intachai N, Lungkaphin A. Dapagliflozin ameliorates pancreatic injury and activates kidney autophagy by modulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in obese rats. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6424-6440. [PMID: 33559163 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic consumption of a high-fat diet induces obesity and impairs the ultra-structure of organs and tissues. We examined the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor-dapagliflozin on renal and pancreatic injuries in obese condition. Rats were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce obesity. After that, dapagliflozin or vildagliptin, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg/day, respectively, was administered by oral gavage for 4 weeks. The effects of dapagliflozin on insulin resistance, kidney autophagy, pancreatic oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in high-fat diet-induced obese rats were elucidated. High-fat-diet fed rats demonstrated metabolic abnormalities including increased body weight, visceral fat weight, plasma insulin, plasma cholesterol, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, and TAUCg, indicating the obese-insulin resistant and glucose intolerance conditions. Also, high-fat-diet fed rats exhibited significant pancreatic injury accompanied by decreased kidney autophagy. Dapagliflozin or vildagliptin treatment for 4 weeks ameliorated pancreatic oxidative stress, ER stress, inflammation, and apoptosis and restored kidney autophagy in obese rats. Moreover, the morphology changes of the pancreas and kidney were improved in the treated groups. Interestingly, dapagliflozin showed higher efficacy than vildagliptin in improving body weight, visceral fat weight, plasma cholesterol level, and pancreatic oxidative stress in our model. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that the therapeutic effects of dapagliflozin attenuated pancreatic injury, pancreatic oxidative stress, ER stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and exerted renoprotective effects by restoring autophagic signaling in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krit Jaikumkao
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Center of Radiation Research and Medical Imaging, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sasivimon Promsan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Laongdao Thongnak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Myat T Swe
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Monruedee Tapanya
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Khin T Htun
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suchart Kothan
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Center of Radiation Research and Medical Imaging, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nuttawadee Intachai
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Lungkaphin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Zhao XC, Livingston MJ, Liang XL, Dong Z. Cell Apoptosis and Autophagy in Renal Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:557-584. [PMID: 31399985 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the final common pathway of all chronic kidney diseases progressing to end-stage renal diseases. Autophagy, a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, plays important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis in all major types of kidney cells including renal tubular cells as well as podocytes, mesangial cells and endothelial cells in glomeruli. Autophagy dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of various renal pathologies. Here, we analyze the pathological role and regulation of autophagy in renal fibrosis and related kidney diseases in both glomeruli and tubulointerstitial compartments. Further research is expected to gain significant mechanistic insights and discover pathway-specific and kidney-selective therapies targeting autophagy to prevent renal fibrosis and related kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Chen Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man J Livingston
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xin-Ling Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Sivertsson E, Friederich-Persson M, Öberg CM, Fasching A, Hansell P, Rippe B, Palm F. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin decreases intrarenal oxygen availability and alters glomerular permeability. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F864-F872. [PMID: 28971989 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00033.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased kidney oxygen consumption causing tissue hypoxia has been suggested to be a common pathway toward chronic kidney disease. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates cell proliferation and mitochondrial function. mTOR inhibitors (e.g., rapamycin) are used clinically to prevent graft rejection. mTOR has been identified as a key player in diabetes, which has stimulated the use of mTOR inhibitors to counter diabetic nephropathy. However, the effect of mTOR inhibition on kidney oxygen consumption is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of mTOR inhibition on in vivo kidney function, oxygen homeostasis, and glomerular permeability. Control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were chronically treated with rapamycin, and the functional consequences were studied 14 days thereafter. In both groups, mTOR inhibition induced mitochondrial uncoupling, resulting in increased total kidney oxygen consumption and decreased intrarenal oxygen availability. Concomitantly, mTOR inhibition induced tubular injury, as estimated from urinary excretion of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and reduced urinary protein excretion. The latter corresponded to reduced sieving coefficient for large molecules. In conclusion, mTOR inhibition induces mitochondrial dysfunction leading to decreased oxygen availability in normal and diabetic kidneys, which translates into increased KIM-1 in the urine. Reduced proteinuria after mTOR inhibition is an effect of reduced glomerular permeability for large molecules. Since hypoxia has been suggested as a common pathway in the development of chronic kidney disease, mTOR inhibition to patients with preexisting nephropathy should be used with caution, since it may accelerate the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Sivertsson
