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Boscolo O, Flor S, Salvo L, Dobrecky C, Höcht C, Tripodi V, Moretton M, Lucangioli S. Formulation and Characterization of Ursodeoxycholic Acid Nanosuspension Based on Bottom-Up Technology and Box-Behnken Design Optimization. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2037. [PMID: 37631251 PMCID: PMC10458560 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a therapeutic agent used for the treatment of cholestatic hepatobiliary diseases in pediatric patients. It is a bile acid that presents high lipophilicity, and it belongs to Class II of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), which exhibits low water solubility and high intestinal permeability, which leads to poor oral absorption. The objective of this work was to design and optimize UDCA nanosuspensions by means of the precipitation-ultrasonication method to improve the solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability of UDCA. METHODS A three-level, three-factor Box-Behnken design was used to optimize formulation variables and obtain uniform, small-particle-size UDCA nanosuspensions. The independent variables were: stabilizer percentage (X1), amplitude (X2), and sonication time (X3), and the dependent variable was the particle size (Y1). In the precipitation-ultrasonication method, UDCA was dissolved in acetone:PEG 400 (1:1 v/v) and quickly incorporated into the antisolvent (pre-cooled aqueous dispersion of HPMC E-15 0.3%), by means of intense sonication at 50 W for 5 min, controlling temperature through an ice water bath. The lyophilization efficacy was evaluated by means of a cryoprotective efficacy test, working with 10% maltose at -80 °C. The nanosuspensions were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical stability was determined at 25 °C and 4 °C at 7, 14, 30, and 60 days, and the UDCA content was analyzed via HPLC-UV. An in vitro dissolution assay and an oral bioavailability study were performed in male Wistar rats. RESULTS A significant impact was achieved in the optimized nanosuspension with 0.3% (stabilizer), 50 W (amplitude), and 5 min (sonication time), with a particle size of 352.4 nm, PDI of 0.11, and zeta potential of -4.30 mV. It presented adequate physicochemical stability throughout the study and the UDCA content was between 90% and 110%. In total, 86% of UDCA was dissolved in the in vitro dissolution test. The relative oral bioavailability was similar without significant statistical differences when comparing the lyophilized nanosuspension and the commercial tablet, the latter presenting a more erratic behavior. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the nanosuspension and the commercial tablet were Tmax (1.0 ± 0.9 h vs. 2.0 ± 0.8 h, respectively), Cmax (0.558 ± 0.118 vs. 0.366 ± 0.113 µM, respectively), ΔCmax (0.309 ± 0.099 vs. 0.232 ± 0.056, respectively), AUC (4.326 ± 0.471 vs. 2.188 ± 0.353 µg/mL.h, respectively, p < 0.02), and IAUC0-24h (2.261 ± 0.187 µg/mL.h vs. 1.924 ± 0.440 µg/mL.h, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The developed nanosuspension presents an appropriate dosage and administration for pediatric patients. On the other hand, it exhibits an adequate absorption and UDCA oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Boscolo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (O.B.); (S.F.); (L.S.); (C.D.); (M.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Flor
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (O.B.); (S.F.); (L.S.); (C.D.); (M.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Leandro Salvo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (O.B.); (S.F.); (L.S.); (C.D.); (M.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
| | - Cecilia Dobrecky
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (O.B.); (S.F.); (L.S.); (C.D.); (M.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacología, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Christian Höcht
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacología, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Valeria Tripodi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Marcela Moretton
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (O.B.); (S.F.); (L.S.); (C.D.); (M.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Silvia Lucangioli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (O.B.); (S.F.); (L.S.); (C.D.); (M.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
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Nano-enabled agglomerates and compact: Design aspects of challenges. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100794. [PMID: 37035131 PMCID: PMC10074506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale medicine confers passive and active targeting potential. The development of nanomedicine is however met with processing, handling and administration hurdles. Excessive solid nanoparticle aggregation and caking result in low product yield, poor particle flowability and inefficient drug administration. These are overcome by converting the nanoparticles into a microscale dosage form via agglomeration or compaction techniques. Agglomeration and compaction nonetheless predispose the nanoparticles to risks of losing their nanogeometry, surface composition or chemistry being altered and negating biological performance. This study reviews risk factors faced during agglomeration and compaction that could result in these changes to nanoparticles. The potential risk factors pertain to materials choice in nanoparticle and microscale dosage form development, and their interplay effects with process temperature, physical forces and environmental stresses. To render the physicochemical and biological behaviour of the nanoparticles unaffected by agglomeration or compaction, modes to modulate the interplay effects of material and formulation with processing and environment variables are discussed.
