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Zhang W, Guo Y, Yang J, Tang G, Zhang J, Cao Y. Prodrug Based on Ionic Liquids for Dual-Triggered Release of Thiabendazole. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3484-3492. [PMID: 36713711 PMCID: PMC9878545 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The application of triggered release pesticides can provide active ingredient release at required environmental conditions, reduce environmental problems, and toxicity to nontarget organisms. In this work, a novel prodrug that responds to water and enzymes as release triggers for thiabendazole was prepared. The release behaviors under different conditions, bioactivity against Penicillium italicum, and acute toxicity to Danio rerio of prodrugs were investigated. The results showed that the prodrug had remarkable water- and enzyme-triggered release properties, and the correlation coefficients (r 2) fitted by the Weibull model were all >0.99. Meanwhile, the prodrug showed improved antifungal efficacy against Penicillium italicum and reduced toxicity to Danio rerio. Overall, the prodrug developed offers an efficient way to triggered release pesticides, control fungal, and reduce the risk of harm to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Zhang
- College
of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner
Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot010018, China
| | - Yan Guo
- College
of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner
Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot010018, China
| | - Jiale Yang
- College
of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner
Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot010018, China
| | - Gang Tang
- College
of Plant Protection, China Agricultural
University, Beijing100094, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College
of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner
Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot010018, China
| | - Yongsong Cao
- College
of Plant Protection, China Agricultural
University, Beijing100094, China
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Formulation of sustained-release orodispersible film containing drug–resin complexes of donepezil hydrochloride. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Physiochemical characterization of taste masking levetiracetam ion exchange resinates in the solid state and formulation of stable liquid suspension for pediatric use. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Ibrahim HK, Salah S. Formulation of venlafaxine for once daily administration using polymeric material hybrids. J Microencapsul 2016; 33:299-306. [PMID: 27121281 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2016.1178351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Controlled release venlafaxine for once daily administration. METHODS Drug resin complexation followed by polymer encapsulation. A 4(1).2(1) factorial design was used to study the effect of polymer type and core: coat ratio on the release profile and kinetics. Polymer combinations were tried for optimisation adapting the desIMNCility function. The optimised formula was tested in rabbits against commercial extended release capsules. RESULTS Poly-epsilon-caprolactone, poly(d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) ester and poly(d, l-lactide) ester polymers were more efficient in lowering the release rate and the initial burst release than Eudragit(®)RS100. Encapsulation at 1:1 ratio ensured complete coats and drug release sustainment. Formula prepared using 50:50 PLA/Eudragit at 1:1 ratio sustained the drug release up to 24 h with low burst release. This formula had higher venlafaxine absorption in rabbits compared to the commercial capsules. CONCLUSIONS The optimised formula is superior to the available once-daily trials regarding enhanced bioavailability, dosage form versatility and ease of scaling up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howida Kamal Ibrahim
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Kasr Al Aini Street , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Salwa Salah
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Kasr Al Aini Street , Cairo , Egypt
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Samprasit W, Rojanarata T, Akkaramongkolporn P, Ngawhirunpat T, Opanasopit P. Reused cyclodextrin as a new way to deliver and enhance drug loading onto ion exchange resin. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:827-838. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.926920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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6
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Controlled drug release studies of atenolol using differently sulfonated acryloxyacetophenone and methyl methacrylate copolymer resins as drug carriers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Samprasit W, Rojanarata T, Akkaramongkolporn P, Ngawhirunpat T, Sila-on W, Opanasopit P. Improvement of drug loading onto ion exchange resin by cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:1672-80. [PMID: 23078590 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.729593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ion exchange resins have ability to exchange their counter ions for ionized drug in the surrounding medium, yielding "drug resin complex." Cyclodextrin can be applied for enhancement of drug solubility and stability. OBJECTIVE Cyclodextrin inclusion complex of poorly water-soluble NSAIDs, i.e. meloxicam and piroxicam, was characterized and its novel application for improving drug loading onto an anionic exchange resin, i.e. Dowex® 1×2, was investigated. METHODS β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) were used for the preparation of inclusion complex with drugs in solution state at various pH. The inclusion complex was characterized by phase solubility, continuous variation, spectroscopic and electrochemistry methods. Then, the drug with and without cyclodextrin were equilibrated with resin at 1:1 and 1:2 weight ratio of drug and resin. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Solubility of the drugs was found to increase with increasing cyclodextrin concentration and pH. The increased solubility was explained predominantly due to the formation of inclusion complex at low pH and the increased ionization of drug at high pH. According to characterization studies, the inclusion complex was successfully formed with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The presence of cyclodextrin in the loading solution resulted in the improvement of drug loading onto resin. CONCLUSIONS Enhancing drug loading onto ion-exchange resin via the formation of cyclodextrin inclusion complex is usable in the development of ion-exchange based drug delivery systems, which will beneficially reduce the use of harmful acidic or basic and organic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipada Samprasit