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Malou Friederich-Persson
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Carl M Öberg
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Angelica Fasching
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Peter Hansell
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Bengt Rippe
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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Yi YH, Yang Z, Han YW, Huai J. Effects of Rapamycin on Clinical Manifestations and Blood Lipid Parameters in Different Preeclampsia-like Mouse Models. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:1033-1041. [PMID: 28469097 PMCID: PMC5421172 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.204924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The pathogenesis of some types of preeclampsia is related to fatty acid oxidation disorders. Rapamycin can regulate fatty acid metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rapamycin on the clinical manifestations and blood lipid parameters in different preeclampsia-like mouse models. Methods: Two preeclampsia-like mouse models and a control group were established: L-NA (injected with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), LPS (injected with lipopolysaccharide), and the control group with normal saline (NS). The mouse models were established at preimplantation (PI), early- and late-pregnancy (EP, LP) according to the time of pregnancy. The administration of rapamycin (RA; L-NA+RA, LPS+RA, and NS+RA) or vehicle as controls (C; L-NA+C, LPS+C, NS+C) were followed on the 2nd day after the mouse models’ establishment. Each subgroup consisted of eight pregnant mice. The mean arterial pressure (MAP), 24-h urinary protein, blood lipid, fetus, and placental weight were measured. The histopathological changes and lipid deposition of the liver and placenta were observed. Student's t-test was used for comparing two groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used for blood pressure analysis. Qualitative data were compared by Chi-square test. Results: The MAP and 24-h urinary protein in the PI, EP, and LP subgroups of the L-NA+C and LPS+C groups were significantly higher compared with the respective variables in the NS+C group (P < 0.05). The preeclampsia-like mouse models were established successfully. There was no significant difference in the MAP between the PI, EP, and LP subgroups of the L-NA+RA and L-NA+C groups and the LPS+RA and LPS+C groups. The 24-h urine protein levels in the PI and EP subgroups of the L-NA+RA group were significantly lower compared with the respective levels in the L-NA+C groups (1037 ± 63 vs. 2127 ± 593 μg; 976 ± 42 vs. 1238 ± 72 μg; both P < 0.05), also this effect appeared similar in the PI and EP subgroups of the LPS+RA and LPS+C groups (1022 ± 246 vs. 2141 ± 432 μg; 951 ± 41 vs. 1308 ± 30 μg; both P < 0.05). The levels of serum-free fatty acid (FFA) in the PI and EP subgroups of the L-NA+RA groups were significantly lower compared with the respective levels in the L-NA+C group (2.49 ± 0.44 vs. 3.30 ± 0.18 mEq/L; 2.23 ± 0.29 vs. 2.84 ± 0.14 mEq/L; both P < 0.05). The levels of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol in the PI subgroup of the L-NA+RA group were significantly lower compared with the respective levels in the L-NA+C (1.51 ± 0.16 vs. 2.41 ± 0.37 mmol/L; 2.11 ± 0.17 vs. 2.47 ± 0.26 mmol/L; both P < 0.05), whereas high-density lipoprotein serum concentration was significantly higher (1.22 ± 0.19 vs. 0.87 ± 0.15 mmol/L; P < 0.05) and low-density lipoprotein serum concentration did not exhibit a significant difference. There were no significant differences in the FFA of the PI, EP, and LP subgroups between the LPS+RA and the LPS+C groups. The levels of TG in the PI subgroup of the LPS+RA group were significantly lower compared with the respective levels in the LPS+C group (0.97 ± 0.05 vs. 1.22 ± 0.08 mmol/L; P < 0.05). Conclusion: Rapamycin can improve clinical manifestations and blood lipid profile in part of the preeclampsia-like mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zi Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi-Wei Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Huai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Yang D, Livingston MJ, Liu Z, Dong G, Zhang M, Chen JK, Dong Z. Autophagy in diabetic kidney disease: regulation, pathological role and therapeutic potential. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:669-688. [PMID: 28871310 PMCID: PMC5771948 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease, a leading cause of end-stage renal disease, has become a serious public health problem worldwide and lacks effective therapies. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that removes protein aggregates and damaged organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. As important stress-responsive machinery, autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Emerging evidence has suggested that dysregulated autophagy may contribute to both glomerular and tubulointerstitial pathologies in kidneys under diabetic conditions. This review summarizes the recent findings regarding the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease and highlights the regulation of autophagy by the nutrient-sensing pathways and intracellular stress signaling in this disease. The advances in our understanding of autophagy in diabetic kidney disease will facilitate the discovery of a new therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of this life-threatening diabetes complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Man J Livingston
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guie Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jian-Kang Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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