Self-nanoemulsifying drug-delivery system for improved oral bioavailability of rosuvastatin using natural oil antihyperlipdemic

Water as Green Solvent: Methods of Solubilisation and Extraction of Natural Products-Past, Present and Future Solutions

Water is considered the greenest solvent. Nonetheless, the water solubility of natural products is still an incredibly challenging issue. Indeed, it is nearly impossible to solubilize or to extract many natural products properly using solely water due to their low solubility in this solvent. To address this issue, researchers have tried for decades to tune water properties to enhance its solvent potential in order to be able to solubilise or extract low-water solubility compounds. A few methods involving the use of solubilisers were described in the early 2000s. Since then, and particularly in recent years, additional methods have been described as useful to ensure the effective green extraction but also solubilisation of natural products using water as a solvent. Notably, combinations of these green methods unlock even higher extraction performances. This review aims to present, compare and analyse all promising methods and their relevant combinations to extract natural products from bioresources with water as solvent enhanced by green solubilisers and/or processes.

Improved Pharmacodynamic Potential of Rosuvastatin by Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System: An in vitro and in vivo Evaluation

PURPOSE

The purpose of this proposed research was to investigate a nano-formulation developed using self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) to improve the pharmacodynamic potential of rosuvastatin by assisting its transportation through lymphatic circulation.

METHODS

The utilized lipids, surfactants, and co-surfactants for SNEDDS were selected on the basis of solubility studies. The SNEDDS formulation was optimized by implementing a D-optimal mixture design, wherein the effect of concentration of Capmul MCM EP (X1), Tween 20 (X2) and Transcutol P (X3) as independent variables was studied on droplet size (Y1), % cumulative drug release (Y2) and self-emulsification time (Y3) as dependent variables. The optimized formulation was evaluated via in vitro parameters and in vivo pharmacodynamic potential in Wistar rats.

RESULTS

The D-optimal mixture design and subsequent ANOVA application resulted in the assortment of the optimized SNEDDS formulation that exhibited a droplet size of nano range (14.91nm), in vitro drug release of >90% within 30 minutes, and self-emulsification time of 16 seconds. The in vivo pharmacodynamic study carried out using Wistar rats confirmed the better antihyperlipidemic potential of developed formulation in normalizing the lipidic level of serum in contrast to pure drug and marketed tablets.

CONCLUSION

This research reports the application of D-optimal mixture design for successful and systematic development of rosuvastatin-loaded SNEDDS with distinctly enhanced in vitro and in vivo performance in comparison to marketed formulation. Eventually, improved anti-hyperlipidemic efficacy was envisaged which might be attributed to increased drug solubility and absorption. Overall, this study shows the utility of SNEDDS for improving the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poor aqueous-soluble drugs. The present SNEDDS formulation could be a promising approach and alternative to conventional dosage form.

Design and optimization of candesartan loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for improving its dissolution rate and pharmacodynamic potential

During the last decades, much attention has been focused on SNEDDS approach to resolve concerns of BCS II class drugs with accentuation on upgrading the solubility and bioavailability. The present hypothesis confirms the theory that SNEDDS can reduce the impact of food on Candesartan solubilization, thereby offering the potential for improved oral delivery without co-administration with meals. The present studies describe quality-by-design-based development and characterization of Candesartan loaded SNEDDS for improving its pharmacodynamic potential. D-optimal mixture design was used for systematic optimization of SNEDDS, which showed globule size of 13.91 nm, more rapid drug release rate of >90% in 30 min and 16 s for self-emulsification. The optimized formulations were extensively evaluated, where an in vitro drug release study indicated up to 1.99- and 1.10-fold enhancement in dissolution rate from SNEDDS over pure drug and marketed tablet. In vivo pharmacodynamic investigation also showed superior antihypertensive potential of SNEDDS in normalizing serum lipid levels as compared to pure drug and marketed tablet that was executed on male Wistar rats. Overall, this paper reports successful systematic development of candesartan-loaded SNEDDS with distinctly improved biopharmaceutical performance. This research work interpreted a major role of SNEDDS for enhancing the rate of dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs.