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand
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8
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Doraswamy K, Venkata Ramana P. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of differently sulfonated resins as novel carriers for drug delivery. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2012.705490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Doraswamy
- a Department of Chemistry , Sri Krishnadevaraya University , Anatapur , 515 003 , India
| | - P. Venkata Ramana
- a Department of Chemistry , Sri Krishnadevaraya University , Anatapur , 515 003 , India
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9
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Jumde AB, Umekar MJ, Kotagale NR. Complexation using direct current: novel batch method for drug–resinate preparation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:978-84. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.692375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Biondi M, Fusco S, Lewis AL, Netti PA. New Insights into the Mechanisms of the Interactions Between Doxorubicin and the Ion-Exchange Hydrogel DC Bead™ for Use in Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE). JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:333-54. [DOI: 10.1163/092050610x551934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Biondi
- a Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabato Fusco
- b Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrew L. Lewis
- c Biocompatibles UK Ltd., Farnham Business Park, Weydon Lane, Farnham, Surrey GU9 8QL, UK
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- d Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
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Samprasit W, Opanasopit P, Akkaramongkolporn P, Ngawhirunpat T, Wongsermsin K, Panomsuk S. Preparation and evaluation of taste-masked dextromethorphan oral disintegrating tablet. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 17:315-20. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.535828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Abstract
There are many reports in the literature referring to the utilization of drug bound to ion-exchange resin (drug-resinate), especially in the drug delivery area. Ion-exchange resin complexes, which can be prepared from both acidic and basic drugs, have been widely studied and marketed. Salts of cationic and anionic exchange resins are insoluble complexes in which drug release results from exchange of bound drug ions by ions normally present in body fluids. Resins used are polymers that contain appropriately substituted acidic groups, such as carboxylic and sulfonic for cation exchangers; or basic groups, such as quaternary ammonium group for anion exchangers. Variables relating to the resin are the exchange capacity; degree of cross-linking, which determines the permeability of the resin, its swelling potential, and the access of the exchange sites to the drug ion; the effective pK(a) of the exchanging group, which determines the exchange affinity; and the resin particle size, which controls accessibility to the exchange ions. In this review, the properties of ion-exchange resins, selection of drugs that lend themselves to such an approach, selection of the appropriate resin, preparation of drug-resinate, evaluation of drug release, recent developments of drug-resinates, and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Guo
- Huahai US Inc., 2002 Eastpark Blvd., Cranbury, New Jersey 08512, USA
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13
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Akkaramongkolporn P, Ngawhirunpat T, Opanasopit P. Preparation and evaluation of differently sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene cross-linked copolymer cationic exchange resins as novel carriers for drug delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:641-8. [PMID: 19452281 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The differently sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene cross-linked copolymer cationic exchange resins were prepared by oil-in-water polymerization and varied degrees of sulfonation. Several characteristics of the obtained resins were evaluated, i.e., Fourier transform infrared spectra, the ion-exchange capacity, microscopic morphology, size, and swelling. The resin characteristics were altered in relation to the degree of sulfonation, proving that differently sulfonated resins could be prepared. The behavior of chlorpheniramine (CPM) loading and in vitro release in the USP simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal fluids (SIF) of the obtained resins were also evaluated. The CPM loaded in the resinates (drug-loaded resins) increased with the increasing degree of sulfonic group and hence the drug binding site in the employed resins. The CPM release was lower from the resins with the higher degree of sulfonic group due to the increase in the diffusive path depth. The CPM release was obviously lower in SGF than SIF because CPM, a weak base drug, ionized to a greater extent in SGF and then preferred binding with rather than releasing from the resins. In conclusion, the differently sulfonated resins could be utilized as novel carriers for drug delivery.
