1
|
Lindahl OA, Bäcklund T, Ramser K, Liv P, Ljungberg B, Bergh A. A tactile resonance sensor for prostate cancer detection - evaluation on human prostate tissue. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 7. [PMID: 33588385 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/abe681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer surgery risks erectile problems and incontinence for the patient. An instrument for guiding surgeons to avoid nerve bundle damage and ensure complete cancer removal is desirable. We present a tactile resonance sensor made of PZT ceramics, mounted in a 3D motorized translation stage for scanning and measuring tissue stiffness for detecting cancer in human prostate. The sensor may be used during surgery for guidance, scanning the prostate surface for the presence of cancer, indicating migration of cancer cells into surrounding tissue. Ten fresh prostates, obtained from patients undergoing prostate cancer surgery, were cut into 0.5 cm thick slices. Each slice was measured for tissue stiffness at about 25 different sites and compared to histology for validation cancer prediction by stiffness. The statistical analysis was based on a total of 148 sites with non-cancer and 40 sites with cancer. Using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), the stiffness data predicted cancer with an area under the curve of 0.74, after correcting for overfitting using bootstrap validation. Mean prostate stiffness on the logarithmic scale (p = 0.015) and standardized Z-scores (p = 0.025) were both significant predictors of cancer. This study concludes that stiffness measured by the tactile resonance sensor is a significant predictor of prostate cancer with potential for future development towards a clinical instrument for surgical guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olof Anton Lindahl
- Radiation Sciences, Umeå Universitet Medicinska fakulteten, Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics/Biomedical Engineering, Umea, 901 87, SWEDEN
| | - Tomas Bäcklund
- Biomedical Engineering, Umea University Department of Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics/Biomedical Engineering, Umea, 901 87, SWEDEN
| | - Kerstin Ramser
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå Tekniska Universitet Fastelaboratoriet, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Lulea, 97187, SWEDEN
| | - Per Liv
- Umeå Universitet Medicinska fakulteten, Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable health, Umea, 90185, SWEDEN
| | - Börje Ljungberg
- Umeå Universitet Medicinska fakulteten, Surgical and Perioperative sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umea, 901 85, SWEDEN
| | - Anders Bergh
- Umeå Universitet Medicinska fakulteten, Medical Bioscience, Pathology, Umea, 90185, SWEDEN
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qian Y, Salehian A, Han SW, Kwon HJ. Design and analysis of an ultrasonic tactile sensor using electro-mechanical analogy. ULTRASONICS 2020; 105:106129. [PMID: 32208208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposed a hybrid design approach of a vibro-concentrator, a vital component of an ultrasonic tactile sensor, by using electro-mechanical analogy. Lab experiments on soft materials with elastic modulus from 14 kPa to 150 kPa were conducted using the tactile sensor installed with the vibro-concentrator to verify the performance of the design. Various mechanical and electrical parameters, such as resonance frequency shift and equivalent conductance, were discussed, focusing on their feasibility as new stiffness indicators. As a variant of tactile sensors, ultrasonic tactile sensors have the advantage of high sensitivity and minimal contact with the object over traditional tactile sensors based on force-displacement principle. They detect the changes in mechanical vibration characteristics, mostly resonance frequency shift of the sensor, as an indicator of the mechanical properties of the object. A vibro-concentrator has been frequently adopted to improve the performance an ultrasonic tactile sensor, but its design has yet been systematically considered. We propose a hybrid design approach based on electro-mechanical analogy for both mechanical and electrical analyses. Mechanically, impedance analogy was adopted to design an ultrasonic vibration concentrator for the sensor to localize the contact and reinforce the vibration behavior at ~40 kHz. Electrically, we used mobility analogy to derive electrical parameters from the tactile sensing tests in lab environment. The competence of the design was demonstrated by mechanical and electrical characteristic tests. By investigating various electrical parameters from tactile sensing tests, the equivalent conductance determined by the electro-mechanical analysis was found to have almost perfectly linear relationship (R2 = 0.9998) with the samples' elastic modulus ranging from 10 kPa to 70 kPa, and showed its potential as a new stiffness indicator for soft materials. Further analyses suggested that the electrically determined series resonance frequency shift, parallel resonance frequency shift, and maximum phase angle frequency shift also had excellent linearities (R2 = 0.9947, 0.9842, and 0.9935, respectively) with sample's modulus and can be considered as indicator candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Armaghan Salehian
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Shinhan University, 95 Hoam-ro, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do 480-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyock-Ju Kwon
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Auner GW, Koya SK, Huang C, Broadbent B, Trexler M, Auner Z, Elias A, Mehne KC, Brusatori MA. Applications of Raman spectroscopy in cancer diagnosis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 37:691-717. [PMID: 30569241 PMCID: PMC6514064 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel approaches toward understanding the evolution of disease can lead to the discovery of biomarkers that will enable better management of disease progression and improve prognostic evaluation. Raman spectroscopy is a promising investigative and diagnostic tool that can assist in uncovering the molecular basis of disease and provide objective, quantifiable molecular information for diagnosis and treatment evaluation. This technique probes molecular vibrations/rotations associated with chemical bonds in a sample to obtain information on molecular structure, composition, and intermolecular interactions. Raman scattering occurs when light interacts with a molecular vibration/rotation and a change in polarizability takes place during molecular motion. This results in light being scattered at an optical frequency shifted (up or down) from the incident light. By monitoring the intensity profile of the inelastically scattered light as a function of frequency, the unique spectroscopic fingerprint of a tissue sample is obtained. Since each sample has a unique composition, the spectroscopic profile arising from Raman-active functional groups of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates allows for the evaluation, characterization, and discrimination of tissue type. This review provides an overview of the theory of Raman spectroscopy, instrumentation used for measurement, and variation of Raman spectroscopic techniques for clinical applications in cancer, including detection of brain, ovarian, breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers and circulating tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Auner
- Michael and Marian Ilitch Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit Institute of Ophthalmology, Grosse Pointe Park, MI, 48230, USA.
