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Kumar D, Thipparaboina R, Modi SR, Bansal AK, Shastri NR. Effect of HPMC concentration on crystal habit of nifedipine. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce02164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-polar surface area increased and polar energy decreased resulting in reduction in dissolution rate upon increasing HPMC concentration, from 0% w/v (Nif-0) to 0.6% w/v (Nif-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajesh Thipparaboina
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad, India
| | - Sameer R Modi
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER)
- SAS Nagar, India
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER)
- SAS Nagar, India
| | - Nalini R Shastri
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad, India
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2
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Medina JR, Salazar DK, Hurtado M, Cortés AR, Domínguez-Ramírez AM. Comparative in vitro dissolution study of carbamazepine immediate-release products using the USP paddles method and the flow-through cell system. Saudi Pharm J 2013; 22:141-7. [PMID: 24648826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolution profiles of four carbamazepine immediate-release generic products (200 mg tablets) and the reference product Tegretol® were evaluated using the USP paddles method and an alternative method with the flow-through cell system, USP Apparatus 4. Under official conditions all products met the Q specification, dissolution profiles of generic products were similar to the dissolution profile of the reference product (f 2 > 50) and model-independent parameters showed non significant differences to the reference product except mean dissolution time for product A (p < 0.05). On the other hand, when the flow-through cell system was used, none of the products met the pharmacopeial specification at 15 min and product A did not reach dissolution criteria at 60 min, dissolution profiles of all generic products were not similar to the reference product profile (f 2 < 50) and all model-independent parameters showed significant differences compared to the reference product (p < 0.05). Weibull's model was more useful for adjusting the dissolution data of all products in both USP apparatuses and Td values showed significant differences compared to the reference product (p < 0.05) when USP Apparatus 4 was used. These results indicate that the proposed method, using the flow-through cell system, is more discriminative in evaluating both, rate and extent of carbamazepine dissolution process from immediate-release generic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Raúl Medina
- Departamento Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico
| | - Dulce Karina Salazar
- Departamento Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico
| | - Marcela Hurtado
- Departamento Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico
| | - Alma Rosa Cortés
- Departamento Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico
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3
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Phillips DJ, Pygall SR, Cooper VB, Mann JC. Overcoming sink limitations in dissolution testing: a review of traditional methods and the potential utility of biphasic systems. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:1549-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The conventional dissolution test, particularly the USP apparatus I and II, remains an important tool in the armory of the pharmaceutical development scientist. For realistic dissolution characterization, sink conditions, where saturation solubility of a drug in the dissolution medium is at least three times more than the drug concentration, are critical. These conditions can be problematic to maintain with formulations containing poorly-soluble actives. This review summarizes the role of the dissolution test in the pharmaceutical industry, together with some traditional techniques/additives used to enhance solubility and facilitate the achievement of sink conditions. The biphasic dissolution system, an innovative model for the treatment of poorly-soluble species, will also be discussed.
Key findings
The biphasic dissolution model utilizes media comprising immiscible aqueous and organic layers whereby the drug, following initial aqueous dissolution, partitions into the organic layer. This step, which acts to remove all dissolved species from the aqueous layer, enables further aqueous dissolution to occur and hence the dissolution–partition cycle continues. Crucially, the aqueous layer does not saturate allowing sink conditions to be maintained and hence the experiment will, in theory, yield complete dissolution.
Summary
This review highlights important concepts regarding solubility/sink limitation and intends to provoke debate among analytical and formulation scientists as to the potential advantages, long-term development and widespread implementation of a biphasic dissolution system in drug development.