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Upadhye AA, Ambike AA, Mahadik KR, Paradkar A. Application of Ion Exchange Resin in Floating Drug Delivery System. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:1117-24. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040801973982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Irwin WJ, Belaid KA, Alpar HO. Drug-Delivery by Ion-Exchange. Part IV: Coated Resinate Complexes of Ester Pro-Drugs of Propranolol. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639048809151935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Irwin WJ, Machale R, Watts PJ. Drug-Delivery By Ion-Exchnage. Part VII: Release of Acidic Drugs from Anionic Exchange Resinate Complexes. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049009114916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Halder A, Sa B. Sustained release of propranolol hydrochloride based on ion-exchange resin entrapped within polystyrene microcapsules. J Microencapsul 2008; 23:899-911. [PMID: 17390631 DOI: 10.1080/02652040601035192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Propranolol-HCl, a water soluble drug, was bound to Indion 254, a cation exchange resin, and the resulting resinate was microencapsulated with polystyrene using an oil-in-water emulsion-solvent evaporation method with a view to achieve prolonged drug release in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid. The effect of various formulation parameters on the characteristics of the microcapsules was studied. The diameter of the resinate-loaded polystyrene microcapsules increased with increase in the concentration of emulsion stabilizer and coat/core ratio and decreased with increase in the volume of organic disperse phase. The variation in the size of the microcapsules appeared to be related with the inter-facial viscosity which was influenced by the viscosity of both the aqueous dispersion medium and the organic disperse phase. The resinate encapsulation efficiency and hence the drug entrapment efficiency of the microcapsules increased with increase in the concentration of emulsion stabilizer and coat/core ratio and decreased with increase in the volume of organic disperse phase. These characteristics were found to depend on the extent of formation of fractured microcapsules and subsequent partitioning of the resinate into the aqueous dispersion medium. The degree of fracture on the microcapsules depended on the viscosity of the aqueous dispersion medium and the organic disperse phase. The uncoated resinate discharged the drug quite rapidly following the typical particle diffusion process. Although the desorption of the drug from the resinate was independent of pH of the dissolution media, increase in ionic strength increased the drug desorption. On the other hand, release of drug from the coated resinate was considerably prolonged and followed a diffusion controlled model. The prolongation of drug release was dependent on the uniformity of coating which was influenced by the formulation parameters. The drug release from the microcapsules was also found to be independent of pH of the dissolution media and increased with increase in ionic strength. The pH-independent release of the drug from both the uncoated and microencapsulated resinate was due to pH-independent solubility of the drug and high equilibrium concentration of the resinate in both the dissolution media. Polystyrene appeared to be a suitable polymer to provide prolonged release of propranolol independent of pH of the dissolution media.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Halder
- Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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Akkaramongkolporn P, Kulvanich P, Pathipvanich M. Preparation and In Vitro Release of Dual-Drug Resinates Containing Equivalent Content Dextromethorphan and Diphenhydramine. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 32:483-96. [PMID: 16638687 DOI: 10.1080/03639040500529143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The dual-drug resinate containing equivalent content of dextromethorphan hydrobromide (DTM) and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH) was developed and characterized. To achieve this specific resinate, a procedure of simultaneous dual-drug loading using loading solutions composed of different proportions of DTM and DPH was performed and a dual-drug loading diagram was constructed to determine the equivalent drug loading solution (ELS) and also the estimated equivalent drug content (EQC). The effects of resin crosslinkage, overall drug concentration of the loading solution, and temperature during drug loading on the values of ELS and EQC were assessed. The increased overall drug concentration from 0.25 to 1.0% w/v elevated the EQC values from 18 to 35% w/w for low crosslinked resins (Dowex 50 W x 2 and x 4), and from 18 to 27% w/w for high crosslinked resin (Dowex 50 W x 8). It also changed the values of ELS from 0.50 to 0.48 for the low crosslinked resins, and 0.50 to 0.55 for the