Oral Bioavailability Improvement of Tailored Rosuvastatin Loaded Niosomal Nanocarriers to Manage Ischemic Heart Disease: Optimization, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Studies

Rosuvastatin is an efficient antihyperlipidemic agent; however, being a BCS class II molecule, it shows poor oral bioavailability of < 20%. The present study focused on the improvement of oral bioavailability of rosuvastatin using tailored niosomes. The niosomes were prepared by film hydration method and sonication using cholesterol and Span 40. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to optimize the size (98 nm) and the entrapment efficacy (77%) of the niosomes by selecting cholesterol at 122 mg, Span 40 at 0.52%, and hydration time at 29.88 min. The transmission electron microscopy image showed spherical shape niosomes with smooth surface without aggregation. The ex vivo intestinal permeability studies showed significant improvement in the rosuvastatin permeation (95.5% after 2 h) using niosomes in comparison to the rosuvastatin suspension (40.1% after 2 h). The in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters in the rat model confirmed the improvement in the oral bioavailability with optimized rosuvastatin loaded niosomes (relative bioavailability = 2.01) in comparison to the rosuvastatin suspension, due to high surface area of niosomes and its lymphatic uptake via transcellular route. In conclusion, the optimized rosuvastatin loaded niosomes offers a promising approach to improve the oral bioavailability of rosuvastatin.

Tripling the Bioavailability of Rosuvastatin Calcium Through Development and Optimization of an In-Situ Forming Nanovesicular System

In situ forming nanovesicular systems (IFNs) were prepared and optimized to improve Rosuvastatin calcium (RC) oral bioavailability through increasing its solubility and dissolution rate. The IFN was composed of Tween^® 80 (T80), cetyl alcohol (CA), in addition to mannitol or Aerosil 200. A single simple step was adopted for preparation, then the prepared formulations were investigated by analyzing their particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), Zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE), and flowability properties. D-optimal design was applied to choose the optimized formulations. The maximum desirability values were 0.754 and 0.478 for the optimized formulations containing 0.05 g CA, 0.18 g T80, and 0.5 g mannitol (OFM) or Aerosil (OFA), respectively. In vitro drug release from the optimized formulations showed a significantly faster dissolution rate when compared to the market product. In vivo performance of the optimized formulations in rabbits was investigated after filling them into enteric-coated capsules. Ultimately, OFA formulation achieved a 3 times increase in RC oral bioavailability in comparison with the market product, supporting the hypothesis of considering IFNs as promising nanocarriers able to boost the bioavailability of BCS class II drugs.

Self Emulsifying Drug Delivery System: A Recent Approach

In recent years, nearly 40 % newer drugs compounds are hydrophobic in nature, which is a major challenge now-a-days for oral drug delivering due to low aqueous solubility. Lipid based drug delivery system is one of the favourable approach for poorly soluble compounds which can improve the drug absorption and oral bioavailability. Due to ion-pairing with appropriate surfactant and co-surfactant the macromolecular drug molecular oil droplet being found in the gut flow oral absorption which sufficiently stable towards lipase. Due to the formation of emulsified drug in micron level, it can efficiently endow the oral bioavailability. Several comprehensive papers have been published in the literature illustration diverse type of lipid based formulation with recent advancements. This article is based on an exhaustive and updated review on newer technology which out line an explicit discussion on its formulations and industrial scale up.