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Heigoldt U, Sommer F, Daniels R, Wagner KG. Predicting in vivo absorption behavior of oral modified release dosage forms containing pH-dependent poorly soluble drugs using a novel pH-adjusted biphasic in vitro dissolution test. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 76:105-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Dai WG. In vitro methods to assess drug precipitation. Int J Pharm 2010; 393:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Vangani S, Li X, Zhou P, Del-Barrio MA, Chiu R, Cauchon N, Gao P, Medina C, Jasti B. Dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs in biphasic media using USP 4 and fiber optic system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10601330902905887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Dynamic Dissolution Testing To Establish In Vitro/In Vivo Correlations for Montelukast Sodium, a Poorly Soluble Drug. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2778-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Iyer SS, Barr WH, Karnes HT. Profiling in vitro drug release from subcutaneous implants: a review of current status and potential implications on drug product development. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2006; 27:157-70. [PMID: 16416503 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review presents current methods and strategies for studying the release characteristics of drugs from subcutaneous implant dosage forms. Implants are dosage forms that are subcutaneously placed with the aid of surgery or a hypodermic needle, and are designed to release drugs over a prolonged period of time. In most cases, the objective of a release test is to identify sufficiently discriminatory procedures that in turn would provide data to set meaningful specifications. Additional information obtained from successful in vitro-in vivo correlations (IVIVC) and accelerated drug release tests are extremely useful during drug product development. Although several workers have employed different methods to monitor drug release from these dosage forms, the use of the compendial Apparatus 4 (flow-through) device has been recommended in a publication on FIP/AAPS Guidelines for drug release testing of modified release dosage forms. However, most of method development with this device has focused on oral immediate or controlled release dosage forms and little published information is available on implants. Two recent reports on workshops provide useful information on methods to evaluate drug release from controlled-release parenterals such as implants, including IVIVC and accelerated release testing. Details on such studies, however, are generally not found in the literature; possibly because of the high proprietary value of methodologies for establishing release specifications of implant dosage forms. This article reviews the current status of methodologies used in the investigation of drug release from subcutaneous implants with an emphasis on mechanistic, product development and regulatory perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA
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9
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Sunesen VH, Pedersen BL, Kristensen HG, Müllertz A. In vivo in vitro correlations for a poorly soluble drug, danazol, using the flow-through dissolution method with biorelevant dissolution media. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 24:305-13. [PMID: 15734297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Revised: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to design dissolution tests that were able to distinguish between the behaviour of danazol under fasted and fed conditions, by using biorelevant media. In vitro dissolution of 100mg danazol capsules was performed using the flow-through dissolution method. Flow rates were 8, 16 or 32 ml/min, corresponding to total volumes dissolution medium of 960, 1920 and 3840 ml, respectively. The media used contained bile salt and phospholipid levels relevant for either fasted or fed conditions in vivo. Crude and inexpensive bile components, Porcine Bile Extract and soybean phospholipids, were used as the bile source. The effect of adding different concentrations and molar ratios of monoglycerides and fatty acids to the fed state media was investigated. In vivo release profiles under fasted and fed conditions were obtained from a previous study by deconvolution [Sunesen, V.H., Vedelsdal, R., Kristensen, H.G., Christrup, L., Müllertz, A. 2005. Effect of liquid volume and food intake on the absolute bioavailability of danazol, a poorly soluble drug, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 24, 297-303]. In the fasted state, the physiologically most relevant correlation with in vivo results was achieved with a medium containing 6.3 mM bile salts and 1.25 mM phospholipids (8 ml/min). A medium containing 18.8 mM bile salts, 3.75 mM phospholipids, 4.0 mM monoglycerides and 30 mM fatty acids (8 ml/min) gave the closest correlation with fed state in vivo results. By using the flow-through dissolution method it was possible to obtain correlations with in vivo release of danazol under fasted and fed conditions. Both hydrodynamics and medium composition were important for the dissolution of danazol. In the fed state an IVIVC could only be obtained by including monoglycerides and fatty acids in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Hougaard Sunesen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
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10
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Hurtado y de la Peña M, Vargas Alvarado Y, Domínguez-Ramírez AM, Cortés Arroyo AR. Comparison of dissolution profiles for albendazole tablets using USP apparatus 2 and 4. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2003; 29:777-84. [PMID: 12906335 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120021777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro dissolution of albendazole from three different commercially available products (200 mg tablets) was studied using U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) Apparatus 2 and USP Apparatus 4 in order to compare the release performance of the drug in two essentially different dissolution systems. For both cases, 0.1 N HCl was used as dissolution medium. Only the reference product and one of the generic products studied met the 80% USP 24 specification for albendazole dissolved at 30 min, using USP Apparatus 2. Although the reference product reached 80% of albendazole dissolved at 30 min when Apparatus 4 was used, the generic products' dissolution performance was markedly reduced in this system. Though dissolution rate was slower using Apparatus 4, the total quantity of albendazole dissolved from the reference product, represented by area under the dissolution profile, was practically the same regardless of the system used. Dissolution kinetics of albendazole was adequately described by Weibull's function for all the products. The dissolution time (t(d)) derived from data fitting to this function showed significant differences among the products studied. Data analysis based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed nonequivalence among the dissolution profiles of generic products compared with the reference product either with the dissolution vessel system or the flow-through cell, as well as nonequivalence among the dissolution profiles using both apparatuses with the same product. Though differences in the dissolution profiles for generic products against the reference product in both systems were found, USP Apparatus 4 showed higher discriminative capacity in differentiating the release characteristics of the products tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Hurtado y de la Peña
- Departamento Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Colonia Villa Quietud, México D.F., México.