high crosslinked resin. For the high crosslinked resin, the applied heat from 35 to 65 degrees C further increased the values of EQC from 27 to 32% w/w, and changed the values of ELS in the reverse direction from 0.55 to 0.48. However, the heat did not exert significant effects on the values of EQC and ELS for the low crosslinked resins. Different batches of dual-drug resinates prepared from the determined ELS provided the resultant resinates with equivalent contents of DTM and DPH which were very close to the estimated EQC. The drug release from the resinates was performed in 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 N of KCl solutions. The increased ionic strength generally accelerated the release of both drugs except for 0.4 N KCl solution in which the drug release from the resinates of high crosslinkage was decreased. The congestion on the outward movement of drugs through the high crosslinked matrix might cause the delay of drug release. In conclusion, the release study demonstrated that the dual-drug resinate using a suitable crosslinked resin could be used for extended delivery of two combined drugs with the equivalent therapeutic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasert Akkaramongkolporn
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Bhise K, Shaikh S, Bora D. Taste mask, design and evaluation of an oral formulation using ion exchange resin as drug carrier. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9:557-62. [PMID: 18491233 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-008-9056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to mask the bitter taste of Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride (DPH) using cation exchange resins. Indion 234 and Tulsion 343 that contained crosslinked polyacrylic backbone were used. The drug resin complexes (DRC) were prepared by batch process by taking drug: resin ratios 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. The optimum drug: resin ratio and the time required for maximum complexation was determined. The drug resinates were evaluated for the drug content, taste, micromeritic properties drug release and X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Effervescent and dispersible tablets were developed from optimum drug: resin ratios of 1:2 and 1:1. The formulations were evaluated for uniformity of dispersion, disintegration time, and in vitro dissolution. The X-ray diffraction study confirmed the monomolecularity of entrapped drug in the resin beads. The taste evaluation depicted the successful taste masking of DPH with drug resin complexes. The drug release of 95% in 15 min was observed for effervescent and dispersible tablets.
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Torrado A, Valiente M. Kinetics Characterization of Ion Release under Dynamic and Batch Conditions. I. Weak Acid and Weak Base Ion Exchange Resins. J SOLUTION CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-008-9258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Junyaprasert VB, Manwiwattanakul G. Release profile comparison and stability of diltiazem–resin microcapsules in sustained release suspensions. Int J Pharm 2008; 352:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ray S, Maiti S, Sa B. Preliminary investigation on the development of diltiazem resin complex loaded carboxymethyl xanthan beads. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9:295-301. [PMID: 18446495 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-007-9012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a multiunit sustained release dosage form of diltiazem using a natural polymer from a completely aqueous environment. Diltiazem was complexed with resin and the resinate-loaded carboxymethyl xanthan (RCMX) beads were prepared by interacting sodium carboxymethyl xanthan (SCMX), a derivatized xanthan gum, with Al(+3) ions. The beads were evaluated for drug entrapment efficiency (DEE) and release characteristics in enzyme free simulated gastric fluid (SGF, HCl solution, pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, USP phosphate buffer solution, pH 6.8). Increase in gelation time from 5 to 20 min and AlCl(3) concentration from 1 to 3% decreased the DEE respectively from 95 to 79% and 88.5 to 84.6%. However, increase in gum concentration from 1.5 to 2.5% increased the DEE from 86.5 to 90.7%. The variation in DEE was related to displacement of drug from the resinate by the gel forming Al(+3) ions. While 75-82% drug was released in 2 h in SGF from various beads, 75 to 98% drug was released in 5 hour in SIF indicating the dependence of drug release on pH of dissolution media. Although the beads maintained their initial integrity throughout the dissolution process in both media, as evident from scanning electron microscopic studies, the faster release in SGF was accounted for higher swelling of the beads in SGF than in SIF. When release data (up to 60%) was fitted in power law expression, the drug release was found to be controlled by diffusion with simultaneous relaxation phenomena.