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Bartkowiak A, Matyszewska D, Krzak A, Zaborowska M, Broniatowski M, Bilewicz R. Incorporation of simvastatin into lipid membranes: Why deliver a statin in form of inclusion complex with hydrophilic cyclodextrin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 204:111784. [PMID: 33984617 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effects of simvastatin (SIM), (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and their complex (SIM:HPβCD) on the structure and properties of lipid membranes were investigated for the first time by Langmuir technique combined with PM-IRRAS spectroscopy. An improved understanding of the differences of the interactions between free SIM, and SIM in the form of an inclusion complex with HPβCD with the lipid membrane will improve the development of preparation methods for in vivo applications. Monolayers of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), cholesterol (Chol) and their mixture DMPC:Chol (7:3) served as simple models of one leaflet of the cell membrane. The penetration of well-organized lipid layers by simvastatin lead to their fluidization but the extent of this unwanted effect was smaller when the drug was delivered in the form of the SIM:HPβCD complex. Surface pressure vs. time dependencies showed that the drug encapsulated with cyclodextrin dissociated from the complex upon contact with the lipid layer and the weak interactions between the exterior polar part of the HPβCD and the polar headgroups of the lipid layer facilitated smooth incorporation of the released lipophilic drug into the membrane. At a longer time-scale, the HPβCD ligand released from the complex removed some cholesterol, but not DMPC, from the lipid layer, hence, similarly to the enzyme inhibiting action of statins - it lead to the decrease of the amount of cholesterol in the membrane. Delivery of simvastatin in the form of an inclusion complex with HPβCD is proposed as an approach improving its bioavailability in the cholesterol-lowering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Matyszewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Krzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Broniatowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Bilewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
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Nishio M, Tagami T, Taki M, Ozeki T. Effective spray drying technique to prepare nanocomposite particles by preventing the growth of needle-like simvastatin crystal. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gulsun T, Borna SE, Vural I, Sahin S. Preparation and characterization of furosemide nanosuspensions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Han J, Wang X, Wang J, Wang L, Chen L, Li J, Li W. Quality-by-Design approach to the fluid-bed coating of ginkgo lactone nanosuspensions. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22136-22145. [PMID: 35541751 PMCID: PMC9081174 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03288b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach was employed to investigate the fluid-bed coating process for the conversion of ginkgo lactone (GL) liquid nanosuspensions into dried nanosuspensions. The effects of critical process variables including inlet air temperature, inlet air capacity and atomizing air pressure were investigated. The particle size and percent yield were optimized using a full factorial design. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to generate the response surface and optimize process conditions. Multi-linear regression and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the relationship between critical variables and responses. The results showed that all three selected variables were significant factors (p < 0.05) affecting the particle size. Higher inlet temperature, inlet air capacity or atomizing air pressure will cause an increase of particle size. In addition, the percent yield primarily depended on the inlet air temperature and inlet air capacity (p < 0.05). A higher percent yield was obtained at a higher inlet air temperature or inlet air capacity. The optimal conditions for BBD, including inlet air temperature, inlet air capacity and atomizing air pressure, were set at 40 °C, 11.6 Nm3 and 0.7 bar, respectively. Compared with the raw GLs, the optimized products presented an amorphous state and possessed much faster dissolution. The particle size, percent yield, PDI, zeta-potential and redispersibility index of the optimized products were 254.3 ± 9.8 nm, 82.36 ± 1.87%, 0.155 ± 0.02, −32.9 ± 3.8 mV and 113 ± 4.4% (n = 3), respectively. These results indicate that fluid-bed coating technology based on a QbD approach was sufficient for the solidification of nanosuspensions. The Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach was employed to investigate the fluid-bed coating process for the conversion of ginkgo lactone (GL) liquid nanosuspensions into dried nanosuspensions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Han
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Jingxian Wang
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Lingchong Wang
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Lihua Chen
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nanchang 330004
- PR China
| | - Junsong Li
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Wen Li