| | - S Kiran Koya
- Michael and Marian Ilitch Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Changhe Huang
- Michael and Marian Ilitch Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Brandy Broadbent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Micaela Trexler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Zachary Auner
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Angela Elias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Katlyn Curtin Mehne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Michelle A Brusatori
- Michael and Marian Ilitch Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aubertin K, Trinh VQ, Jermyn M, Baksic P, Grosset AA, Desroches J, St-Arnaud K, Birlea M, Vladoiu MC, Latour M, Albadine R, Saad F, Leblond F, Trudel D. Mesoscopic characterization of prostate cancer using Raman spectroscopy: potential for diagnostics and therapeutics. BJU Int 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Aubertin
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Vincent Quoc Trinh
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Pathology; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology; University of Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Department of Engineering Physics; Polytechnique Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Thayer School of Engineering; Dartmouth College; Hanover NH USA
| | - Paul Baksic
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Télécom Physique Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Andrée-Anne Grosset
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology; University of Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Joannie Desroches
- Department of Engineering Physics; Polytechnique Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Karl St-Arnaud
- Department of Engineering Physics; Polytechnique Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Mirela Birlea
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Maria Claudia Vladoiu
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Mathieu Latour
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Pathology; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology; University of Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Roula Albadine
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Pathology; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology; University of Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Division of Urology; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Surgery; Université de Montréal; Montréal QC Canada
| | - Frédéric Leblond
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics; Polytechnique Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Dominique Trudel
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Pathology; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology; University of Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Åstrand AP, Andersson BM, Jalkanen V, Ljungberg B, Bergh A, Lindahl OA. Prostate Cancer Detection with a Tactile Resonance Sensor-Measurement Considerations and Clinical Setup. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112453. [PMID: 29072592 PMCID: PMC5713103 DOI: 10.3390/s17112453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumors in the human prostate are usually stiffer compared to surrounding non-malignant glandular tissue, and tactile resonance sensors measuring stiffness can be used to detect prostate cancer. To explore this further, we used a tactile resonance sensor system combined with a rotatable sample holder where whole surgically removed prostates could be attached to detect tumors on, and beneath, the surface ex vivo. Model studies on tissue phantoms made of silicone and porcine tissue were performed. Finally, two resected human prostate glands were studied. Embedded stiff silicone inclusions placed 4 mm under the surface could be detected in both the silicone and biological tissue models, with a sensor indentation of 0.6 mm. Areas with different amounts of prostate cancer (PCa) could be distinguished from normal tissue (p < 0.05), when the tumor was located in the anterior part, whereas small tumors located in the dorsal aspect were undetected. The study indicates that PCa may be detected in a whole resected prostate with an uneven surface and through its capsule. This is promising for the development of a clinically useful instrument to detect prostate cancer during surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders P Åstrand
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Britt M Andersson
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ville Jalkanen
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Börje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Olof A Lindahl
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stevens O, Iping Petterson IE, Day JCC, Stone N. Developing fibre optic Raman probes for applications in clinical spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1919-34. [PMID: 26956027 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00850f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been shown by various groups over the last two decades to have significant capability in discriminating disease states in bodily fluids, cells and tissues. Recent development in instrumentation, optics and manufacturing approaches has facilitated the design and demonstration of various novel in vivo probes, which have applicability for myriad of applications. This review focusses on key considerations and recommendations for application specific clinical Raman probe design and construction. Raman probes can be utilised as clinical tools able to provide rapid, non-invasive, real-time molecular analysis of disease specific changes in tissues. Clearly the target tissue location, the significance of spectral changes with disease and the possible access routes to the region of interest will vary for each clinical application considered. This review provides insight into design and construction considerations, including suitable probe designs and manufacturing materials compatible with Raman spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stevens
- Biomedical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QL, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|