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11
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Emara LH, Badr RM, Elbary AA. Improving the dissolution and bioavailability of nifedipine using solid dispersions and solubilizers. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2002; 28:795-807. [PMID: 12236065 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120005625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Nifedipine (NF) is a poorly water-soluble drug, of low and irregular bioavailability after oral administration. Although some reports have attempted to improve the dissolution of NF using solid dispersions and solubilizers, little literature information is available on the in vivo performance of such preparations. The aim of the present work was to improve the therapeutic efficacy of NF via incorporation into different types of carriers, and to investigate their in vitro dissolution and bioavailability in rabbits. Nifedipine solid dispersions were prepared by fusion, solvent, and freeze-drying methods with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and PEG monomethylether 5000 (PEG MME 5000). Complexation of NF with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CyD) and solubilization by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) have also been studied. The dissolution was determined by the flow-through cell in order to maintain perfect sink conditions. The solid dispersions resulted in a significant increase in the dissolution rate as compare to pure drug. The highest NF dissolution rate was obtained from solid dispersions containing 95% PEG 6000 prepared by the solvent method. While, unexpectedly, the highest absorption in rabbits was obtained from 95% PEG 6000 prepared by the fusion method. Compared to SLS, beta-CyD gave higher in vitro and in vivo values. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder x-ray diffractometry indicated that NF in solid dispersions is homogeneously distributed, and no drug crystallized out of the system. The DSC thermograms of NF-beta-CyD complex and NF/SLS solid mixture showed a decrease in the NF endothermic peak. The x-rays showed different diffraction patterns of pure NF and pure carrier, suggesting the formation of a new solid form.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Emara
- Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
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12
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Bhattachar SN, Wesley JA, Fioritto A, Martin PJ, Babu SR. Dissolution testing of a poorly soluble compound using the flow-through cell dissolution apparatus. Int J Pharm 2002; 236:135-43. [PMID: 11891077 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution of Pfizer Compound PD198306, a poorly soluble compound, was studied in 25 mM pH 9 sodium phosphate solution with 0.5% SLS using the flow-through cell dissolution apparatus. Unmicronized and micronized drug powders were tested. Several methods of loading the drug powder into the flow-through dissolution cells and their impact on dissolution were investigated. The influence of flow rate of the dissolution medium on the rate and extent of dissolution were studied. PD198306 has poor wettability even in the presence of 0.5% SLS. It was found that loading the drug powder into the dissolution cell in the form of a suspension provided the best dissolution profile in terms of the rate and extent of dissolution. The flow rate of 4 ml/min resulted in good particle size discrimination.
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13
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Abstract
It is advantageous to deliver some drugs with short half-life, and which are to be given frequently for chronic ailments, in the form of controlled-release (CR) formulations. The orally administered drugs, in the form of conventional matrix or reservoir type formulations, pose problems of bioavailability fluctuations due to gastric pH variations. Moreover, the release of drug(s) from these systems is affected by the hydrodynamic conditions of the body. Osmotically controlled drug delivery systems utilize the principles of osmotic pressure for the controlled delivery of active agent(s). The release rate of drug(s) from these systems is independent of the physiological factors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to a large extent. In the present review, theory underlying the delivery of drugs from osmotic systems is presented. Different types of oral osmotic systems, their advantages over conventional matrix and reservoir types of systems, and their applications are also discussed. Finally, some of the limitations, adverse effects, and patent and market status of these systems are reviewed. These systems form a major segment of drug delivery products. Because of their advantages and strong market potential, it appears that the future of osmotic systems in rate-controlled oral drug delivery is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
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14
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Guyot M, Fawaz F. Nifedipine loaded-polymeric microspheres: preparation and physical characteristics. Int J Pharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jorgensen ED, Bhagwat D. Development of dissolution tests for oral extended-release products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1461-5347(98)00029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Grundy JS, Anderson KE, Rogers JA, Foster RT. Studies on dissolution testing of the nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system. II. Improved in vitro-in vivo correlation using a two-phase dissolution test. J Control Release 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(97)01638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Grundy JS, Anderson KE, Rogers JA, Foster RT. Studies on dissolution testing of the nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system. I. Description of a two-phase in vitro dissolution test. J Control Release 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(97)00064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Observation of time-dependent and variable subject kinetics in a nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system bioequivalency study. J Control Release 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(96)01532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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