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Pongjanyakul T. Effect of sampling procedures of release testing on drug release and scale-up production feasibility of multiple-unit dextromethorphan resinate tablets: a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8:E117. [PMID: 18181538 DOI: 10.1208/pt0804117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Pongjanyakul T, Priprem A, Chitropas P, Puttipipatkhachorn S. Effect of polysulfonate resins and direct compression fillers on multiple-unit sustained-release dextromethorphan resinate tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2005; 6:E190-7. [PMID: 16353977 PMCID: PMC2750531 DOI: 10.1208/pt060228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of different polysulfonate resins and direct compression fillers on physical properties of multiple-unit sustained-release dextromethorphan (DMP) tablets. DMP resinates were formed by a complexation of DMP and strong cation exchange resins, Dowex 50 W and Amberlite IRP69. The tablets consisted of the DMP resinates and direct compression fillers, such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCP), and spray-dried rice starch (SDRS). Physical properties of tablets, such as hardness, disintegration time, and in vitro release, were investigated. A good performance of the tablets was obtained when MCC or SDRS was used. The use of rod-like and plate-like particles of Amberlite IRP69 caused a statistical decrease in tablet hardness, whereas good tablet hardness was obtained when spherical particle of Dowex 50 W was used. The plastic deformation of the fillers, such as MCC and SDRS, caused a little change in the release of DMP. A higher release rate constant was found in the tablets containing DCP and Dowex 50 W, indicating the fracture of the resinates under compression, which was attributable to the fragmentation of DCP. However, the release of DMP from the tablets using Amberlite IRP69 was not significantly changed because of the higher degree of cross-linking of the resinates, which exhibited more resistance to deformation under compression. In conclusion, the properties of polysulfonate resin, such as particle shape and degree of cross-linking, and the deformation under compaction of fillers affect the physical properties and the drug release of the resinate tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaned Pongjanyakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Pongjanyakul T, Prakongpan S, Rungsardthong U, Chancham P, Priprem A. Characteristics and in vitro release of dextromethorphan resinates. POWDER TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhu L, Kumar V, Banker GS. Examination of aqueous oxidized cellulose dispersions as a potential drug carrier. II. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of phenylpropanolamine release from microparticles and pellets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2004; 5:e70. [PMID: 15760067 PMCID: PMC2750495 DOI: 10.1208/pt050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate the release of phenylpropanolamine from oxidized cellulose-phenylpropanolamine (OC-PPA) complexes prepared using aqueous OC dispersions (degree of neutralization, DN, 0-0.44) and phenylpropanolamine-hydrochloride (PPA.HCl) (concentration, 0.5 M or 1.4 M) in vitro and in vivo. The results showed a faster drug release from the OC-PPA complex made using the OC dispersion with a DN value of 0.22 than from those prepared using dispersions with DN values of 0.29 to 0.44. No significant difference existed between the release profiles of OC-PPA microparticles made using OC dispersions with DN values of 0.29 to 0.44. OC-PPA complexes that contained smaller size particles or higher drug levels, or that were processed by freeze drying released PPA faster. Compared with microparticles, the pellets of OC-PPA complexes released PPA more slowly initially. An increase in pH or ionic strength of the dissolution medium increased the release of PPA, which is attributable to increased polymer hydration and solubilization at higher pH and ionic strength conditions. The OC-PPA pellets implanted subcutaneously in rats released 100% of their PPA in 9 to 12 hours. A good correlation was found between the in vivo and in vitro release data. Tissue pathology results showed no significant inflammatory tissue reactions. In conclusion, the partially ionized aqueous OC dispersions have the potential to be used as an implantable biodegradable carrier for amine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhu
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Hospira Inc., 275 North Field Drive AP4/D438, 60045 Lake Forest, IL
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA
| | - Gilbert S. Banker
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA
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27
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Abstract
Three different anionic polymers namely Eudragit S 100, Eudragit L 100-55 (methacrylic acid copolymers), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) were used to evaluate the propranolol hydrochloride-anionic polymer interaction. The physical and chemical properties of propranolol hydrochloride and anionic polymer complex were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC profiles demonstrated that the characteristic peak of propranolol hydrochloride cannot be found in the heating curve of the complexes, indicating that complex is different in physicochemical properties from the physical mixture of drug-polymer. The FTIR spectra also confirmed that there is an interaction between propranolol hydrochloride and methacrylic acid copolymers. The binding of the drug to the polymers was due to the existence of preferential hydrogen bonding between the amino group of the propranolol hydrochloride and the carboxylic functions of the polymers and that pH conditions can influence this binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Takka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Gazi, Etiler, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