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- PR China
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Salama AH, Basha M, El Awdan S. Experimentally designed lyophilized dry emulsion tablets for enhancing the antihyperlipidemic activity of atorvastatin calcium: Preparation, in-vitro evaluation and in-vivo assessment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 112:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Downstream drug product processing of itraconazole nanosuspension: Factors influencing drug particle size and dissolution from nanosuspension-layered beads. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:443-453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tulbah AS, Ong HX, Colombo P, Young PM, Traini D. Could simvastatin be considered as a potential therapy for chronic lung diseases? A debate on the pros and cons. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1407-20. [PMID: 27212150 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1193150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Simvastatin (SV) is a drug from the statin class, currently used orally as an anti-cholesterolemic drug. It inhibits the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase to reduce cholesterol synthesis. Recently, it has been found that SV also has several other protective pharmacological actions unrelated to its anti-cholesterol effects that might be beneficial in the treatment of chronic airway diseases. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the evidence relating to SV as a potential anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and muco-inhibitory agent, administered both orally and via pulmonary inhalation, and discusses its pro and cons. Evidence could potentially be used to support the delivery of SV as inhaled formulation for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases. EXPERT OPINION The use of SV as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and muco-inhibitory agent for drug delivery to the lung is promising. Inhaled SV formulations could allow the delivery profile to be customized and optimized to take advantage of the rapid onset of action, low systemic side effect and improved physico-chemical stability. This treatment could potentially to be used clinically for the localized treatment of lung diseases where inflammation and oxidative stress production is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S Tulbah
- a Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School , Sydney University , Australia.,b Faculty of Pharmacy , Umm Al Qura University , Makkah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hui Xin Ong
- a Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School , Sydney University , Australia
| | - Paolo Colombo
- c Department of Pharmacy , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Paul M Young
- a Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School , Sydney University , Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- a Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School , Sydney University , Australia
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PD-PK evaluation of freeze-dried atorvastatin calcium-loaded poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2016; 504:70-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Luo Y, Yao Q, Zhong Y, Tian B, Tang X. Extruded Soluplus/SIM as an oral delivery system: characterization, interactions, in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:1902-11. [PMID: 25268150 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.960982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain a stable, amorphous solid dispersion (SD) with Soluplus, prepared by hot-melt extrusion (HME) as an effective and stable oral delivery system to improve the physical stability and bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble simvastatin (SIM), a drug with relatively low Tg. The drug was proved to be miscible with Soluplus by calculation and measurements. The solubility, dissolution, thermal characteristics, interactions and physical stability of the SIM/Soluplus SDs were investigated. The crystal state of simvastatin in the SD was found to change from crystalline to amorphous form during the HME process and also hydrogen bonds were observed between SIM and the extruded Soluplus. The phase solubility showed the solubilization effect of Soluplus was strong and spontaneous. The equilibrium solubility illustrated that Soluplus/SIM SDs gained much higher solubility than its corresponding physical mixtures (PMs). Both of the dissolution profiles and in-vivo performance showed that the SIM/Soluplus SD obtained a marked enhancement, compared with the PM. There was a little change in the SIM/Soluplus SD during a 3-month storage period (40 °C, 75%), indicating the good physicochemical stability. The extruded Soluplus system prepared by HME is a good alternative for the water-insoluble SIM to improve the stability and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yanfei Luo
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Qing Yao
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yue Zhong
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Bin Tian
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Xing Tang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