Investigation of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement of Rilpivirine

Rilpivrine is BCS class II drug used for treatment of HIV infection. The drug has low aqueous solubility (0.0166 mg/ml) and dissolution rate leading to low bioavailability (32%). Aim of this work was to enhance solubility and dissolution of rilpivirine using beta-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. These nanosponges are biocompatible nanoporous particles having high loading capacity to form supramolecular inclusion and non-inclusion complexes with hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs for solubility enhancement. Beta-cyclodextrin was crosslinked with carbonyl diimidazole and pyromellitic dianhydride to prepare nanosponges. The nanosponges were loaded with rilpivirine by solvent evaporation method. Binary and ternary complexes of drug with β-CD, HP-β-CD, nanosponges, and tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate were prepared and characterized by phase solubility, saturation solubility in different media, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Spectral analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry was performed. Results obtained from spectral characterization confirmed inclusion complexation. Phase solubility studies indicated stable complex formation. Saturation solubility was found to be 10-13-folds higher with ternary complexes in distilled water and 12-14-fold higher in 0.1 N HCl. Solubility enhancement was evident in biorelevant media. Molecular modeling studies revealed possible mode of entrapment of rilpivirine within β-CD cavities. A 3-fold increase in dissolution with ternary complexes was observed. Animal studies revealed nearly 2-fold increase in oral bioavailability of rilpivirine. It was inferred that electronic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces are involved in the supramolecular interactions.

ω-3 Fatty Acid Synergized Novel Nanoemulsifying System for Rosuvastatin Delivery: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

The present study was undertaken to improve rosuvastatin (RSV) bioavailability and pharmacological response through formation of SNES using Perilla frutescens oil as lipid carrier. The composition of oil was estimated by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis using gas chromatography. Solubility of RSV in Perilla frutescens oil and Cremophor EL was 25.0 ± 3.0 and 60.0 ± 5.0 mg/mL, respectively. Later, nanophasic maps and a central composite design were employed to determine the maximum nanoemulsion region and further optimize SNES in this study. Finally, the optimized formulation was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. FAME analysis revealed that PUFA content was 70.3% of total fatty acid. Optimized SNES formulation demonstrated particle size of 17.90 nm, dissolution 98.80%, cloud point 45°C, emulsification time 2 min, and viscosity 241.41 ± 5.52 cP. The hypolipidemic property of SNES was further explored using Triton X-100-induced hyperlipidemic rat model, and there were reductions of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL and VLDL levels in the SNES-treated group as compared to the toxic control. Pharmacokinetic study of SNES revealed significantly higher C _max (60.13 ± 25.43 ng/mL) and AUC_0-∞ (6195 ± 42.38 ng h/mL) vis-à-vis marketed tablet (284.80 ± 13.44 ng/mL, 3131.72 ± 51.93 ng h/mL, respectively). RSV was successfully incorporated into ω-3 fatty acid-based SNES with improved pharmacokinetic parameters (~ 2-fold improved bioavailability) and better hypolipidemic properties, owing to the synergistic effects of hepatic lipid regulation itself. The results clearly explicated that ω-3 fatty acid-based SNES effectively enhanced bioavailability and pharmacological responses of RSV, suggesting that these formulations may be useful as alternative for hyperlipidemia treatment in future drug design perspective.

Development and characterization of promising Cremophor EL-stabilized o/w nanoemulsions containing short-chain alcohols as a cosurfactant

Nanoemulsions have attracted much attention due to their wide application in commercial industries such as pharmaceutics, food, beverages and skin care.

Evaluation of preclinical formulations for a poorly water-soluble compound

One central aim of the present work was to find a robust oral formulation approach for Compound A, both to achieve reliable pharmacodynamic read outs but also for long time safety assessment studies. The compound has low aqueous solubility (0.4μM at 37°C), is highly lipophilic and has high Caco-2 permeability, i.e. a typical BCS II compound. A nanocrystal formulation, some oil approaches and a fat diet approach were evaluated in vivo in rats. The two latter strategies resulted in significantly higher in vivo exposures after oral administration compared to the nanocrystal approach. For simplicity, and due to the project development program, a food pellet formulation was selected. In addition, tentative data from a subcutaneous study in mice using nanocrystals of the compound are presented, showing extended profiles on the cost of Cmax. Exposure data in monkeys after administration of nanocrystals both intravenously and per oral are presented. When switched from nanocrystals to an oil formulation, the observed oral exposure behavior was similar as observed in rats.