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28
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Hänninen K, Kaukonen AM, Kankkunen T, Hirvonen J. Rate and extent of ion-exchange process: the effect of physico-chemical characteristics of salicylate anions. J Control Release 2003; 91:449-63. [PMID: 12932722 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(03)00276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ten salicylate anions were used as model compounds in order to investigate systematically the impact of compound lipophilicity, valence, aqueous solubility and hydrogen bonding on binding into and release from a strong anion-exchange fiber, Smopex DS-218v. The release of salicylates from the fiber was studied at 1/10, 1/1 or 10/1 molar ratios of the external chloride-ions versus the salicylate bound in the fiber. The Donnan potential between the fiber and external solution (electrostatic interaction) appeared to be the main factor affecting the release of salicylates from the strong base anion-exchange fiber--an increase in the molar amount of the external chloride-ions resulted in a more effective release of all the salicylates from the fiber. The highest chloride-ion concentration (10/1) released the monovalent salicylates practically completely, while the lowest concentration (1/10) released only 10-35% of the loaded salicylates. The nature and strength of salicylate binding to the fiber by non-electrostatic interactions affected also the ion-exchange process, especially in dilute Cl- solutions. Hydrophobic interactions decreased the rate and amount of drug release from the fiber with the most lipophilic salicylates. Hydrogen bonding between the fiber and the compound restricted also the rate and extent of ion-exchange process of the hydrophilic 5-aminosalicylic acid and 5-hydroxysalicylic acid. The amount of divalent 5-carboxylsalicylic acid bound into and released from the fiber was clearly smaller as compared to the monovalent salicylates potentially due to cross-linking of the fiber chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Hänninen
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, and Viikki Drug Discovery Technology Center, Department of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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29
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Ramírez P, Alcaraz A, Mafé S, Pellicer J. Donnan Equilibrium of Ionic Drugs in pH-Dependent Fixed Charge Membranes: Theoretical Modeling. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 253:171-9. [PMID: 16290843 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2002.8508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2001] [Accepted: 05/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have studied theoretically the partition equilibrium of a cationic drug between an electrolyte solution and a membrane with pH-dependent fixed charges using an extended Donnan formalism. The aqueous solution within the fixed charge membrane is assumed to be in equilibrium with an external aqueous solution containing six ionic species: the cationic drug (DH(+)), the salt cations (Na(+) and Ca(2+)), the salt anion (Cl(-)), and the hydrogen and hydroxide ions. In addition to these mobile species, the membrane solution may also contain four fixed species attached to the membrane chains: strongly acid sulfonic groups (SO(3)(-)), weakly acid carboxylic groups in dissociated (COO(-)) and neutral (COOH) forms, and positively charged groups (COO...Ca(+)) resulting from Ca(2+) binding to dissociated weakly acid groups. The ionization state of the weak electrolyte groups attached to the membrane chains is analyzed as a function of the local pH, salt concentration, and drug concentration in the membrane solution, and particular attention is paid to the effects of the Ca(2+) binding to the negatively charged membrane fixed groups. The lipophilicity of the drug is simulated by the chemical partition coefficient between the membrane and external solutions giving the tendency of the drug to enter the membrane solution due to hydrophobic interactions. Comparison of the theoretical results with available experimental data allows us to explain qualitatively the effects that the pH, salt concentration, drug concentration, membrane fixed charge concentration, and Ca(2+) binding exert on the ionic drug equilibrium. The role of the interfacial (Donnan) electric potential difference between the membrane and the external solutions on this ionic drug equilibrium is emphasized throughout the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Ramírez
- Departament de Física Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, València, E-46022, Spain
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30