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Zhang X, Guan J, Ni R, Li LC, Mao S. Preparation and solidification of redispersible nanosuspensions. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2166-2176. [PMID: 24840928 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To test the feasibility of preparing redispersible powders from nanosuspensions without further addition of drying protectants, Lovastatin was processed into nanosuspensions and subsequently converted into a powder form using a spray-drying process. The effects of spray-drying process parameters and stabilizers on the properties of the spray-dried powders were evaluated. The inlet air temperature was found to have the most pronounced impact; a low-inlet air temperature consistently yielded dried powders with improved redispersibility. This was attributed to the low Peclet number associated with a low-inlet air temperature, making nanoparticles less prone to aggregation and coalescence during spray drying, as evidenced by the well-defined boundary shown between nanoparticles in the SEM photomicrographs of the spray-dried microparticles. The influence of atomization pressure is significant particularly at a low-inlet air temperature. The redispersibility index value of the powder is dependent on the type of stabilizers used in the nanosuspension formulation. Spray-dried powders with acceptable redispersibility were prepared with drug concentration as high as 3%. In conclusion, with optimized process parameters and selected stabilizers, spray drying is a feasible process in the solidification of nanosuspensions with high drug loading and acceptable redispersibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Rui Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Luk Chiu Li
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Bhakay A, Azad M, Vizzotti E, Dave RN, Bilgili E. Enhanced recovery and dissolution of griseofulvin nanoparticles from surfactant-free nanocomposite microparticles incorporating wet-milled swellable dispersants. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:1509-22. [PMID: 23981202 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.831442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanocomposite microparticles (NCMPs) incorporating drug nanoparticles and wet-milled swellable dispersant particles were investigated as a surfactant-free drug delivery vehicle with the goal of enhancing the nanoparticle recovery and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. Superdisintegrants were used as inexpensive, model, swellable dispersant particles by incorporating them into NCMP structure with or without wet-stirred media milling along with the drug. Suspensions of griseofulvin (GF, model drug) along with various dispersants produced by wet-milling were coated onto Pharmatose® to prepare NCMPs in a fluidized bed process. Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC, polymer) alone and with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, surfactant) was used as base-line stabilizer/dispersant during milling. Croscarmellose sodium (CCS, superdisintegrant) and Mannitol were used as additional dispersants to prepare surfactant-free NCMPs. Nanoparticle recovery during redispersion and dissolution of the various GF-laden NCMPs were examined. Suspensions prepared by co-milling GF/HPC/CCS or milling GF/HPC/SDS were stable after 30 h of storage. After drying, due to its extensive swelling capacity, incorporation of wet-milled CCS in the NCMPs caused effective breakage of the NCMP structure and bursting of nanoparticle clusters, ultimately leading to fast recovery of the GF nanoparticles. Optimized wet co-milling and incorporation of CCS in NCMP structure led to superior dispersant performance over incorporation of unmilled CCS or physically mixed unmilled CCS with NCMPs. The enhanced redispersion correlated well with the fast GF dissolution from the NCMPs containing either CCS particles or SDS. Overall, swellable dispersant (CCS) particles, preferably in multimodal size distribution, enable a surfactant-free formulation for fast recovery/dissolution of the GF nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Bhakay
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, NJ , USA
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Karaman R, Amly W, Scrano L, Mecca G, Bufo SA. Computationally designed prodrugs of statins based on Kirby's enzyme model. J Mol Model 2013; 19:3969-82. [PMID: 23835602 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) for intramolecular proton transfer in Kirby's enzyme models 1-7 demonstrated that the reaction rate is dependent on the distance between the two reacting centers, rGM, and the hydrogen bonding angle, α, and the rate of the reaction is linearly correlated with rGM and α. Based on these calculation results three simvastatin prodrugs were designed with the potential to provide simvastatin with higher bioavailability. For example, based on the calculated log EM for the three proposed prodrugs, the interconversion of simvastatin prodrug ProD 3 to simvastatin is predicted to be about 10 times faster than that of either simvastatin prodrug ProD 1 or simvastatin ProD 2. Hence, the rate by which the prodrug releases the statin drug can be determined according to the structural features of the promoiety (Kirby's enzyme model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Karaman
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, P. O. Box 20002, Jerusalem, Palestine.
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