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Akkaramongkolporn P, Terada K, Yonemochi E. Molecular properties of propranolol hydrochloride prepared as drug-resin complexes. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2001; 27:359-64. [PMID: 11411904 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-100103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resin complexes, as well as physical dispersions, containing varying contents of propranolol were prepared. The molecular properties of samples were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. In addition, the USP paddle method was used to determine the release behavior of drug from various formulations prepared from the samples. The data from DSC and XRPD indicated that the molecular state of drug in the complexes was amorphous, whereas that in the physical dispersions exhibited the crystalline state of pure drug. These results suggested that the molecule of drug prepared as drug-resin complexes was monomolecularly dispersed in the resin bead. The IR study provided evidence that demonstrated the interaction between the drug and resin in the complexes. The release behavior of drug from the complexes was governed by the cross-linkage structure and equilibrium treatment of drug exchange of resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Akkaramongkolporn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakom University, Nakom Pathom, Thailand
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31
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Jaskari T, Vuorio M, Kontturi K, Manzanares JA, Hirvonen J. Ion-exchange fibers and drugs: an equilibrium study. J Control Release 2001; 70:219-29. [PMID: 11166422 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(00)00359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of drug binding into and drug release from cation-exchange fibers in vitro under equilibrium conditions. Ion-exchange groups of the fibers were weakly drug binding carboxylic acid groups (-COOH), strongly drug binding sulphonic acid groups (-SO(3)H), or combinations thereof. Parameters determining the drug absorption and drug release properties of the fibers were: (i) the lipophilicity of the drug (tacrine and propranolol are lipophilic compounds, nadolol is a relatively hydrophilic molecule), (ii) the ion-exchange capacity of the fibers, which was increased by activating the cation-exchange groups with NaOH, (iii) the ionic strength of the extracting salt (NaCl), which was studied in a range of 1.5 mM to 1.5 M, and finally (iv) the effect of divalent calcium ions (CaCl(2)) on the release of the model drugs, which was tested and compared to monovalent sodium ions (NaCl), and combinations thereof. It was found that the lipophilic drugs, tacrine and propranolol, were retained in the fibers more strongly and for longer than the more hydrophilic nadolol. The more hydrophilic nadolol was released to a greater extent from the fibers containing strong ion-exchange groups (-SO(3)H), whereas the lipophilic drugs were attached more strongly to strong ion-exchange groups and released more easily from the weak (-COOH) ion-exchange groups. The salt concentration and the choice of the salt also had an effect: at lower NaCl concentrations more drug was released as a result of the influence of both electrostatic and volume effects (equimolar drug:salt ratio). Incorporation of CaCl(2) in the bathing solution increased drug release considerably as compared to NaCl alone. The equilibrium distribution of the drug species between the fiber and external solution phases was also simulated and it was found that the theoretical modelling proposed describes adequately the basic trends of the behavior of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jaskari
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology Division, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Kondo T, Hafez E, Abdel-Monem H, Muramatsu N, El-Haras S, El-Gibaly I. Preparation and evaluation of microencapsulated sulfadiazine resin complex. POWDER TECHNOL 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-5910(95)03067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Kril MB, Fung HL. Influence of hydrophobicity on the ion exchange selectivity coefficients for aromatic amines. J Pharm Sci 1990; 79:440-3. [PMID: 2352166 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600790517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic effects could play an important role in determining the selectivity of organic ions for ion-exchange resins in aqueous solutions. We used the octanol-water partition coefficient (P) and the chromatographic capacity factor (K') as indices of hydrophobicity of a series of primary and secondary amines, and examined their relationships with the amine selectivity coefficient (K) in binding to the Amberlite IRP-69 ion-exchange resin. Good correlations were found between log K versus log P and log K versus log K', but the relationship appears to be dependent on the degree of substitution at the amino nitrogen. These relationships may be useful for the estimation of selectivity coefficients of various amine drug candidates when they are considered for incorporation with ion-exchange resins in potential controlled-release systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Kril
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, State University of New York, Buffalo 14260
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34
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Torres D, Seijo B, García-Encina G, Alonso MJ, Vila-Jato JL. Microencapsulation of ion-exchange resins by interfacial nylon polymerization. Int J Pharm 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(90)90059-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Irwin W, Belaid K. Drug-delivery by ion-exchange. Hydrolysis and rearrangement of ester pro-drugs of propranolol. Int J Pharm 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(88)90010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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